AMARNATH ASHRAM TRUST SOCIETYversusGOVERNOR OF UTTAR PRADESH AND ORS.

              AMARNATH ASHRAM TRUST SOCIETY                                      A
                                     v.
           GOVERNOR OF UTTAR PRADESH AND ORS.

                            DECEMBER 3, 1997

            [G.T. NANAVATI AND G.B. PATTANAIK, JJ.)                              B

      Land Acquisition Act, 1894 : Pa1t VII and Sections 4 and 6.

      Acquisition of land-For purpose ofplayground for students of a school
mn by a Society (Company)-Declaration under S.6 issued after completion          C
of all fonnalities including execution of agreement for payment of cost of
acquisition-Entire cost was to be bome by Society-Notification under S.4
stated land was required for public purpose-Held: Merely because land was
needed for public pwpose it cannot be said that the acquisition was for public
purpose to the Society and not under Chapter VII-Land Acquisition (Com-
pany) Rules, 1963, R.4.                                                          D
        Section 48 and Pa1t VII-Acquisition of land for company under Part
VII-Govemment withdrew from acquisition without consent of company on
the ground that acquisition was not sustainable since no pa1t of cost of
acquisition was bome by the Government-Held : Discretion of Govemment
to withdraw from acquisition justiciable and not absolute-Can be challenged E
on ground that power was executed ma/a fide or in an arbitrary 111an-
ne1o..-..{)ecision of Govemment not sustainable being arbitrary and not bona
fide-Question of withdrawal of the State Government from acquisition
without the consent of the company in such a case, not decided.

      Administrative Law.

     Administrative action-Where as a result of a decision taken by the
Government the other party is likely to be prejudicially affected the Govern-
ment has to exercise its power bona fide and not arbitrarily.

      Practice and Procedure :                                                   G
      Inconsistent plea-Plea that is contrary to the case pleaded before High
Court cannot be raised before Supreme Court.

      The appellant was a society registered under the Society Registration
Act, 1860 and was running a public school. The appellant wanted land             H
                                     143
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                                                                                             •'
            144                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.
                                                                                             f-

        A adjacent to its school building for the purpose of a playground for its
            students. The appellant, therefore, moved the State Government to acquire
.   '       that land for it. The State Government issued a notification under Section
            4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 stating that the land was needed for a
            public purpose and that the acquisition was for a company under Part VII         I-
            of the Act. The State Government thereafter issued a declaration under
        B   Section 6 of the Act after completing all formalities including execution of
            agreement for payment of cost of acquisition. The entire cost of acquisition
            was to be borne by the appellant-Society. The owner challenged this
            acquisition of land by a writ petition filed in the High Court During the
            pend ency of the writ petition the State Government withdrew from acquisi-
        c   tion and de-notified the land under Section 48 of the Act on the ground
            that the acquisition would not be sustainable as no part of the cost of
            acc1uisition was to be borne by the State Government. The writ petition
            filed by the appellant challenging the aforesaid de-notification of the
            acquisitior1 was dismissed by the High Court. Hence this appeal.
        D         On behalf of the appellant it was contended that when acquisition
            was under Part VII, i.e., when land was acquired for a company it was not
            open for the Government to withdraw from such acc1uisition especially
            when all formalities were completed including issuance of Section 6
            notification without the consent of the appellant-Society (company); and
        E   that the State Government withdrew from acquisition on a misconception
            of law that since the land was for a public purpose at least a part of the
            cost of acquisition was required to be borne by the State Government.

                  On behalf of the respondent it was contended that the acquisition of
            land was for a public purpose and not under Chapter VII of the Act and,
        F   therefore, the decision of the State Government to withdraw from the
            acquisition was not arbitrary or illegal.

