Supreme Court of India
BABAJI KONDAJL GARAD ETC.versusTHE NASIK MERCHANTS CO-OPERATIVE BANK LTD., NASIK & ORS. ETC.
- Citation
- 1983 INSC 169
- Decided
- 31 October 1983
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- D A DESAI
Holding
The election was void because the election programme omitted the statutory reservation of two seats, violating Section 73B which mandates that such seats be filled by election first.
Summary
The Supreme Court examined two appeals challenging the elections to the Boards of Directors of Nasik Merchants Co‑operative Bank Ltd. and Parbhani District Co‑operative Bank Ltd. The election programmes issued by the Collectors failed to specify that two seats were reserved under Section 73B of the Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act, 1960 for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and for the weaker section. The petitioners argued that this omission rendered the entire election void, while the High Court held that the reserved seats could be filled later by co‑option, making the election valid. The Court held that Section 73B uses mandatory language (“shall”) and requires that the reservation be disclosed in the election programme and that the seats be filled by election first, with co‑option only as a fallback. Consequently, the elections were declared illegal, the High Court judgments were set aside, and the banks were directed to conduct fresh elections within three months.
Issues considered
- The mandatory nature of the reservation provision in Section 73B of the Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act, 1960.
- Whether the election programme must expressly mention the reserved seats for the election to be valid.
- Whether co‑option can be used in place of election for filling the reserved seats.
- The hierarchy between the statutory provision and bye‑laws or executive opinions.
Legislation cited
- Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act, 1960s. 144C, s. 144T, s. 73, s. 73B, s. 73G
Subjects
reservation of seatsco‑operative societieselection programmestatutory interpretationSection 73Bco‑optionbye‑lawsScheduled CastesScheduled Tribesweaker section
Judgment
·.
BABAJI KONPAJl GARAD ETC ..·
A
• . • l'.
THE NASIK MERCHANTS CO-OPERATIVE
llANK: i:ro.,.NASIK & ORS. ETC.
B
'1. . October 31, 1983
.•
(0,A. DESAI, 0. CHINNAPPA REDDY & A.· VARADAIWAN, JJ.J
Maharashtra Cooperative· Societies -_-ACt~ !96~Set .. _73]! interpretation C
of-·Reservation oftWo Seats for Scheduled Caites/Schedµled ~ribes and weak~r
. ~ection Qn committee of a s"pecified societY. manda,ory-Restrved ~eats to be filled
.
in primarily by e/ection-FailinK. election alone leats may be filled by appointmenl
Or co-option. Election held pilrsuant lo election notifiCf!Jion not mentioning"
reservation of seats-Illegal.
.
Jnterpretation-'The ;quity of the statute'-Method of construction of a ·.. D
statute-Used-ih the past-Siill in vogue. · iegislature u~es appropriilte. la'nguage
to n1anifest its intentiOn.
_,
Admini~trativ~ La..;_Bye~Jaw.--St~us <!f-Cann~t be held to· be law. or.have.
the force"OJ l<iw. In case of ·incohsis,tency between bye-Jaw & statute--Statule
prevaiis. Colistriiction placed on(} statutory provision by execut~ve brarJch-Not ·
-i relevant for interp'reting the prOv,;ion by caurt. ~ .
On expiry-of the term of the comn1ittee known as Board· of Directors of
a ,Specified society under the Maharashtra Cooper~ti~e Societies ACt, _1960. the
CollectOr.notified the elect1oQ programme ·without specifyirig th:at-the two seats
Qn the commiitee would be reserved seats; oii.e for .the members belOnging to the
Scheduled Castes Or Schedule"<;l. Tribes and one for the weaker· ·section of the F
members of. the society. P~rsuant t?.t that ~leci~on pr~gr_arilpre the poll. w~s
• held and the result wa·s declared. The said election was challenged by a me~ber .·
of the._ society beloi:iging to Scheduled Tribe i>D the ground that the whole "or the·
election Programme is vitiated on ·aecount of its Don cOmplian~ w.ith' the
· .mandatory"· statutory pi'ovision ~n~cted in 'sec. 73B which prescribed .reservation ·
Or seats;· o'ne iii favo_ur of Sched~uled Castes or Scheduled TtjbeS and another ill G
favour of weaker section from the me·mbers · of: the society.. The Additional
CotnmiSsloner Who heard the election petition .de~tW.ed. the election of ·the
elected Members as void ·and ineffective. On·a writ petition. filed by -soipe o(.
. the eJected memberS the High Court held that it Was not imperative that. the
reserved seats must be filled_in"nlY by election and tlii: mantlate of. sec. 73B
would be adequately complied With if reserved seats· are filled. in by co-option H
and there was Do error in .copducting.the eiei;:tion. In these appeals the appelR ~
lants submitted that sec" 73B proceded to make a··statutorY rese.rv-3tion. of -two ·
Seat~ and declared its preference in favour of 'filling in ihl reserve·d Seats by
'
SUPRm.ill COURT REPORTS . (1984] 'f s.C.R.
'A
•
election f~iling which alone !he reserved seats wer~·to be fil!ed in by appoint- ,,, .
ment or co-option.· The respondent submitted lllat the fil!ing of the reserved
· seat.s was a sine qua non; the method of fit.ling reserved Seats was .directory ·arid ..l
. therefore any of the three modes could be adopted. ·
Allowing the appeals,
B HBLD : ~he election in questiol). is·. ex facie illegal, i.rivalid arid cont:ary
to law. (781 FJ - ..
..
