Holding

A short‑listing method must be rational, objective and must follow the criteria expressly stated in the advertisement; the UPSC’s addition of a post‑degree experience requirement was invalid, rendering the short‑listing improper and the appellant’s appointment valid.

Summary

The appellant applied for the post of Deputy Director (Agriculture) in Pondicherry under an advertisement that required an M.Sc. in Agriculture and two years of experience in extension work/soil/Input analysis, without specifying that the experience must be after the degree. The UPSC short-listed candidates, excluding the appellant, on the basis that his experience was obtained before his M.Sc. The appellant obtained an interim order from the Central Administrative Tribunal to be interviewed, topped the merit list and was appointed. The High Court quashed his appointment, holding that the short‑listing method was not irrational or illegal. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that short‑listing must be based on a rational, objective basis and must follow the method prescribed in the advertisement; since the advertisement did not require post‑degree experience, the UPSC could not add that condition. Consequently, the High Court judgment was set aside and the appellant’s appointment upheld.

Issues considered

Can a selection body adopt a short‑listing procedure when the advertisement does not prescribe a specific method?
Must the short‑listing criteria strictly adhere to the conditions mentioned in the advertisement?
Is a requirement of two years experience after obtaining the M.Sc. degree valid when the advertisement is silent on this point?
Is the appointment of the appellant valid despite the UPSC’s short‑listing method?

Subjects

service lawshort‑listingrecruitmentadministrative lawappointmentUPSCmerit listcentral administrative tribunalselection criteriaequality

Judgment

. ~.

A B. RAMAKICHENIN@ BALAGANDHI
v.
UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

NOVEMBER 16, 2007
B
[A.K. MATHUR AND MARKANDEY KAT JU, JJ.]

Service Law:
Selection through interview-Short-listing ofcandidates-HELD:
c Method of short-listing can validly be adopted by Selection Body
provided it has some rational or objective basis-Ifa method ofshort-
listing has been prescribed in the rule or advertisement then that
method alone has to be followed-On facts, short-listing on the ground
oftwo years experience after MSc. degree cannot be sustained as the
D ~
advertisement providing for the method of short-listing does not
mention that experience must be after getting M.Sc. degree-
Appointment of candidate having two years experience before
obtaining MSc. degree, upheld.
E An advertisement for the post of Deputy Director (Agriculture)
in the Agriculture Department, Government of Pondicherry was
issued inviting applications from the candidates having M.Sc. degree
in Agriculture and two years experience in extension work/soil/Input
Analysis. The appellant applied for the post. The UPSC short-listed
F the candidates and did not call the appellant for interview on the •
ground that he did not have the two years experience after obtaining
the M.Sc. degree. The appellant filed an O.A. before the Central
Administrative Tribunal contending that there was no requirement
that the two years experience should be after obtaining the M.Sc.
G degree and as he had the requisite experience before obtaining
M.Sc. degree, he fulfilled the requisite conditions. On the direction
of the Tribunal the appellant was interviewed; and since he stood '>.
first in the merit list, he was appointed to the post. The respondents
filed a writ petition before the High Court, which quashed the
H 120
B. RAMAKICHENIN @BALAGANDHI v. UNION OF 121
INDIA
appointment of the appellant holding that there was no irrationality A
or illegality in the method of short-listing adopted by the UPSC.
Aggrieved, the affected candidate filed the appeal.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. It is well settled that the method of short-listing can B
be validly adopted by the Selection Body. Even if there is no rule
providing for short-listing nor any mention of it in the advertisement
calling for applications for the post, the Selection Body can resort
to a short-listing procedure ifthere are a large number of eligible
candidates and it is not possible for the authority to interview all of C
them. The procedure of short-listing is only a practical via-media
which has been followed by the courts in various decisions since
otherwise there may be great difficulties for the selecting and
appointing authorities as they may not be able to interview hundr.eds
and thousands of eligible candidates. However, for valid short-listing
D
there have to be two requirements -(i) it has to be on some rational
and objective basis; and (ii) if a prescribed method of short-listing
has been mentioned in the rule or advertisement then that method
alone has to be followed.
[Para 15, 16 and 17] [125-C, D, E, F; 126-A]
E
Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission v. Navnit Kumar;
Potdar and Anr., [1994] 6 SCC 293 ;and Government of Andhra
Pradesh v. P. Dilip Kumar and Anr., [1993] 2 SCC 310, etc., relied
on.