                  Allowing the appeal, this Court

                  HELD : 1. It is now well established that if the cost of acquisition is
        G borne either wholly or partly by the Government, the acquisition can be said
            to be for a public purpose within the meaning of the Land Acquisition Act,
            1894. Admittedly, in the present case the entire cost of acquisition is to be
            borne by the appellant-society and, therefore, it is an acquisition for a com-
            pany and not for a public purpose. Therefore, simply because in the notifica-
        H   ti on issued under Section 4 of the Act it was stated that the land was needed
't
J           AMARNATH ASHRAM TRUST SOCIETY v. GOVERNOR OF U.P.                     145
\.
 l
         for a public purpose, namely, for a playground for students of the appellant- A
         society it cannot be said that the acquisition is for a public purpose and not
         under Chapter VII for the appellant-society in view of subsequent events,a'iid
         the declaration made under Section 6. [148-D-H; 149-A]                   ·

               Pandit Jhandu Lal v. State of Punjab, [1961) 2 SCR 459, relied on.
                                                                                         B
 ...           2. In an acquisition under Part VII of' the Act, position of the
         company or the body for which the land is acquired is c1uite different from
         that of the owner of the land. As a result of withdrawal from the acquisition
         whereas the owner of land is ordinarily not likely to suffer any prejudice
         or irreparable loss, the company for who~e benefit the land was to be           C
         acc1uired, may sulTer substantial loss. [151-D]

               3. However, in the instant case it is not necessary to go into this
         larger question whether in such a case the State Government can withdraw
         from acquisition without the consent of the company as the justification
         given by the Government is otherwise not sustainable. The reason given by D
         the Government for withdrawing from the acquisition is that as no part of'
         the cost of acc1uisition was to be borne by the Government the acc1uisition
         could not have been sustained as for a public purpose.· In this case the
         acc1uisition was not for a public purpose but it was an acquisition for a
         company under Chapter VII of the Act. In respect of an acc1uisition for a
         company under Chapter VII of the Act the law does not rec1uire that the
                                                                                      E
         State should also bear some cost of the acc1uisition to make it an acc1uisi-
         tion for p·1bli_c use. Thus the decision of the Government to withdraw from
         acquisition was based upon misconception of the correct legal position.
         Such a decision has to be regarded as arbitrary and not bona fide.
         Particularly in a case where as a result of a decision taken by the Govern- F
         ment other party is likely to be prejudicially affected, the Government has
         to exercise its power bona fide and not arbitrarily. Even though Section 48
         of the Act confers upon the State wide discretion it does not permit it to
         act in an arbitrary manner. Though the State cannot be compelled to
         acquire land compulsorily for a company its decision to withdraw from G
         acquisition can be challenged on the ground that power has been exercised
         mala fide or in an arbitrary manner. [151-E-H]

               S1inivasa Cooperative House Building Society Ltd. v. Madan Gwwnur-
         thy Sasliy, [1994) 4 SCC 675 and Special Land Acquisition Ofjiw; Bombay
         v. Godrej and Boyce, [1988) 1 SCR 590, hdd inapplicr.ble.                       H

     "
    146                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A         4. The contention of the respondent that the ac11uisition of land was
    for a public purpose and not under Chapter VII of the Act cannot be
    accepted because such a plea was not raised before the High Court.



B
    Therefore, it is really not open to the respondent to raise a contention
    before this Court, which is contrary to the case pleaded before the High
    Court. (149-G]
                                                                                  -
            CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 8496 of
    1997.

            From the Judgment and Order dated 16.4.96 of the Allahabad High
C Court in C.M.W.P. No. 16241 of 1992.
         R.F. Nariman, S.P. Mithal, C.K. Nayak and R.N. Keshwani for the
    Appellants.

            AB. Rohtagi, R.B. Misra and E.C. Agrawala for the Respondents.
D
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

            NANAVATI, J. Leave granted.

            Heard learned counsel for both the sides.
E         The appellant is a society registered under the Society Registration
    Act, 1860. It is running a public school at Mathura in the name of Amar
    Nath Vidya Ashram. The school is duly recognised by the Central Board
    of Seco~dary Education, New Delhi. It is challenging in this appeal the
    judgment and order passed by the High Court in Civil Misc. Writ Petition
F   No. 16241 of 1992.

          The appellant wants land adjacent to its school building for the
                          •
    purpose of a playground for its students. The land belongs to respondent
    No. 5. So it tried to obtain it from respondent No. 5 by offering a price
    higher than its market value but did not succeed. It, therefore, moved the
G   State Government to acquire that land for it. The Government agreed and
    issued Notification under section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act on 1.8.1986
    notifying its intention to acquire that land for a public purpose namely
    "playground of students of Amar Nath Vidya Ashram (Public School),
    Mathura''. Thereafter, inquiries under section 5-A and under Rule 4 of the
H   Land Acquisition (Company) Rules, 1963 were made. The Government
         AMARNATHASHRAMTRUSTSOCIETY v. GOVERNOR. OFU.P.[NANAVATI,J.)           147