Sec;tion 73 .of the Act requires the Collector to hold election in accordance
with the Act including sec. 73B. · · The. fail Ur~ to hold election in accordance
With the . Act including sec. 73B .·would' vitiat_e. the whi:>Ie. ele.ction programm'e
from commencement till the end. It woU1d all the more be so because .the
c failure to hold elvction accord.in& to the. provisions of the Act which denies an
opportunity to the persons Who are eliS:ible to get elected tO the reserved seats
would certainly v.itiate the whole elect.ion programme. Therefore, the .Collector
. must specify in the election programme inter alia that tfiCre are rCserved seats
to be filled in by election and the class in whose favour reservation is made.
This wi11 be notice to the me~bers eligible for cont!sting election io reserved
· seats so that they may fill in their nomination. 1n the instant case there is not
D ·even a whisper in the ele~tion programnie whether ·any of the Sea.ts were
resei'ved. The omission is glaring and fatal. Therefore, it can be safely concluded
that the.election is held.in violation of sec. 73B, · [781 D-FJ
Any provision making for reservati~n must receive such construction as
would ad:vance the·purjJose and ·intendn1en~'t. underlying the provision making
E reservation arid not thwart it. ·In the past a method of construction was used
. to extend a_re1nediafstattite ..called pro_ceeding upon 'the equity of :the statute'.
Now a ·dayS even· though that 1nethod of coh.stru.ction has fallen into disuse, It is
;till in vogue in somewhat similar from in that if it is manifest that the princi-
ples of justice require somCt.hing to b.e done which· is not expressly Provided for
in ·an Act of Parliament; a cour.t of justice will take into consideration the
'!Pirit and meaning of the Act apartfrom the.wor.ds.· [775 G-H; 776 BJ
F , . ~ .
Hay v. Lord P;ovost of Perth, (18fi3] 4 Macq. H.L. (S.C.) 535 at 544;
Re Beth/em Hospital [1875] L.R: 19 Eq. 457 and Craies StaJute Law, Seventh
Edition P.101-103 .referred to. ·
No canon of.COnstrliCtion ·can be said to be· more firmly establised than
G this th~t the legislature" uses appropriate language to manifest its intentiq_n .. In
the instant case, the use of the expression •shall' ·in .sec. 73B .clearly mandates
obligatiOn to reserve. The· section itself clearly manifests- le&islative intention
when it says that 'if no such persons are elected or appointe~,' thC reserved
s~at.S maY be filled'in by co-option. T.JJe Ia3guage and ·the chrono_logy of the
me_thodology of filling in reserved seats employed in sec. 73B pfovide a _clue
H to its correct construction and there should be:~o doubt that oppoitunity must
be Provided fOr filling'..i11· seats by election. It is· the failure of the election ..
machinery to fill in the seats by election Which would enable the· concerned •
authority to fill .in seats by appintmeµt or co-option. (776 G-H; 777 A,B] ·
•
a.m. GARAD v. coon; BANK 769
The bye-laws of a cooperative society. ·framed in putsua'nce of the
provisLon of the relevant A~t cannot be held to be law or to have the force of A
iaw. .They are neither statutory in character-nor they have statutory flavour so
as to be raised 'to· the status of law. If there is any c_pnftict between a statute
and the subordinate legislation, the. stat"ute prevails over subordinate _legisl8.tion
and the.bye~law if not in conformity"With the statute in order to giv~ effect to
thC statutory·provision the rule or ,bye.law has to be· 'ignpred. The statutory
provision has pre~edence and must be colnplied with. [78.0 B·CJ
B
In the instant case sec. 73B'provides a legis.lative mandate. -.Rule 61 has
a status of subsidiary legislation i>r delegated legislation. [779 HJ
Co-operative Central Bank Ud. and Ors. v. Additional Industrial T-ribunal,
An.dhra Pradesh and Ors. [1970] l S.C.R .• 205 referred to,
c
A v_iew of law or a legal provision eXpressed by a Government Officer
cannot aff~rd reliable basis or even guidance in the matter of construction of a
!Cgislative measure. It is the_ Junction df the Court to con.stfue legislative
measures and in reaching.the correct mtaning of a statutory provision, OpiniOn
of executive branch is hardly relevant. Nor can the Court abdicat-e in favour of
such opinion: 'Jn the instailt case the opinion of the Deputy RegiStrat. as. -D
expressed in his letter and circular has no relevRnCe. (780 F-G; D]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 11991 Of.
- _,.
1983.
Froin the Judgment and Order dated the 27th April, 1983 ·or
the High Court of Bombay in Writ Petitio~ No.392 of 1982.
E
~ AND
Civil Appeal No.1810/81. F
>. ""-. From the Judgment and Order dated the 8th July, 1981 of the
High Court of Bombay in WritPetitiou No.1484of1981.
-,. V.M. Tarkunde, Mrs. M. Karanjawala and R. Karanjawala, for
.. the appellant in C.A.No. 11991/83. • G
• M.N. . Phadke, C.K. Ratnaparkhi and A.N: Sawant for the
respondents in c:A.No. 11991/83.
.. . .
· P.R.Mrif/#1, P.N.Parekh .and P.Mishra for the respondent No. J B
• R.P. Bhatt, K.Rajenara Choudhary and K.S, Choudhary for'. the '
·appellant in C.A.No.1819/81. · · ' ·
'"' ..
110 . s.!JPRliME co\JRT RBPOR'i's 11984) 1 s.c.;ll
Dr. N.M~ Ghatate; S. V. Deshpande, V.B. Joshi and M.N. Shroff
A for the respondents in C.A.No.-.1.810/81. ·'
The Judgment of the Court was delivere~ by
DBSA!, J. eonstruction of Sec. 73B of the Maharashtra Co-
B • operative Societies Act,. 1960 ('Act' for short) figures in· these two
appeals aris,ing from the two decesions rendered by the )lombay ~Iigh
C0urt, covpring the same P.Oint and reachfog the same conclusion,
but the latter one does not take note of the earlier decision.
