BABU PARASU KAIKADI (DEAD) BY LRS.versusBABU (DEAD) THROUGH LRS.

                BABU PARASU KAIKADI (DEAD) BY LRS.                            A
                                       v.
                       BABU (DEAD) THROUGH LRS.

                             OCTOBER 29, 2003

                    [V.N. KHARE, CJ., S.B. SINHA AND                          B
                        DR. AR. LAKSHMANAN, JJ.]

         Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 :

          Ss. 15, 29 and 32(1 BJ-Restoration ofposses~ion of land to tenant- C
    Tenant in possession of land on 15.6.1955-Possession surrendered to
    landlord dehors the procedure prescribed under the Act-Tehsildar starting
    suo motu proceedings for restoration ofpossession ofland to tenant-High
    Court relying on the decision in Dhondiram Totaba Kadam * rejected
    claim of tenant but, noticing earlier decision, granted certificate to file D
    appeal-Held, surrender by tenant for being legal must be in conformity
    with the provisions contained in ss. 15 and 29 of the Act-Provisions of
    ss. 15 and 29 are mandatory and possession obtained by landlord in
    violation of such mandatory provisions would be illegal-Termination of
    tenancy could take place as provided for in s. 15 in terms whereof, inter
    alia, surrender of tenancy becomes legal one only when such surrender E
    is in writing and verified before the Mamlatdar in prescribed manner-
    s. 29 postulates taking over ofpossession by landlord from tenant only in
    accordance with procedure prescribed therefor-The purported surrender
    made by the tenant in favour of landlord was although considered to be
    valuntary, did not satisfy the very legal requirement contained in s. 15 and F
    consequently the possession of the land obtained by the landlord is also
    invalid-In such an event although the landlord takes physical possession
    ofthe land, the right to possess the same remains with the tenant, who could
)
    recover possession in accordance with law-Protection given to tenant in
    terms of the Act must be given full effect-So construed, the expression G
     'possession.' would also include right of possession-The land was
    mortgaged with the right ofreconveyance-Mortgagee was in possession
    of the land on behalf ofthe landlord and as such, the land could have been
    restored in favour of the tenant-Decision in Dbondhiram Totaba
     Kadam * having not noticed the earlier binding precedent of the co- H
                                       1153
    1154                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A   ordinate Bench and having not considered the mandatory provisions as
    contained in ss. 15 and 29 had been rendered per incuriam, and, therefore,
    does not constitute a binding precedent-Judgment of High Court having
    been rested soleiy thereon cannot be sustained and is accordingly set aside.

B          S.32(1 BJ-Salient features-Discussed

         Precedent-Decision in Dhondiram Totaba Kadam * having been
    rendered per incuriam, does not constitute a binding precedent.

          *Dhondiram Tatoba Kadam v. Ramchandra Balwantrao Quabal
c   (since deceased) by his Lrs. & Anr., [1994) 3 SCC 366, held per incuriam.

        Ramchandra Kesha Adke (dead) by Lrs. & Ors. v. Govind Joti
    Chayare & Ors., [1975] l SCC 559; Bhagwant Pundalik & Anr. v. Kishan
    Ganpat Bharaskal & Ors., [1971] 1SCC15 and Abdul Ajij ShaikhJumma
D   & Anr. v. Dashrath Jndas Nhavi & Ors., AIR (1987) SC 1626, relied on.

         State of U.P. and Anr. v. Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd & Anr.,
    [1991] 4 SCC 139 and Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and Anr. v. B.
    Satyanarayana Rao (dead) by Lrs., [2000) 4 S~C 262, referred to.

E          Halsbury Laws of England, 4th Edition Volume 26, referred to.

           Words and phrases :

           Expression "possession "-Connotation of in the context of Bombay
F Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948.
         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 7149 of
    1997.

           From the Judgment and Order dated 17/23.7.97 of the Bombay High
G Court in W.P. No. 3186 of 1988.
        Makrand D. Adkar and Vishwajit Singh, S.D. Singh, Vijay Kumar,
    Anurag Kishore for the Appellants.