     also entered into an agreement with the appellant as required by section         A
     40(1) of the Act on 11.8.1987. It then issued a Declaration under section 6
     on 4.9.1987 mentioning fact that the report made under sub-rule (4) of
 •   Rule 4 of the Land Acquisition (Company) Rules, 1963 was considered by
     the Government that the Land Acquisition Committee constituted under
     Rule 3 of the said Rules was consulted, that the agreement entered               B
     between the appellant and the Governor was duly published that the
     Governor was satisfied that the land mentioned in the schedule is needed
     for construction of a playground for students of Amar Nath Vidya Ashram
     (Public School), Mathura by the Amar Nath Ashram Trust, Mathura. This
     acquisition of land was challenged by the owner by a writ petition filed in
     the Allahabad High Court. An interim order was passed directing the              C
     parties to maintain status quo as regards possession. D1,uing the pendency
     of the said petition, on 1.5.1992, the Government denotified the land from
     acquisition in exercise of its power under section 48 of the Land Acquisi-
     tion Act. The appellant challenged that Notification by filing a writ petition
     in the High Court. The petition filed by the appellant and the one filed by      D
     the owner were heard together. The petition filed by the owner was
     dismissed as infructuous and the petition filed by the appellant was dis-
     missed on the ground that the decision of the State Government to
~-
     withdraw from the acquisition for the reason that the acquisition having
     been proclaimed as one for a public purpose a part of cost of acquisition
     was required to be borne by the State and as no such provision was made,         E
     it was not likely to be sustained if challenged, cannot be said to be contrary
     or illegal.

           Mr. R.F. Nariman, senior advocate, appearing for the appellants,
     submitted that when acquisition is under part VII, i.e., when land is            F
     acquired for a company and when all the formalities have been completed
     including execution of an agreement for payment of cost of th_e acquisition
     and section 6 notification has also been issued, it is not open to the
     Government to withdraw from such acquisition without the consent of !he
     company for which the land has been acquired. He submitted that the
     power vested in the Government to withdraw from acquisition is not               G
     absolute and is fettered by implicit restrictions and hence it is justiciable.
     He further submitted that in this case the State Government decided to
     withdraw from the acquisition under a misconception of law that as tht:
     acquisition, at the stage of section 4 notification was proclaimed to be for
     a public purpose, at least a part of the cost of acquisition was required to     H
    148                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A be borne by the State or was required to be paid out of the public funds
  or public revenue; and, therefore, the decision taken by it was vitiated and
  ought to have been quashed by the High Court. On the other hand, the
  learned counsel appearing for the State of Uttar Pradesh submitted that
  the State is under no obligation to give any reason for withdrawing from
B the acquisition and when it is shown that the power was exercised bona
  fide it is not open to the Court to invalidate such an action even if the
  reason given by the State is found to be erroneous. He submitted that
  section 48 contains no words of limitation as regards the exercise of power
   and the only limitation put upon the power of the State Government is that
   it can exercise that power till possession of the land sought to be acquired
C is taken and not thereafter. He also submitted that if as a result of
  withdrawal from acquisition any damage is suffered by any party then he
   can be paid damages for the loss caused to him, and that there is one more
   reason why the decision of Government to withdraw from acquisition
   cannot be interfered with by the court of law.

D
         It is now well established that if the cost of acquisition is borne either
  wholly or partly by the Government, the acquisition can be said to be for
  a public purpose within the meaning of the Act. But if the cost is entire! y
  borne by the company then it is an acquisition for a company under part
  VII of the Act. It was so held by this Court in Pandit Jhandu Lal v. The
E State of Punjab, [1961] 2 SCR 459. This decision was relied upon by the
  learned counsel for the State to support his contentions but it is difficult
  to appreciate how it supports him. It is held in that case that it is not
  correct to say that no acquisition for a company for a public purpose can
  be made except under part VII of the Act. In that case a part of the cost
p was to be borne by the government and, therefore, it was held that it was
  not necessary to comply wi_th the provisions of part VII of the Act.
  Admittedly, in the present case the entire cost of acquisition is to be borne
  by the appellant society and, therefore, it is an acquisition for a company
  and not for a public purpose, That is also borne out by the notification
  issued under section 6 of the Act which states "that the land mentioned in
G the schedule below is needed for the construction of play-ground for
  students of Amar Nath Vidya Ashram (public school), Mathura in district
  Mathura by the Amar Nath Ashram Trust, Mathura". Therefore, simply
  because in the notification issued under Section 4 of the Act it was stated
   that the land was needed for a public purpose, namely, for a play- ground
H for students of Amar Nath Vidya Ashram (public school), Mathura, it