·Re: S.L.P. (Civil) No. 7732 83: The Nasik Merchants Co-operative
.c ·Bank Ltd., the first responde'nt, is a co-operative Ban]> deemed to be
registered under. the Act and is governed by the Act. It was regis-
tered on June 11, 1959. It 'is a specified society within the meaning . ·,~ .
of. the expression in Sec. 73G(l)(vit) of the Act. Accordingly the
election of the members of theCommittee and the election of the
office•bearers by the Committee of the first respondent would be
subject to the prqvislons of Chapter f{I-A and has to be conducted
in the manner prescribed in the Chapter.· Tlie Committee in which .
management of the first· respondent vests, is designated as Board of )·
I -~
Directors....The term of the i,ne~bers of .the Board of Directors. js
five years. The. election to . the Board of Directors for the period
1981-82 tol985-86 became due. As required by Sec. 144'C, the
E· Collector having jurisdiction in the mattet notified the programme
of election on Octobe.r 29, 1981. At.the relevant time, the strength
. of the. Bo.ard of Directors was -15 in uumber. 14 Directors were..to
b~ elected by membe~s and one was to be nominated by the Central
Co-operative Bank; It. is not disputed but in fact conceded that .ihe
F election programme notified by the Collector did not specify that the
two seats on the Board of Directors of the first·respondent would be
reserved seats;· one for the members belonging to the Scheduled ..
.· Castes or Scheduled . Tribes and one for the weaker section of the
members who have been granted loans from ·the society of an amourit ,,
11ot exceedi11g Rs; 200 during the year immediately. preceding as
G reqµired by Sec. 73B of the A.ct. Poll was held ~n December 12, 1981
and the counting of.votes took place ·on December 14, 1981 and the
result was declared on December 17, 198_1. · Respondents 3 to .16
were declared elected. Thereupon the present petitioner, a member
of th.i first respondent-Bank and belonging to the Joshi community
. 0 H which is recognised. as a Scheduled Tribe moved an election petition
· under Sec. 144T before the Additional Commissioner, Nasik, calling·
·in question the election of respondents 3to'16 to .the. Boar.d of
.. ~
B~R!. GAl\AD v. cooPT, BANi(Desai; J.) · 7.71
. D{rectors of the lir~t· respondent-Bank intei a/ia on, the ground that ..
the whole of the election programme is vitfated on account of its A
non-compliance ·with the mandatory ·.statutory provision enacted ·in
Sec. 73B wbfoh pre~cribes reservation of seats;· one in favour of
· Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes and another in favour of weaker
section from. the .members who had borrowed lolns not exceeding
R.~.ioo in the year .preceding the year of. election ('reservaiion for
weaker section' for short). There ·were other grounds on which the · · B
election of respondents 3 t<,i)6 was called in question but they are
no more relevant and need not clutter ·the record here. Th.e Ad<\i· · .
tional Commi~siouer as per bis judgment and or'1er dated February·
8; 1982 held that despite. the faih,ire of the first respondent,Bank to·
ameTltl bye-law 41 (correct bye-law• appears to be 40) .even after ·C
repeated remindets by the District Deputy Registrar; the mandate ·or
· Sec. 73.B will J:illve precedence overt he unamended bye·law 40. and
as .the election process was set in. motion in contravention of the
mandatory provision contained in S~c. 73B and the relevant rules,
the result of the election has been materially affected and accordingly ~. ' ·.
declared the electiou of respondents Nos.; 3 to 16 ·as void and ineffec- · -o
tive and directed the Collect.or, Nasik to hold the election de ~ovo•
. --1
' Responaents Nos. 3 to 7 and 9, · 10 and 12 and 14 fo 16 filed
Writ Petition No .. 392 of 1982 in th.e, High Court of Judicatur.e at
.. Bombay under Art. 227 of the Constitution for a writ .of certiorari. · E
A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court granted the writ and
made the rule absolut.e holding that it is riot ·imperative that the
\ . ·reserved seats must be filled in only .bY election and .the mandate .of
Sec. 73B would be adequ.ately complied with if reserved seats are
fil!ed in by co-option and therefore, there is. no .error in conducting~
"the election. ·Accordingly, the order of the Additional Collector .F
wa·s quashed and .set aside and the election petition ·was dismissed ..
. · When the· petition for special ·leave to appeal canie up before
this Court, a direction was given that the matter will be·. disposed of ·
at the .stage of granting special)eave as if it is an appeal. Hence . G
this appeal by special leave. Re. C.A. No; 1810/81 : Tlie .Parbhani
·District .Central. Co-operative bank Ltd.,. the .second re'spon9ent
is a co-operative· bank deemed ·to. be registered ·under the· Act.
· H is a specified society within· the meaning . of ihe . expressiotl
in Sec. 73G. The term of members of the Board of Directors expired. . ·H
Ac!Ootdingly, the Collector o(Parbhani, the first respondent· notified ·
· a programme. of election commencin$ from' March 30, 1981 anc;I.
\·
I •
•
772. 11984) 1 s.c.R.
• •
. • Slli.>RBMB COURT REPORTS
\
ending with the countin.g of votes and .declaratibn of result on April
24, 1981,. The ·election was held and the result was announced and
respondents No. 3 to 12 were declared elected. Thereafter the meet-
ing of the. elected members of the Board of .pirector.s · is io be con-
. vened to elect the· office bearers. At that stage·, the two appellants
- filed Writ Petition No. 1484 of 1981 in the Bombay High Court
questioning the validity· of the election of the respondents 3 to'l2
B inter alia on the ground·that the election was held in violation of Sec.
