Constitution (Ninety‑third Amendment) Act, 2005

The Supreme Court examined a slew of petitions seeking a referral of the M. Nagaraj judgment to a larger bench, focusing on the validity of its requirement that States collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) for promotion reservations. The Court held that while t…

The Supreme Court examined the meaning of the phrase "maximum cut‑off marks for OBCs be 10% below the cut‑off marks of general category candidates" in the clarificatory order dated 14‑Oct‑2008 issued in P.V. Indiresan's case, in the context of the Ashoka Kumar Thakur judgment. The dispute arose from Jawaharlal Nehru Un…

The Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, particularly sections 3, 12(1)(b) and 12(1)(c), which impose admission and fee‑reimbursement obligations on schools. The petitioners argued that these provisions infringed the fundamental rights o…

The Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019 amended Articles 15 and 16 of the Indian Constitution to empower the State to provide up to 10% reservation for 'economically weaker sections' (EWS) of citizens, excluding Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and the non-creamy layer of Other Backward Classes.…

The Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of clause (5) of Article 15 inserted by the Constitution (Ninety‑third Amendment) Act, 2005 and Article 21A inserted by the Constitution (Eighty‑sixth Amendment) Act, 2002. It held that neither amendment alters the basic structure of the Constitution nor abrogates …

The Supreme Court examined whether the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) must be mandatory for teachers in minority educational institutions and for in‑service teachers appointed before the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE Act) came into force. The Court considered the interplay between Article …