                                        ....
         AMARNATIIASHRAM1RUSTSOCIEI'Y v. GOVERNOROFU.P.[NANAVATI,J.]        149

     cannot be said that the acquisition is for a public purpose and not under A

-    Chapter VII for the appellant-society in view of subsequent events and the
     declaration made under section 6. The learned counsel for the State also
     relied upon the decision of this Court in Srinivasa Cooperative House
     Building Society Ltd. v. Madam Gurumurthy Sastry, (1994] 4 SCC 675,
     wherein this Court has held that though there is "no provision in the Act B
     to say that when a land is required for a company, it may also be for a
     public purpose. However, even the acquisition for a company, unless
     utilisation of the land so acquired is integrally connected with public use,
     resort to the compulsory acquisition under Chapter VII cannot be had". It
     was submitted on the basis of this observation that even in case of an
     acquisition for a company an element of public purpose has to be there C
     and if for that .reason it was believed by the Government that it was
     necessary for it to make substantial contribution from public revenue so as
     to avoid the charge of colourable exercise of powers, the decision of the
     Government to withdraw from the acquisition cannot be said to be ar-
     bitrary or illegal. The aforesaid observation was made by this Court in the · D
     context of requirement of Section 40 of the Act and they cannot be
..   construed to mean that no land cannot be acquired by the State Govern-
     ment without making substantial contribution towards the cost of acquisi-
     tion. We cannot read something more in the said observation than what
     they were intended to convey. The provisions of part VII and particularly
     the provisions regarding payment of the entire costs of the acquisition E
     would otherwise become redundant.

            As the acquisition in this case was for the appellant-society which is
     running a school, it was an acquisition for a company and as disclosed by
     the agreement the entire cost of the acquisition was to be borne by the F
     appellant-society. The declaration made under section 6 clearly referred to
     the inquiry made under Rule 4 of the Land Acquisition (Companies)
     Rules, 1963 and the agreement entered into between the appellant-society
     and the Stak. Moreover, it was not pleaded by the State before the High
     Court that the acquisition in this case was for a public purpose and not G
     under Chapter VII of the Act. Therefore, it is really not open to the counsel
     for the State to raise a contention which is contrary to the case, pleaded
     before the High Court. In the reply affidavit filed before the High Court,
     it was stated on behalf of the State that the acquisition was for a registered
     society and as such it was covered within the meaning of Company as
     defined by section 3(E)(ii) of the Land Acquisition Act and that the H
    150                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A purpose of acquisition was covered under section 40(I)(b) of the 'Act
    because acquisition for play-ground of students of a school is a purpose
    which is likely to prove useful to the public.

          On the question of giving reasons the learned counsel for the State
B heavily relied upon the decision of this Court in Special Land Acquisition
    Officer, Bombay v. Godrej and Boyce, (1988) 1 SCR 590. In that case this
  Court examined the nature and extent of the power of the Government to
  withdraw from acquisition after issuance of notification under section 4 of
  the Act. In that case the State Government had passed an order under
  section 48 of the Act withdrawing the lands of Godrej and Boyce from
C acquisition. The owner thereupon challenged the withdrawal order as ma/a
  fide and prayed for quashing of the same. The writ petition was allowed by
   a Single Judge of the High Court and his decision was affirmed by a
   Division Bench. In an appeal filed by the State this Court held that under
   the scheme of the Act neither the notification under section 4 nor the
D declaration under section 6, nor the notice under section 9 is sufficient to
   divest the original owner of, or other person interested in, the Ian~ of his
   right therein. Section 16 makes it clear beyond doubt that the title of the
   land vests in the Government only when possession is taken by the Govern-
   ment and till that point of time, the land continues to be with the original
                                                                                   -
   owner and he is also free to deal with the land just as he likes. So long as
E the possession is not taken over, the mere fact of a notification issued under
   section 4 or a declaration under section 6, does not divest the owner of his
   rights in the land to take care of it and confer on the State Government
   any right whatsoever to interfere with the ownership of the land or
   safeguard the interests of the owner. Section 48 gives liberty to the State
F Government to withdraw from the acquisition at any stage before the
   possession of the land is taken by it. By such withdrawal, no irreparable
                                                                                   -
   prejudice is caused to the owner of the land and, if at all the owner has
   suffered any damage in consequence of the acquisition proceedings or
   incurred costs in relation thereto, he will be compensated therefor under
   section 48(2) of the Act. This Court further observed that the State can be
G permitted to exercise its power to withdraw unilaterally. It further observed
   that having regard to the scheme of the Act it is difficult to see why the
   State Government should at all be compelled to give any cogent reasons
   for its decision not to go ahead with the acquisition of any land. It is well
   settled in the field of specific performance of contracts that no person will
H be compelled to acquire any land, as a breach of contract can always be