H          M.S. Nargolkar, D.M. Nargolkar for the Respondents.
                        B.P. K.AIKADI v. BABU                        1155

     The Order of the Court was delivered :                                 A
       Short question that arises for consideration in this appeal requires
interpretation of Section 32(iB) which was inserted by amending Act 491
69 in Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 (for short 'the
Act'). The aforesaid question arise:s"in the context of dispossession of the B
appellant who was a tenant of land in dispute. It is not disputed that the
appellant was a tenant in respect of suit land since 1948-49. In the year
1956, the appellant lost possession of the disputed land otherwise than the
procedure prescribed under the Act. It is alleged that on 6.1.1967, the
respondent-landlord mortgaged the land to one Bajrang Maruti Kanse. In
the year 1969, Maharashtra State Legislature amended that Act by C
amending Act 49 of 69 whereby Section 32 (18) was inserted in the Act.
Thereafter, in view of the insertion of section 32(18) in the Act, the
Tahsildar in the year 1971 started suo motu proceedings for restoration of
possession of land to the appellant. However, on 1.3.1972 the Tahsildar
dropped the proceedings holding that the landlord was not in possession D
of laud on 31. 7.1969. Although, the Tahsildar held that appellant was in
possession of the land on 15.6.1955. The appellant preferred an apeal
before the Sub-Divisional Officer which was allowed and the case was
remanded back to the Tahsildar. On remand, the Tahsildar again dropped
the proceedings. Aggrieved the appellant preferred an appeal befoe the Sub E
Divisional Officer who by order dated 16.11.1987 allowed the appeal and
directed restoration of possession to the appellant. The respondent-landlord
thereafter preferred a revision petition before the Maharashtra Revenue
 Tribunal, Pune (for short 'the Tribunal'). The Tribunal by its order dated
 15.6.1988 allowed the revision application and the order of the Sub
 Divisional Officer was set aside. The appellant thereafter preferred a F
 petition under Article 227 of the Constitution before the Bombay High
 Court. The Bombay High Court in view of the judgment of this Court in
 Dhondiram Tatobn Kadam v. Ramchandra Balwantrao Dubai (Since
deceased) by His Lrs. & Anr., [1994) 3 SCC 366, dismissed the writ
petition observing thus :-                                                   G

         "However, considering the fact that the Apex Court in the case
         of Ramchandra Keshav Adke (supra) has held that surrender of
         tenancy which does not comply with the requirement of the
         provisions of the Act is non est and co~sidermg the judgment of H
    1156                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A           the Apex Court in the case of Bhagwant Pundlik, etc., where on
            the -strength of a similar language of the Bombay Tenancy &
            Agricultural Lands (Vidarbha Region) Act, a Bench of three
            Judges had negatived a similar contention in the matter of
            interpretation of Section 36 that such injunction should be restricted
            to only those cases of fraud, coercion and misrepresentation, this
B
            would be a fit and proper case where Special Leave should be
            granted to the petitioners."

    However, High Court granted a certificate holding that it was a fit case for
C appeal to Supreme Court. It is in this manner, the matter has come up before
    us.

         It is not disputed that the predecessors of the appellant were !enant
    on the relevant date. It is also not disputed that the respondent herein is
    the landlord of the land in question. It is further not disputed that the
D   appellant herein voluntarily surrendered the land to the landlord. It also
    stands admitted that the aforesaid surrender was not in terms of Sections
    15 and 29 of the Act. The question which, therefore, arises for our
    consideration is whether the voluntary surrender which is not in terms of
    Sections 15 and 29 is a valid one.
E
         The· relationship of the landlord and tenant is governed by the
    provisions of the said Act. Section 15 provides for termination of tenancy
    by surrendering thereof which reads thus :

                  "15(1) A tenant may terminate the tenancy in respect of any
F            land at at any time by surrendering his. interest therein in favour
             of the landlord :

                  Provided that such surrender shall be in writing and verified
             before the Mamlatdar in the prescribed manner.
G
                  (2) Where a tenant surrenders his tenancy, the landlord shall
             be entitled to retain the land so surrendered for the like purposes,
             and to the like extent, and in so far as the conditions are applicable
             subject to the like condition3 as are provided in sections 31 and
H            31 A for the termination of tenancies.
                            B.P. KAIKADI v. BABU                           1157

                  (2A) The Mamlatdar shall in respect of the surrender verified A
            under sub-section (1), hold an inquiry and decide whether the
            landlord is entitled under sub-section (2) to retain the whole or
            any portion of the land so surrendered, and specify the extent and
            particulars in that behalf.

                      (3) The land or any portion thereof, which the landlord B
                      is not entitled to retain under sub-section (2), shall be
                      liable to be disposed of in the manner provided under
                      clause (c) of sub-section (2) of secion 32 p."