1.2. Ordinarily, the Court does not interfere with administrative F
decisions. However, in the instant case' in paragraph 3.1 of the
advertisement of the UPSC dated 23.5.1998, the method of short-
listing has been given. Hence the UPSC cannot resort to a method
of short-listing other than that which has been prescribed in
paragraph 3.1. In the said paragraph, it is mentioned that the G
Commission may restrict the number of candidates on the basis of
.t either qualifications and experience higher than the minimum
prescribed in the advertisement or on the basis of the experience
higher than the minimum prescribed in the advertisement or on the
basis of experience in the relevant field. Experience after getting H
122 ~
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 12 S.C.R. \

A the M.Sc. degree cannot be said to be higher than the experience
before getting the M.Sc degree. Also, the advertisement dated
..
23.5.1998 does not mention that two years experience must be after
getting the M.Sc. degree. Hence, the Court cannot add words to the
advertisement and must read it as it is.
B [Para 18, 20 and 21] [126-B, D, E, F, G; 127-A-B]
Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. The International Airport Authority
ofIndia and Ors., AIR (1979) SC 1628, relied on.
Tata Cellular v. Union ofIndia, AIR (1996) SC 11, referred to.
c 1.3. The impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. The
appellant has been working as Deputy Director (Agriculture) since
2001 in pursuance of the judgment of the Tribunal and the interim
order of this Court. His appointment is upheld.
[Para 24] [128-E, F]
D
CIVIL APPELLATE nJRISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5274 of ).

2007.
From the final Judgment and Order dated 19.9.2006 of the High
Court of Judicature at Madras in W.P. Nos. 9521, 18563/2000 and
E 21870/2001.

R. Venkataranrnni, G. Umapathy and Rakesh K. Sharma for the
Appellant.
Binu Tamta, S. Aravindh, Sujit Kumar, V. Ramasubramanian, P.V.
F Yogeswaran, V.G. Pragasam, S. Joseph Aristotle and S. Prabu '
Ramasubramanian for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
MARKANDEY KATJU, J. 1. Leave granted.
F
2. This appeal has been filed against the final judgment and order
dated 19. 9.2006 of the High Court of Madras in Writ Petition Nos. 9521 ~-
and 18563 of 2000 and Writ Petition No. 21870 of 2001.
3. Heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.
G
B.RAMAKICHENIN@BALAGANDHiv. UNIONOF 123
INDIA [MARKANDEYKATJU,J.]
4. The appellant (respondent No. 3 in the Writ Petition) applied for A
the post of Deputy Director (Agriculture) in the Agriculture Department,
Government of Pondicherry. That post was to be filled up by direct
recruitment in pursuance of the advertisement issued by the Union Public
Service Commission (hereinafter in short 'UPSC') dated 23.5.1998
inviting applications from eligible candidates. B
4 5. The appellant states that he was fully qualified for the post, but
he was not called for the interview although similarly placed candidates
had been so called.
6. In this connection it may be mentioned that in the advertisement c
for the post issued by the UPSC, essential qualifications mentioned therein
were as follows :
"Essential :

{
A.: Educational : M.Sc. Degree in Agriculture from a recognized D
...
'.
University or institution.
B: Experience : Two years experience in extension work/soil/Input
Analysis."
There was no mention in the advertisement that the experience of two E
years must be after obtaining the M.Sc. degree.
7. It appears that the UPSC resorted to short listing and did not
call the appellant for the interview because he did not have two years
experience in extension work/soil/Input Analysis after obtaining the M.Sc.
'1.
degree in agriculture. He no doubt had the requisite experience, but that F
was obtained before he got his M.Sc. degree. The UPSC called only those
candidates for interview who h11d got the experience after getting the
degree.
8. The appellant was of the view that there was no requirement that G
the two years experience should be after obtaining the Masters degree
-~- in agriculture. The appellant undoubtedly had such experience before
obtaining his M.Sc. degree in agriculture.
9. Since the appellant was not called for the interview he filed OA.
H
124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 12 S.C.R.