                                                                                   f
        AMARNATHASHRAMTRUSTSOCIETY 1·. GOVERNOR OF U.P. (NANAVATI.J.(     151

     compensated for by damages. That is also the principle of section 48(2) of A
     the Act. In that case the Court found that the withdrawal was bona fide
     and was justified in view of the facts and circumstances of the case. That
     was a case where the decision of the Government to withdraw from
     acquisition was challenged by the owner of the land on the ground that the
     withdrawal was ma/a fide and it was bad because no show cause notice was
                                                                                 B
     served to the company before the withdrawal order was passed. It was in
     that context that this Court made the above quoted observations. That was
     not a case where proceedings were initiated to acquire land for a company
     under part VU of the Act. Therefore, it i~ not an authority laying down the
    ·proposition that in all cases where power is exercised under section 48 of
     the Act it is open to the State Government to act unilaterally and that it  c
     can withdraw from acquisition without giving any reason or for any reason
     whatsoever.

          In an acquisition under part VII of the Act, position of the company
    or the body for which the land is acquired is quite different from that of   D
    the owner· of the land. As a result of withdrawal from the acquisition
    whereas the owner of land is ordinarily not likely to suffer any prejudice
•   or irreparable loss, the company for whose benefit the land was to be
    acquired, may suffer substantial loss.

           However, it is not necessary to go into this larger question whether E
    in such a case the State Government can withdraw from acquisition without
    the consent of the company as the justification given by the Government is
    otherwise not sustainable. As stated earlier the reason given by the Govern-

-   ment for withdrawing from the acquisition is that as no part of the cost of
    acquisition was to be borne by the Government the acquisition could not F
     have been sustained as for a public purpose. We have already pointed out
    that in this case the acquisition was not for a public purpose but it was an
    acquisition for a company under Chapter VII of the Act. In respect of an
    acquisition for a company under Chapter VII of the Act law does not
    require that the State should also bear some cost of the acquisition to make G
    it an acquisition for public use. Thus the decision of the Government to
    withdraw from acquisition was based upon misconception of the correct ·
    legal position. Such a decision has to be regarded as arbitrary and not bona
    fide. Particularly in a case where as a result of a decision taken by the
    Government other party is likely to be prejudicially affected, the Govern-
     ment has to exercise its power bonafide and not arbitrarily. Even though H
    152                   SUPREMF COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A section 48 of the Act confers upon the State wide discretion it does not
    permit it to act in an arhitrary manner. Though the State cannot be
    compelled to acquire land compulsorily for a company its decision to
    withdraw from acquisition can be challenged on the ground that power has
    been exercised ma/a fide or in an arbitrary manner. Therefore, we cannot
    accept the submission of the learned counsel for the State that the discre-
B
    tion of the Stale Government in this behalf is absolute and not justiciable
    al all.

          We, therefore, allow this appeal and quash the impugned order
    dated 16.4.1996. However, we make it clear that it will be open to the State
c   Government to reconsider this question of withdrawal from acquisition and
    take an appropriate decision in accordance with law. In view of the facts
    and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to cm,ts.

    W1it Petition t! No. 716 of 1996

D         As we are allowing the appeal the learned counsel for the petitioner
    does not press the writ petition at this stage and reserves his right to
    challenge the validity of section 48 if such an occasion arises in future. The
    writ petition is, therefore, dismissed as not pressed.

    V.S.S.                               Appeal allowed and Petition dismissed.