.
•73B
. .
of the ·Act.
A Division .Bench of the Bombay. High Court held that there
was. some confusion. between the procedure for election pres<J.!ibed
c in the rules and the bye-laws and the one prescribed in Sec. 73lJ~and
therefore:; the Collecior ·did not take steps to hold election.to the
..
reserved seats. .The Court further held that the first petitioner did
not take any objection until the whole election process was completed
46 and at a later stage approached . the .Court ;to 'throttle down' the
· electio.n of the office-bearers and that this mig.ht indicate a.waiver. of
.D the right \)n the part of the petitioner and also it amounts to acquies~
cence and therefore, no· interference is called.for at the instance of
the petitioner.· The Court also observed that co-option being jin
alternative to election to the re~erved seats, the mandate of Sec. 738
wou1d be satisfi,ed if the Board of Directors co-opts two members to
E provide representation to the two reserved seats. Approaching the
matter from this angle, t))e writ petiti<iu was dismissed. ·Hence this
appeal by special leave. "
i
The out-come of these two appeals depends upon the construe-
. tion to be put oq. Sec. 738 which· must subserve the underlying;
• F intendment.ofthat provision. Seo. 738 reads as under:
"Oil the committee of SJICh society or class of socie-
. ties as the State Government may, by general or special
order, direct, two seats shall be reserved, one for the
G members who belong to the Schequled Castes or
Scheduled ttibes and one for the weaker section of the.
members who have been granted loans from ·the society
of an amount not exceeding Rs. 200 during the year
· immediately preceding. If no such persons are elected or
H . appointed, . the c0Jn111.itiee shall co-opt the required
.. numberrof members on the committee from amongst the
persons entitled 10 such representatio11.'' .,
.
.. .·
B.K. GARAD v. COOPT.• BANK (Desai, J.) . 773
· Section 73 pmvides that the management of every society shall
vest in a committee, constituted in accordance with the Act, the rules . -A •
.. t and the bye-1aws. Sec. 7 3B mandates that two seats ~hall b~ reserved
~·· on the committee of such society or class of societies· auhe State
· . (}o~ernment may, by general or special order; ·direct, ('Specified
'society' for short) one for the niembers who belong ti> the Scheduled
Castes or Scheduled Tribes and one for the :weaker seclion of the
members who have been granted loans from.the society of an amount
not exceeding Rs .. 200 during the year immediately p;eceding.
1
Sec. 73B further provides that if no such ·~sons are elected or _ ,
appointed, the committee ·shall co-opt the required nnmber of•
members on the committee from amongst the persons entitled to such -
_.. representation. . · · ' . . · c
We may now· note the rival contentions: Appellants assert
that the reservation in favour pf the Scheduled Castes and s~heduled
Tribes and weaker section .of the niembers on the committee of the
. society manifests a statutory att~mpt ..givfng effect to the provisions .
oJibe Constitution. especially the one contained in Aris :13 and 46 D
and has ·to be given effect as if carrying out the constitutional
mandate enshrined in.Arts. 15 and 16 of the Constitution·. Proce-.
ding along this line; it was submitted that a democratic polity swears
by setting' up democratic institutions election, neither by appointment
nor co-option. It was submitted that the Legislature. has clearly E
indicated its preferencefo favour of election failing which ~lone the
reserved seats may be fill~d in by appointment or co.-option. They
have called in aid ·the chronology of methodology set out in Sec. 73B .
.wherein it is stated that 'if no such persons are elected or appointed,
the committee shall co-opt the required number of members on the
committee from amongst the persons entitled to such representation.' F
- ).
Appellants assert thafSec. 73R proceeded to make a statutory reser-
vation of two seats and declared its preference in favour of filling.in .
.• 1the restrved. seats by elec.tion and that is indicated by the expression;
'if no such persons are elected or appointed,' the cqinmittee ·then in
order not to defeat legislative intention of giving representation to
G
the class in whose favour reservation is. made, shall co_-opt the
'tequired number of members <in the committee. The appellants say
that ·co-option can be availed of as th.e last resort and cannot be used ·
to supplant. election . to defeat. the· legislative mandate according
priority to election or appointment. They say that co-option can H
only be resorted to, to elfectnate the purpose underlying Sec. 73B if
and only if an attempt havin~ been !llade ai first rrovidill(l av,
,,'
774 SUPREME COURT REPORTS .. (1984) l s.c.a,
• A. ·, :.oppor~unity iofi!Un reserv~d seats by ~lection, failing which appoint-
. · ment and \hereafter co-option,. wWch cannot be equated with·election
· or appi>intment so that anyone mode may be adopted for .filling in
at
· the reserved seats the whim or caprice or sweet will either of the
statutory authority or the committee of members.' . .. ' .
·•
• .B The respondents f?J1dudin'g the statutory authority on the other
• . . hand contend that the· object underlying
. .· .
Sec:
'
73B is to provide for
• giving an' opportundt'to persons belonging to the class in whose
' ' '
favour reservation is made such as members of the Scheduled
. . . '
. • Casts/Seheduled Tribes or the weaket section of the members of the
C · . ·society to be o_n the committee, -T!'e primary importance is of filling. i ·.