A No. 1045/97 before the Central Administrative Tribunal, Chennai. By an
interim order the Tribunal allowed the appellant to appear in the interview.
Subsequently the Tribunal in its final order dated 23.6.2000 observed that
since the appellant had been interviewed in pursuance of the interim order
of the Tribunal, no further direction is required to be given in this
B connection and the result of the interview should be published. Accordingly
the result was published and since the appellant was found first in the merit
list, he was appointed as Deputy Director (Agriculture) on 23.3.2001,
and has been working as such since then.
10. Aggrieved, writ petition was filed by the respondents herein
C before the Madras High Court which allowed the writ petition and
quashed the appointment of the appellant. Hence this appeal by way of
Special Leave Petition.
11. One of the reason given by the High Court for setting aside the
D appellant's appointment was that the Tribunal should have gone into the
question of eligibility of the appellant herein. Instead of doing so, it diS]X>sed
off the O.A. filed before it by directing the UPSC to publish the result.
Accordingly, the appellant herein was appointed by the Government of
Pondicherry vide order dated 23.3.2001 on the post of Deputy Directer
E (Agriculture).
12. We need not go into the question whether the Tribunal should
have decided the case on merits since we are deciding it on merits.
13. The High Court in the impugned judgment has also observed
F that it was open for the UPSC to restrict the number of candidates to be 'r
called for the interview by adopting a short-listing method. The High Comt
was of the view that there was no irrationality or illegality in the method
of short-listing adopted by the UPSC. With respect, we cannot agree.
14. In paragraph 3. I of the advertisement of UPSC dated
G 23.5.1998, it is stated:
"Where the number of applications received in response to an (·
advertisement is large and it will not be convenient or possible for
the Commission to interview all the candidates, the Commission
H
may restrict the number of candidates to a reasonable limit on the
I
) B. RAMAKICHENIN @BALAGANDHI v. UNION OF 125
INDIA [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

basis of either qualifications and experience higher than the minimum A
prescribed in the advertisement or on the basis of the experience
higher than the minimum prescribed in the advertisement or on the
basis of experience in the relevant field, or by holding a screening
test. The candidate should, therefore, mention all the qualifications
and experience in the relevant field over and above the minimum B
qualifications and should attach attested/self certified copies of the
~
certificates in support thereof"

15. It is well settled that the method of short-listing can be validly
adopted by the Selection Body vide Madhya Pradesh Public Service
Commission v. Navnit Kumar Potdar and Anr., [1994] 6 SCC 293 c
(vide paras 6, 8, 9 and 13), and Government ofAndhra.Pradesh v. P.
Dilip Kumar and Anr., [1993] 2 SCC 310, etc.
16. Even if there is no rule providing for short-listing nor any mention
;'l
of it in the advertisement calling for applications for the post, the Selection D
Body can resort to a short-listing procedure ifthere are a large number
" of eligible candidates who apply and it is not possible for the authority to
interview all of them. For example, if for one or two posts there are more
than 1000 applications received from eligible candidates, it may not be
possible to interview all of them. In this situation, the procedure of short- E
listing can be resorted to by the Selection Body, even though there is no
mention of short-listing in the rules or in the advertisement.
17. However, for valid short-listing there have to be two
requirements - (i) It has to be on some rational and objective basis. For
"' instance, if selection has to be done on some post for which the minimum F
essential requirement is a B.Sc. degree, and ifthere are a large number
of eligible applicants, the Selection Body can resort to short-listing by
prescribing certain minimum marks in B.Sc. and only those who have got
_,, such marks may be called for the interview. This can be done even if the
rule or advertisement does not mention only those who have the G
... ..1._)
aforementioned minimum marks, will be considered or appointed on the
post. Thus the procedure of short-listing is only a practical via-media which
has been followed by the courts in various decisions since otherwise there
may be great difficulties for the selecting and appointing authorities as they
may not be able to interview hundreds and thousands of eligible candidates; H
126
SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 12 S.C.R.