         Section 29 provides for procedure of taking possession which is as C
    under :-

                 "29 ( 1) A tenant or an agricultural labourer or artisan entitled
                 to possession of any land or dwelling house under any of the
                 provisions of this Act m~ apply in writing for such
                 possession to the Mamlatdar. The application shall be made D
                 in such form as may be prescribed and within a period of
                 two years from the date on which the right to obtain
                 possession of the land or dwelling house is deemed to have
•                accrued to the tenant, agricultural labourer or artisan, as the
                 case may be.                                                      E
                 (2) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (3A), no
                 landlord shall obtain possession of any land or dwelling
                 house held by a tenant except under an order of the
                 Mamlatdar. For obtaining suc.h order he shall make an
                 application in the prescribed form and within a period of two F
                 years from the date on which the right to obtain possession
                 of the land or dwelling house, as the case may be, is deemed
                 to have accrued to him.

                 (3) On receipt of application under sub-section (1) or (2), G
                 the Mamlatdar shall, after holding an inquiry; pass such
                 order thereon as he deems fit :

                provided that where an application under sub-section (2) is
            made by a landlord in pursuance of the right confe!"red on him
            under section 31, the Mamlatdar shall first decide, as preliminary H
    1158                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A             issues, whether the conditions -specified in clauses (c) and (d) of
              section 3 IA and sub-sections (2) and (3) of section' 3 IB are
              satisfied. If the Mamlatdar finds that any 'of the said conditions
              is not satisfied, he shall reject the application forthwith.

                    (3A) Where a landlord proceeds for termination of the
B
              tenancy under sub-section (I) of section 43-1 B, then,
              notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the application for
              possession of the land shall be made to the Collector, who shall,
              after holding an inquiry in the prescribed manner, pass such order
              thereon as he deems fit.
c
                   (4) Any person taking possession of any land or dwelling
              house except in accordance with the provisions of sub-section ( l ),
              (2) or as the case may be, (3A), shall be liable to forfeiture of
              crops, if any, grown in the land in addition to payment of costs
D             as may be directed by the Mamlatdar or by the Collector and also
              to the penalty prescribed in section 81."

         The said Act, therefore, contemplates termination of tenancy by
    surrender thereof; and consequent taking over possession by the landlord.
E   How such termination of tenancy could take place is, provided for in
    Section 15 of the Act in terms whereof inter-alia a surrender of the tenancy
    becomes a legal one only when such surrender is in writing_ and verified
    before the Mamlatdar in the prescribed manner. For the said purpose the
    Mamlatdar is also required to hold an enquiry. It is not in dispute that
F   purported surrender made by the predecessor-in-interest in favour of the
    respondents herein was although considered to be.voluntary but the same
    did not satisfy the very legal requirement, contained in Section 15 of the
    Act.

           Section 29 of the Act, as noticed-hereinbefore, postulates taking over
G of possession by the landlord from the. tenant. only in accordance with
    procedure prescribed therefor. In the event, the surrender made by the
    predecessor-in-interest of the appellant in favour of the respondent is found
    to be invalid; the possession thereof obtained by the Jater_ pursuant to or
    in furtherance thereof shall also be invalid. Jn such an event, although the     ,-
H   landlord takt;s a physical possession of the land, the right to possess the
                             B.P. KAIKADI v. BABU                         1159

     same remains with the tenant. He could recover possession of the said land A
     in accordance with law. The said Act is a beneficent statute. It should be
     construed in favour of the tenant and against the landlord. The protection
     given to the tenant in terms of the said Act must be given full effect. So
     construed, the expression possession' would also include right of possession.
     The view which we have taken is fortified by the decisions of this Court B
     in Ramchandra Keshav Adke (dead) by Lrs & Ors. v. Govind Joti Chavare
     & Ors., [1975] 1 SCC 559; Bhagwant Pundalik & Anr. v. Kishan Ganpat
     Bharaskal & Ors., [1971] 1 SCC 15 and in Abdul Ajij Shaikh Jumma &
     Anr. v. Dashrath Jndas Nhavi & Ors., AIR (1987) SC 1626 and thus the
     consistent view had been that the surrender by the tenant for being legal
     must be in conformity with the provisions contained in Sections 15 and C
     29 of the Act.