. in reserved seats and not the methodology because the legislature was .....
aware that a class of persons in whose favour reservation is made
may no't· be available for election. and therefore, · provisio~ for .
appo.intment as also for cq.-option has been. simultaneously made in
Sec. 73B. ·The respondenfs assert that the filling· in of the reserved
D seats is a'sine qua. non to carrj out the mandate of Sec. 73B and not .. ·
. tl:ie inode or metho.d by whiCh the reserved seats are filled. ·
1 . . '
. The rival contentions clearly bring to tlie fore the q11estion of '.f
construction of .Sec. 73B.
E The Act was enacted in 1960 and. it repealed . the Bombay .
Co:operative Societies Act, 1925. Sec. 13 provides for the vesting of
· the management of every society in :.a committee to· be constituted in
accordance with the Act, the rules and the bye,laws. At the commen-
cement of !he Aqt, there was no provision for reservation of seats in
favo~r of the inembers Of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
Tribes and the weaker section of the members. Sec. 73B making
. reservation· obligatory was introduced in the Act. by Amending· Act
· 27 of .1969. Why was this specific amendment Il!ade? The..vorkin·g '··
of the Act' must have .disclosed a sorry state of .affairs that even
though the cooperative movement .was expanding by leaps and .
b9unds; the members of-Scheduled Castes and Schedule Tribes or .the ·
weaker section of the members of the socfoty were not represented "in·
the committee and had no opportunity to participate.in the decision.
· making process, laying down broad policies and management .of the
society. · Art. 43 of the Constitution set the goal that . the State
H~ shall endeavour to promote cottage indtistiies on .an individual or
co-operative basis in rural areas. ln our onward aiarch of economic ·-Ci
J ,
.
...
-·~,
~ . •• ·• .
'1- .•
•• ' ~-- .
' - _775 -
. independence; India ·was destined· -to be a. co;operaiive. common• .. _
· wealth. Since fo.dependence, co-operative movement proliferated_ in ... ; A :· · ·
all direciions, its activites: were diversified,. more especially in·. the.
a
rural areas.: Every: a~tivity of person _devoted to. agricu.lture '. in the
.-t- rural area is considerably influenced 'by .ihe co'..operative . movement, -. .
. . such .as seed distribution;..credit;
. disposal
. . - . of
. agricultura!produce
. . . etc.
'
-- ..-• .. .. ~
·Themembersofthe_Scheduled._Castes_and Schedul~d Tribes pre·.: B--
domhiently in rural ijreas did not remain unaffected .by : the gigantic -
stride that the ccroperative movemendook. - They were.directly_ a!'d-
substantially affected by it., In order to :.av'!id that those who are_-
affected by the movement in tlieir vital day to day exisiencci enjoy _'a
. second class status by being denied the opportunity to be represented '. .. ·c' : -:
· iti the management council; and decision making bodies,: a· provision -
like Sec. 73B was introduced.to ensure.representation of such persons _•. ·.
. . who in the absence of·res~rvation: may find itdifficult to be elected to . ·...
the committee in which. the -entire p"ower of . management '.vests; . . . ... -
· · ; · ·· Absence of representation ~oupled with subjection. to ·the. diciates . of .'. ·• ·
- the society would be antithe~is-<if demoeratic process. ~educing such. ·.' -.
: persons to·serfdom: A'co-operativesociety is to be governed by, a~ D
committee ~lected by democratic pr6cess.-. This democratic proce'ss ··.'
' ... .. must perineaie in' filling in - reserved s~ats - otherwise the committee
would not enjoy a representative character. -. One candraw light frolD'-•
the !provisions contafued· in_ Part XVL pL the Consiiiution and· .
' . . : especially Arts: 330 and 332 which provide for reservation of' seats :. E .
in the House of People and -in the Legislative Assembly of every :-'
for
: State th.e Sqheduled Castes and the· Scheduied: Tribes.. The. felt:.- -
--iieeessities of the time and the historical perspective of Class. domin: ..
ation led to the constitutional guarantee of reservation. so that India - - ...
·.can truly be a Sov~reign Socialist Secular Democratic- Republic•. A
republic is made up of nien and institutions. 'That is why den:ioeratic ; . F -
institutions have to be set up by providing fo'r electiOn _and to make .
the .democratic institutions .truly ·representative;. reservation of s~ats
for those who on account of their' backwardness'; exploitation and -
unjust treatment .both s0cial and economic cannot .. obtain repre;en- - - ..
. , tation because of the class ·domination.. This is tlie 'genesis of reser· _ G.
vation: Therefore; -any provision . making ·for
reservation -must_
.. receive such construction as would. advance the purpose and -intend~ .. ..·..
~ment underlying the. provision making.· res'erration and not thwait it •. -
"Ill the past' a method of construction \Vas used to- extend a remedial •
_·sfatute called proceeding _upon the.equity of the statute, I~ Hayv; :H -
. . .:__ : ... .
·I.ord Proros~ of Perth(') Lord Wesibury .observed that the modi of.·
~..
..
-.; -
.
'
~~~~~~~~
(I) [1863) 4 Macq, H.L. cs:c.) SJS al S44 -
. - .
. :.-
- ··-
o", • •
.;.
.. '
. ''
SUPREME COURT RE_PORTS .. :. .:..., ~. [1984] l s.c.R •.·
•,
:176
A.· :~onstruction known as 'the equity of.ihe itatut~· was. <ery com~on .·
· with regard to our earlier ·statutes, and· very' consistent with the .