A. (ii) If a prescribed method of short-listing has been mentioned in the
rule or advertisement then that method alone has to be followed.
18. In the present case, no doubt, the UPSC had resorted to an
objective and rational criteria that only those who have two years
experience after getting the M.Sc. degree will be considered, while those
B who have got such experience but only before getting the M.Sc. degree
will not be called for the interview. Ordinarily we would not have taken
exception to this procedure since it is based on an objective criteria, and
ordinarily this Corni does not interfere with administrative decisions vide
Tata Cellular v. Union of India, AIR (1996) SC 11. As observed in
C the said decision, the modem approach is for courts to observe restraint
in administrative matters.
19. Hence, if the method of short-listing had not been prescribed
by the UPSC or in a statutory rule, it is possible that the argument of
D learned counsel for the respondents may have been accepted and we may
not have interfered with the method of short-listing adopted by the UPSC
since it appears to be based on a rational and objective criteria.
20. However, in this case we have noticed that in paragraph 3.1 of
the advertisement of the UPSC dated 23.5.1998, the method of short-
E listing has been given. Hence the UPSC cannot resort to any other method
of short-listing other than that which has been prescribed in paragraph
3.1. In the said paragraph of the advertisement, it is mentioned that the
Commission may restrict the number of candidates on the basis of either
qualifications and experience higher than the minimum prescribed in the
F advertisement or on the basis of the experience higher than the minimum
prescribed in the advertisement o:· on the basis of experience in the
relevant field. In other words, it was open to the UPSC to do short-listing
by stating that it will call only those who have Ph.D. degree in Agiiculture
(although the essential degree was only M.Sc. degree in Agriculture).
G Similarly, the UPSC could have said that it would only call for interview
those candidates who have, say, five years experience, although the
essential requirement was only two years experience. However, I·
experience after getting the M.Sc. degree cannot be said to be higher
than the experience before getting the M.Sc degree. Also, the
H advertisement dated 23.5.1998 does not mention that two years
B. RAMAKICHENIN@BALAGANDHI v. UNION OF 127
INDIA [MARKANDEYKATJU,J.]
experience must be after getting the M.Sc. degree. A
21. Learned counsel for the appellant has shown us several
advertisements issued by the Union Public Service Commission in which
it was specifically mentioned that experience must re after getting the
post-graduate degree. However, in the present case, the advertisement
does not mention that the two years experience must be after getting B
the M.Sc. degree in Agriculture. Hence, we cannot add words to the
advertisement and we must read it as it is.
22. As observed by this Court in Ramana Dayaram Shetty v. The
International Airport Authority of India and Ors., AIR (1979) SC c
1628 (vide para 10):
" It is a well-settled rule of administrative law that an executive
authority must be rigorously held to the standards by which it
professes its actions to be judged and it must scrupulously observe
those standards on pain of invalidation of an act in violation of D
them. This rule was enunciated by Mr. Justice Frankfurter in
Vitarelli v. Seaton, (1959) 359 US 535; 3 L Ed
2nd 1012 where the learned Judge said:
"An executive agency must be rigorously held to the standards E
by which it professes its actions to be
judged ....... Accordingly, if dismissal from employment is
based on a defined procedure, even though generous beyond
the requirements that binds such agency, that procedure must
be scrupulously observed ...... This judicially evolved rule of F
administrative law is now firmly established and, ifl may add,
rightly so. He that takes the procedural sword shall perish
with the sword".
This Court accepted the rule as valid and applicable in India G
in A.S. Ahluwalia v. State of Purrjab, [1975] 3 SCR 82: AIR
_,.,, (1975) SC 984 and in subsequent decisions given in Sukhdev v.
Bhagatram, [1975] 3 SCR 619; AIR (1975) SC 1331,
Mathew, J. quoted the above-referred observations of Mr. Justice
Frankfurter with approval. It may be noted that this rule, though
H

..
128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 12 S.C.R.

A supportable also as emanating from Article 14 does not rest merely
on that Article. It has an independent existence apart from Article
14. It is a rule of administrative law which has been judicially .
evolved as a check against exercise of arbitrary power by the
executive authority. If we turn to the judgment of Mr. Justice
B Frankfurter and examine it, we find that he has not sought to draw
support for the rule from the equality clause of the United States
Constitution but evolved it purely as a result of administrative law.
Even in England, the recent trend in administrative law is in that
direction as is evident from what is stated at pages 540-541 in
c Prof. Wade's Administrative Law 4th Ecln. There is no reason why
we should hesitate to adopt this rule as a part of our continually
expanding administrative law."

23. Had paragraph 3.1 not been in the advertisement of the UPSC
it is possible that we may have taken a view in favour of the respondents
D since in that case it was open to the UPSC to resort to any rational method
of short-listing of its choosing (provided it was fair and objective).
However, in the present case, a particular manner of short-listing has been
prescribed in paragraph 3.1. Hence, it is not open to the UPSC to resort
to any other method of short-listing even if such other method can be said
E to be fair and objective.
24. For the reasons given above, this appeal is allowed. The
impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. The appellant has been
working as Deputy Director (Agriculture) since 2001 in pursuance of the
F judgment of the T1ibunal and the interim order of this Court, and we uphold
his appointment. No costs.
RP. Appeal allowed.