           In Ram Chandra Keshav Adke (supra) the question arose for
     consideration was whether the alleged surrender by the tenant was valid.
     This Court after interpreting Section 5 (3) (b) and Rule 2-A was of the view D
     that the amendment was brought with a view to protecting the tenant on
     two fronts against two types of danger - one against possible coercion,
..   undue influence and trickery proceedings from the landlord and other
     against the tenant's own ignorance, improvidence and attitude of helpless
     self-resignation stamming from his weaker position in the tenant-landlord E
     relationship and, therefore, Sections 15 and 29 are mandatory in nature and
     any departure from this would make the surrender invalid. It was also held
     that the imperative language, the beneficent purpose and importance of
     these provisions for efficacious implementation of the general ;,cheme of
     the Act; - all unerringly lead to the conclusion that they were intended
     to be mandatory. Neglect of any of these statutory requisites would be fatal. F
     Disobedience of even one of these mandates would render the surrender
     invalid and ineffectual and the consequence of the violation of the
     mandatory provisions namely Sections 15 and 29 would be that the
     surrender wou Id be rendered non-est for the purpose of Section 5(3 )(b) and
     Rule 2-A.                                                                     G
          In Bhagwanr Pundalik's case (supra) this Court considered the
     analogous provisions of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands
     (Vidarbha Region) Act, 1958 and held that the provisions are mandatory
     in nature and any violation of the Act would render the surrender invalid. H
    1160                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A        In Abdul Ajij's case (supra) this Court while interpreting Sections 15
    and 29 (2) of the Act held that the provisions are mandatory in nature and
    any violation of the said provisions would render the surrender invalid.

          Section 32(IB) which was brought'in by the amendment in the year
B   l 969 reads thus :

                  "Where a tenant who was in possession on the appointed day
             and who, on account of his being dispossessed before the I st day
             of April, l 957 otherwise than in the tnanner and by    an  order of
             the Tahsildar as provided in section 29, is not in possession of the
c            land on the said date and the land is in the possession of the
             landlord or his successor-in-interest on the 3 lst day of July, 1969
             and the land is not put to a non-agricultural use on or before the
             last mentioned date, then, the Tahsildar shall, notwithstanding
             anything contained in the said section 29, either suo motu or on
D            the application of the tenant, hold an inquiry and direct that such
             land shall be taken from the possession of the landlord or, as the
             case may be, his successor-in-interest, and shall be restored to the
             tenant; and thereafter, the provisions of this section and sections
             32A to 32R (both inclusive) shall, insofar as they may be
E            applicable, apply thereto, subject to the modification that the
             tenant shall be deemed to have purchased the land on the date on
             which the land is restored to him.

             Provided that the tenant shall be entitled to restoration of the land
           . under this sub-section only if he undertakes to cultivate the
F            land personally and of so much thereof as together with the other
             land held by him as owner or tenant shall not exceed the Ceiling
             area."

          The salient features of Section 32 (IB) of the act are (l) that the
G   tenant must be in possession of land on 15.6.1955 and (2) the tenant was
    evicted otherwise than by an order of the Mamlatdar before 1.4.1957 and
    (3) the landlord or his successor-in-interest which includes persons who
    acquire interest by testamentary disposition or devolution on death must
    be in possession as on 31. 7.1969 and (4) the land is not put to a non-
H   agricultural use before 31. 7.1969.
                        B.P. KAIKAD! v. BABU                         1161

      In the case of Dhondiram Totoba Kadam (supra), however a somewhat A
contrary view was taken by this Court while interpreting the said proviso.
This decision was rendered by a bench of three Judges and one of them
disagreed with the majority judgment. The majority held that any voluntary
surrender would be a valid surrender. It was held that voluntary giving up
of possession would not amount to dispossession unless the law provides B
for it and the provisior.s should be construed liberally. It may be pointed
out that this Court while holding so, only considered the provisions of
Section 32 (l-B) of the Act and did not refer to Sections 15 and 29 (2)
of the Act which mandated its compliance for a valid surrender.

      The learned Judges although touched upon the question as regards C
obtaining legal possession, unfortunately failed to notice the mandatory
provisions of Sections 15 & 29 of the Act. Once it is held that the provisions
of Sections 15 & 29 are mandatory, it goes without saying that possession
obtained by the landlord in violation of such mandatory provisions would
be illegal. A Statute, as is well known, must be read in its entirety. The
expression "Dispossession" having regard to the text and context of the Act D
cannot be given its natural meaning. The High Court arrived at a finding
of fact that the appellant herein had satisfied all the requirements as
contained in Section 32 (IB) of the Act. The High Court, however, relying
on or on the basis of the decision of this Court in Dhondiram Totoba
Kadam (supra), dismissed the appeal of the appellant. The High Court, as E
noticed hereinbefore, however, felt that the question ·raised is of great
general importance.           /

     Having given our anxious thought, we are of the opinion that for the
reasons stated hereinbefore, the decision of this Court in ·Dhondiram
Totoba Kadam (supra), having not noticed the earlier binding precedent F
of the co-ordinate Bench and having not considered the mandatory
provisions as contained in Sections 15 & 29 of the Act had been rendered
per incuriam. It, therefore, does not constitute a binding precedent.