: ·-
·. principle and manner according to whicli Acts of Parliament· were at · , :·
that time framed,'· Undoubtedly, now;a·days· this inode of constiu- .·:
ction has fallen into disuse: Even though tlie expression .'the equity,·
··of the staiute' has fallen into <lisuse, it is still iii vogue in ·somewhat ·
B ,.. similar form in· that if it is manifest that ·the principles of justice ·
.. require something to be done which is not expressly provided.for in '
·an Act of Parliament, a court of justice··wm take into consid.eration
· the· spirit : and m~aning of the Act apatt from the words. · In this
, context, ·one can recall the words of Jessel M.R. in Re Beth/em : ·
.Hospital,(1) that 'the ~quity of the .statuie: may'a8 well ·mean',such
c · a thing . as construing an Act according· to· its· inten't, though not
: ,according to its words.'('} Alternatively, one can: bring iii Hydon'.s
test more· often ·noticed by this Court that iri order to arrive at true . ·
iniendment.of a statute; the Court should pose to itself the questicius; ·
{I) what was the situation prior to the provision Qnder construction,
'(2)• what mischief oi defect ' was : noticed 'before introducing the
provision, (3) whether it was. remedial and (4) the reason for the
remedy.. Applying thinest, the same result would follow .inasmucli .
as looking.to the position· and the plight of Scheduled". Castes and·
Scheduled Tribes'and the weake; section of the members'of a society,..
.·though they would be subject to the diciate of the 'society ·they had . ·
E · . no voice in the ·managerial councils. arid that to. raise the stature
· · and· status of such persons so as to; bring them· on the footing of
··equality ~ith other segments of the society, reservation was provided·
,. ·.. in the absence of whicli those in whose favour reservation cwas made·
. . could not get elected to the decision making hodie~. . While ascer- ·
.F . · · -taining the true 6anon of construction ·applica.ble to Sec;c 73B, ·these.
·aspects must stare into our face; · · ' ···
' • i' '
or
· ·: 13erore going in search any .. external aids of construction; let .~--,.
' -
us look at the language employed liy the ·Legislature.· because •no
canon of con'struction can be said to be more firmly estabUshed than· ~
G ··this that the -.Legislatur~ uses appfOpria.te• language' to manifest its·.
• · . intention: No. controversy ·was raised· with regard to the power of
··Legislature to prescribe reservation of seats inihe committee in which· ·
the mariagenient of the society vests, The use ·of the .. expression
·· .'shall' ill Sec. 73B
. clearly . mandates obligation
. -
to reserve.
.. . - ·· · )--...
H
- . (I) (1875) L:R~·i9;·Eq·. 451. · · ·' :
(5) Craies statute Law, S<;1enth.Edition !'.. lOl·lQJ • ·
·J
• ' .
•• •••••
B.K. GARAD v. COOPT. BANK (Desai, J.) 777
The next questiOnis how the reserved seats ate to be filled in?
The section itself clearly manifests legislative intention when it says A
that 'if no sucli persons are elected or appointed,' the reseived seats
may be filled in by co-option. Therefore, the pride of pla:c~ is
accorded to ele'ction of persons eligible .to fill in re·served seats. Let
.there be no mistake ·that there is n6 reserved constituency· which •
may divide the society or the eiectorate. The constituency is the • B
general constituency. Only the .seats are reserved. This. would
imply ihat the gene1al body of members will elea persons eligible to
·im in reserved seats.
-.
.
When statute requires a certain . thing .to· be done in a certain
·manner, it can .be done in that·manner alone .unless .a contrary indi" c
cation is to be found in the statute. If the Legisla-ture uses expression
'if no such persons are elecied: It indubitably suggests that primarily
the reserved 'seats are to be ,filled in by election. Failing the election,
one can resort to appointment ·or co· option. The chronology of the ~
methodology by which seats are io be filled i~ as set out in S~c. 73B
clearly manifests the legislative iilt~ntion. The first and the foremost
D
pride of place is accor\led to election. It ought to be so because a
rellresentatiVe institution ordinarily must be democratically elected.
· The section therefore, speaks:'if no such persons are elected' ·which
0
would mean the authorities, charged with a duty to hold election.
must proceed to arrange for holding the election. If election is held E
giving out information that.there are reserved seats and no candidate
.is forthcoming to contest for the reserved seats, the Legislature in
its wisdom provided thaMhe seats shall not remain vacant but can
be filled in by two subsidiary methods such as appointment or co•
opti.on which cannot be put on par cir equated with el~ction which
is a univ.ersally recognised method by which representative institutions F
are set up. Therefore, the language. and the chronology of the
methodology of filling in reserved ~eats employed in Se.c. 73B provide
a due to its correct construction and there should be no· doubt that
opportunity must be provided· for filling in. seats by election. It is
the failure of the election machinery IO fill in the seats which would G
e11able the concerned authority t.o fill in the seats by apiiointment or
· co-~ptlon. The condition precedent tofilling in reserved seats by
appointment or co-option is holding of the election and failure to·
elect such persons would permit resort to other methods of filling
in the. reserved seats.
It was submitted that the object underlying Sec, 73B can as well
be fulfiJled by CO•optingt WO persons eligible .to fiJJ•in reserved seats.
778 ;• ·, SUPREME .COURT REPORTS ' .(1984] 1 s.c.R.
. ·:"
. . . '
The more ·vociferous submission ·was that such construction should
' ·. .
'be put 011 a statutory provision\vhich .·accords With. the main .. thrust
of the sectien and not with periP.lieral requireme~t's which would.
app;ar to' be director-y. It was urg~d that the fundamental require-
ment of .Sec. 73B i~ to provide representation to specified classes
• tlierdiJ: mentioned and that must be held to be mandatory and not
the method by which the representation is' ensured:. Further it was
said that there is illuminating inter evi.dence· in Sec. ·73B itself which
. 'shows t.hat the- method of filling in seats is .directory and therefore
. three alternative modes.by which reserved· seats could be filled in·
were p·rovided iri the P.rovision itself. . Proceedi~g along this line, it
· was ~aid· ·that co-option fan equally ensure representation to the
c qualified .persons to fill in the reserved seats, and thaf therefore,. the ·
Court should not upset the entired election ·process on this. acc'bunt.
