International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The petitioners, who had defaulted on Uttar Pradesh sales tax, were subject to arrest and detention under the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, as a method of recovering arrears treated as land revenue. They challenged the constitutionality of this process, alleging violations of Articles 14…

An explosion on a Delhi bus in 1997 killed four people and injured twenty‑four. Mohd. Hussain @ Julfikar Ali, a Pakistani national, was charged under Sections 302, 307 IPC and Section 3 of the Explosives Substances Act and was convicted and sentenced to death. The trial proceeded for years with the accused largely unre…

The case involved a constitutional challenge to the death penalty for murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code and the sentencing procedure under Section 354(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The Supreme Court, by a 4-1 majority, upheld the constitutionality of both provisions. The Court held that th…

The appellants, judgment‑debtors, had decrees for payment of money against the Bank of Cochin and their properties were attached with a receiver appointed. The execution court issued a warrant for their arrest and detention in civil prison under Section 51 of the Code of Civil Procedure and Order 21 Rule 37, without in…