     In Halsbury laws of England, 4th Edition Volume 26 it is stated : G

             "A decision is given per in curiam when the court has acted
        in ignorance of a previous decision of its own or of a court of
        coordinate jurisdiction which covered the case before it, in which
        case it must decide which case to follow or when it has acted in
        ignorance of a Horse of Lords decisions, in which case it must H
    1162                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A             follow that decision; or when the decision is given in ignorance
              of the tenns of a statute or rule having statutory force."

    In State of UP. And Anr. v. Synthetics And Chemicals Ltd. & Anr., reported
    in [1991] 4 SCC 139, this·Court observed :
B
              "Incuria" literally means 'carelessness'. In practice per in curiam
              appears·to mean per ignoratium. English Courts have developed
              this principle in relaxation of the rule of stare decisis. The
              'quotable in -Jaw' is avoided and ignored if it is rendered, 'in
              ignoratium ofa statute or other b,inding authority'. (Young versus
c             Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd.) Same has been accepted approved and
              adopted by this Court while interpreting Article 141 of the
              Constitution which ei;nbodies the doctrine of precedents as a
              matter·of law."

D       In Govt. of Andhra Pradesh And Anr. v. B. Satyanarayana Rao
    (Dead) by Lrs., [2000] 4 SCC 262, it has been held as follows :

              "Rule of per in curiam can be ~pplied where a court omits to
              consider a binding precedent of the same court or the superior
E           t court rendered on the same issue or where a court omits to

              consider any statute while deciding that issue."                      ...

          Furthennore, this Court, while rendering judgment in Dhondiram
    Totoba Kadam (supra), was bound by its earlier decision of Co-ordinate
F   Bench in Ramchandra Keshav Adke (supra). We are bound to follow the
    earlier judgment which is precisely on the point in preference to the later
    judgment which has been rendered without adequate argument at the bar
    and also without reference to the mandatory provisions of the Act.

           Learned counsel appearing for the respondent than urged. that the
G Tribunal has recorded a finding. of fact that the landlord has transferred the
    land to the purchaser and, thus, he being no longer in possession, no benefit
    order could be passed in favour of the appellant.

           The contention of the respondent was that he has executed an
H agreement for sale in the year 1967 with one Bajrang Maruti Kanse and,
                            B.P. KAIKADI v. BABU                          1163

    therefore, the landlord is not in possession. It is no doubt true that the A
    Tribunal recorded a finding that the purchaser was in possession.
    Surprisingly, however, on perusal of the relevant documents, we find that
    the case set up by the respondent that he has executed an agreement for
    sale was not correct. In fact it was a mortgage with the right of re-
    conveyance and as such it was not an agreement for sale. Thus, the B
    mortgagee was in possession of the land on behalf of the landlord because
    no title or interest was passed on in favour of the mortgagee, in so far as
    no registered document was executed transferred tl,e interest in the land
    by the landlord in favour of the mortgagee.

          In absence of any registered document having regard to the provisions C
    contained in Sections 17 and 49 of the Registration Act, no lawful title
    could pass on to the mortgagee. Lawful title as well as the legal possession·
    of the land in question therefore remained with the landlord. The so-called
    mortgagee in the aforementioned circumstances must be held to have
    merely in pennissive possession of the land. Such a possession, on the part D
    of the so-called mortgagee, being not in his own right, the land could have
    been restored in favour of the appellant. The Appellate Authority correctly
    analysed the legal position. It is true that the Tribunal while reversing the
    judgment and order of the Appellate Authority came to a finding that a third
    party was in possession but such purported finding of fact has been arrived E
    at on applying wrong legal tests and without taking into consideration the
    effect of the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act and also the Indian
    Registration Act. In that view of the matter, the finding of the Tribunal was
    not sustainable. It is only in that premise the High Court arrived at a finding
    that the appellant has satisfied all conditions laid down under Section 32 F
    (IB) of the Act.

         In view of our findings that the decision in Dhondiram Totoba Kadam
    (supra) had been rendered Per in curiam and did not create a binding
    precedent, the judgment o( the High Court having been rested solely
,   thereon cannot be sustained. It is set aside accordingly. For the G
    aforementioned reasons, the appeal deserves to be allowed. The appeal is
    allowed accordingly, judgment under challenge is set aside. There shall be
    no order as to costs.

    R.P.                                                      Appeal allowed. H