· If this approach is ever <iccepted, it •ould strike a death-kn.ell of th~
democratii: principle of giving the constituency .the right to elect its
. representatives and it would be usurped by a coterie of certain elected
pi;rsons. ·From enjoying a direct representation;. the cOI]stituency
would move ·backwards a.rid· the ·process of regress. would be that
instead of direct election by the constituency which is (he statutory
·.. right granted by Sec. 73B, the iightto select would be -usurped j>y.
'the Board of Direetors who would- decide who should be co-opted
to Jill in \he rese;ved scats. Such a ~etrograde movement is unde-.
E mo.i:ratiq. The struggle to get direct representation cannot be thwarted •
in this manner. This becom.es manifest from the fact that the power ·
to co-opt .the members to fill in .·reserved seats is conferred on the
members· of the comlllittee i. e.. on the ·Board· of Directors. · To
terselyput the issue in focus, ·the method ofco-option denudes the
F power of the constituency to elect members arid is usurped by a
small body like th.e Board. of Directors. The outsome is not difficult .
to gauge. The committee 'will co-opt members who would be their ·
p~ppets, totally
'
ignoring
.
whom
. '
the constituency
. . \
i.e. the general body
of members would have elected .. If it· is the effect of.co•option, it
could riever be equa\ed with election ~uch lessaccorded precedeuce
G over etectio1i.. by the general b 0dy of the members that is the consti· · ·
. tuency: ·· Therefore the submission that ·method oi. filling in reserved
seats is directory and therefore any one of the three modes. can be
adopted to comply· with . the mandatory ·part of Sec: 73li viz. filling
. in reserved
.
seats,
. does.
not coinmen d to us. . ..
"
. . .- . '.-i . - .
. Mr. ~hadke, learned counsel who appeared for the respondents
.in one pf the a.ppeals urged that the emphasis is on filling in'reserved
•.
•
·.
. .
. ti;m. GARAD y. COOPT ..l!ANG (Desai, J.) 779
•
·seats atid nonl\e mo.de or method by which ·the ·seats are filled in:·
- I I
In this connection, he drew our attention to ·the . unf!mendeil bye-law A
··.-->- · No. 40 of.the bye~laws framed by Nasik Merchants Co-operative
Bank Ltd.; the fi~st. respqndent in th.e first matter~. Afier referring
. to the unamended bye-laws, .it was urged that. there· was no provision
for electing members. to the reserved seats. He further iirged that
Sec: 72 requires that the election to the committee has to be · held ·
according to the Act, the rules and the bye-laws. Reference was also B
made to the proced_ure ·for _counting for vo\es set out in rule 61 of
the ·Maharashtra. Specified Co-operative Societies . Election to
Committees Rules, 1971 ('Rules' for short), which provide that the
. Returning Officer shall after the counting of votes declare th.e candi-
date to whom the highest number of valid votes has been given, as
· having been elected; It was pointed o~t that bye-law No. 40 was·
amended as late as ·February 13,. 1983, which was much later than
the date of the impugned election. The. amended bye-law .did niake
provision for election to· reserved seats. The High Court has also
noticed amendment of Rule 61 by Maharashtra Specified·Co-.opera-
tive Societies Elections to Committee {Amendment) Rules, 1979. He D
. further drew o·ur.attention to the circular dated 1st February, 1979,
is~ued by the District Deputy Registrar of Co•operative Societies at
Nasik in which he· pointed out that the committee should· co-opt
required number of members on the committee· from· amongst the
persons entitled to representation on the reserved seats. .The. speci-
.E
fied societies were also requested to amend the bye-l11ws as early as
possible. He also drew our attention to a letter dated June 4, 1979
;· addressed to the Nasik ·Merchant Co-operative .Society Bank. Ltd.
by the District Deputy Registrar; Nasik pointing out therein that if
the bye-Jaw is not amended the reserv.ed ·seats. should be. filled in by
co-9ption and that the compliance should be reported before March F'
31, 1979 .. He again. requested the Bank.to ani.eud the bye,laws to
bring them in conformity with the requirelllerits of Sec. 73B. Rely'
ing on the nnamendedo bye-law, rule 61 and the aforementioned two·
. documents, it was submitted that the Government itself did not
. consider· eleetion to be the only mode or .method of filling in. the ·
, reserved seat.s and persistently requested the Bartk·to co-opt necessary· G
number of members to fill iri the reserved seats, and therefore, it is
not proper to· invalidate the. whole process of electfori. We - rem!lin-
nncollvinced. ·~
Sec. 73B provides a legislative mandate. Rule 61 has statusa H
of subsidiary legislation or. delegated legislation; Bye-law of co- .a
•
•
•
.•
;
•
780 Sl11'1U!MB cotiRt MroRTS (1984) 1 s.c.R•
. - ~ ' . • ; . .
operative socjety can at best have the status of an Artide of Asso'cia·
A tion of a company . governed by the Companies Act, 1956 and as
. held by this Court in Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. and Others v.
Additional Industrial Tribunal, Andhra Pradesh and <Ythers(') .·the
bye-laws of a co-operative society framed in pursuance of the provi: · ·
· sfon of the relevant Act cannot. _be held to 'be law or to have the
B force of law.· They _are neither statutory in character nor they have·
statutory. flavour so as to be raised to the status of law. Now if
there is any conflict between a statute aµd the subordinate legislation,
it does not require elaborate reasoning to firmly state that the statute
prevails ·over subordinate legislatiotr and the bye-law if not in con-.
formity with the statute in order to·gjve effect to the statutory provi- .
·c sion the rule or bye-law has to be ignored. The statutory provision
_has pretedence and must be complied with. Further the opinion of
the Deputy Registrar as expressed in his circular d_ated February I,
1979 and.his letter dated June 4, 1979 has no relevance because hiS
iake. of knowledge or misunderstanding . of law as. expressed in his
D . opinion has no relevance. ·The High Court relying upon the afore-
mentioned two documents observed. as under :
"There ·is :no inconsistency between Section 73B and
the bye-laws because even the Government has construed
section 73B iµ such manner that even though the bye-laws
E are not amended and reserved seats remain unfille~ by
election the same can be filled up by co-option."
..
•. With respect, we find it difficult to subscribe to this untenable
approach that a view of law or a legal provision expressed by a
Government Officer can afford reliable basis or even guidance in the .
F ·matter of construction of a legislative measure. It is the function
of the Court to construe legislative measures and in reaching the
i
correct meaning· of a statutory provision, opinion·ofexecutive branch
is hardly relevant. Nor can the Court abdicate in favour ·of such
opinion.
G
·th~ pl'ov1s1on contained in Chapter XI'A applies to elec.tion
to the committees of specified societies categorised in _Sec. 73B. Sec.. ~ '
144-C requires the Collector to draw an
election programme and
arrange for conducting the election or undet his c.ontrol by the
H. Returning Officer according to the programme. Now the election
.,
'• .. (l) [1910) l SCR 20S
•.
•
J!.K. GARAD V. COOrT; BANK- (Desai, J,) .. ": 781
. ' _- .. ' . .- : -
programme has to be published. The pr~grammi;: therefore, must
i_n order to comply with- legal formality show whether auy of the A
seats to be filled,in are reserved and. specify the class in whose favour
• reservation _has been made,'so as to·give notice to persons eiigible
for contesting eleetion to reserved· seats: · This -becomes manifestl!
)- cle:ir from the form prescribed for filling in the nomination paper
being Form No. 2 appended to ihe rules. :-In the_ case of reserved. ..·
.
seats a- further. declaration has to be- •made
' -- t - - -· ·- - -. - '
in the. • nomination
. .- -
.form - ' · B' -
· that the candidate lielongs to Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes
or Vimukia
- Jati'
- .
or the weak~r section·- candidate: -- And -
this- - declarac
- ..... ·
.lion.has to-be'Sigried by ·the candidate himself; . Now therefore, the
c<)!lector, a statutory authority charged \vi th a duty to hold election
according to the Act; must specify in'the ekction programme inter. C ·
a/iq that there -are reserved seats io. be filled in by_ election and the . -
- class in -.whose favour rese_rvation is made. This will be-notice to-.
the members eligibie for contesting el~ction to reserved seats so that --
) they may fill iri their . nomination. · .Th<fe ··is· not_ even a wbispefin
the_ election programme whether-any of the seats were reserved. The .O _
omission is glaring and fatal. _As pointed o·ut earlier, - election has · , -
-_to be held to. form ·the commi_ttee. Se.c. 73_requires,the Collector to·._ - ·- ·
hold. election in accordance· with the Act includirig Sec. 73B. _The· · ...
failure to hold electioa in accordance-with the Act including Sec. 73B -
- would vitiate the· whole election programme from . commencement till ·
the end; .ft w~uld ·all the more be so· because .the failure to hold _E
electioa according to the provisions .of the Act which denies an
opportunity to the persons who are eiigible 'to get elected to the .
• reserved seats ..would certainly vitiate the whole election P.rograrnme.
·_Orie caa safoly co:dude _that· the. election is hi:Jd jn .violation ·or
- . Sec..73B. .Therefor~. In oui: opinion,.the High - Court was in error
in • upholding the. election, ·which is ex Jacie ·mega!, invalid and· . F .
'A_ - : contrary_ to law. - · ' -· ·
-r·
_ _Accordingly. both these_ appeals suc~eed Civil Apperu armng·
from S.L.P. No. 77_32/83 .fa allowed, and the _ decision of the High ·
_Cou·rt is quashed _and set aside and the one- rendered by ·the Addi· . -.._ G -
tional Commissioner iS restored. - .
. -· ·
'
__ __- _ _Civil-_ Appeal _No. -1810/81 is allowed and the judgme~t.and
--- . ·order of the High Court' are set aside. A writ-be· issued quashing
_-.and setting aside the 'election of respondents 3 .to 12 to the Board of : - ·TI·
• .
Directors
.
of the
. Parbhani
.
District
.
Co~operative
,
Bank Ltd.
'
-" '
.. :
,782 $1lPR,BMll COURT REPORTS !1984) t s.c.a..
~- .• The concerned st;itutory authority in .both t)le'. cases slitld •. ~
· ·. •
fti. ·proceed to hold the election afresh as early. as possible and .should~.
· complete the· process·. within a perfod of 3 ·months from today. liJ. ~ ·
the meantime, the status quo as on today should continue.. There
will be no orders as to costs of hearing in this Court. .
B H.S.K. Appeaisa/lowed; ·
.
'
•
\ ..
• •
•
,. ,,.
t'
•
"
l/.;
r:·
,,
.':
•
-I
\
•
Search Indian case law
Ask in plain English, not just keywords. 25,000 AI words free, no card.
Try "reservation of seats"Sign in to search