BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA)versusTHE NARCOTICS CONTROL BUREAU

                  [2023] 14 S.C.R. 100 : 2023 INSC 852



                             CASE DETAILS

                     BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA)
                                       v.
               THE NARCOTICS CONTROL BUREAU
                    (Criminal Appeal No. 1136 of 2014)
                          SEPTEMBER 22, 2023
                  [B.R. GAVAI, HIMA KOHLI AND
                 PRASHANT KUMAR MISHRA, JJ.]

                               HEADNOTES

     Issue for consideration: Matter pertains to admissibility in evidence
of the confessional statement recorded by the Narcotics Control Bureau
officers u/s. 67 of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,
1985; and proving of possession of contraband by the prosecution beyond
reasonable doubt.
    Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 – s. 67 –
Confession statement made by an accused u/s. 67 before an officer of
Narcotics Control Bureau – Admissibility in evidence:
      Held: Statement made by an accused and recorded u/s. 67 cannot be
used as a confessional statement in the trial of an offence under the NDPS
Act – Any confessional statement made by an accused to an officer invested
with the powers u/s. 53 of the NDPS Act, is barred for the reason that such
officers are “police officers” within the meaning of s. 25 of the Evidence
Act – Evidence Act, 1872 – s. 25. [Para 10]
     Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 – s.
54 – Presumption from possession of illicit articles – “Proof beyond
reasonable doubt vis-a-vis “preponderance of probability”:
      Held: Initial burden is cast on the prosecution to establish the essential
factors on which its case is premised – After the prosecution discharges the
said burden, the onus shifts to the accused to prove his innocence – However,
the standard of proof required for the accused to prove his innocence, is not

                                     100
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                            101
                 CONTROL BUREAU

as high as expected of the prosecution – For attracting the provisions of s.
54, it is essential for the prosecution to establish the element of possession
of contraband by the accused for the burden to shift to the accused to prove
his innocence – This aspect of possession of the contraband has to be proved
by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. [Paras 15 and 16]
     Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 – ss.
67 and 54 – Two persons convicted for possession of commercial
quantity of heroin – Out of the two, only accused was apprehended
by Narcotics Control Bureau-NCB from the spot where Naka laid and
co-accused was arrested later – Co-accused being repeated offender
sentenced to death u/s. 21(c) rw s. 31A(1a) which was modified to
14 years of rigorous imprisonment – Accused sentenced u/s. 21(c)
to rigorous imprisonment for twelve years with fine, by the courts
below – Sustainability of:
      Held: Confessional statement of the accused recorded by the NCB
officers u/s. 67, who had attributed a role to co-accused and subsequently
statement of co-accused was recorded u/s. 67 are rejected as it cannot be
used as a confessional statement having been recorded by the NCB officials
who are to be treated as “police officers” u/s. 25 of the Evidence Act –
Furthermore, no other independent incriminating evidence for convicting
co-accused, thus, his conviction cannot be sustained – As regards the
accused, the conviction does not hinge solely on his confessional statement
made to the NCB officials – His case rests on the testimonies of prosecution
witnesses, which are consistent and there are no material contradictions in
their depositions to extend any benefit to the accused – Plea by the accused
that the prosecution failed to establish a prima facie case against him and
thus, the burden of proving his innocence did not shift back to him cannot
be accepted – As regards the plea of failure to establish foundational
facts, the prosecution was able to discharge the onus cast on it to prove
the foundational facts – Prosecution produced adequate evidence to prove
beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had the knowledge of the car being
used for transporting narcotics, the presumption u/s. 35 would have to be
drawn against him to hold that he had a culpable mental state – As regards,
the plea of the accused being in the custody of the NCB much before the
naka was laid, there has been no arbitrariness or undue favour shown to the
102          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2023] 14 S.C.R.


prosecution witnesses from the accused to claim any bias – In view thereof,
accused failed to make out a case for acquittal, thus, order of conviction and
the sentence imposed by the courts below upheld, however, the co-accused
stands acquitted. [Paras 12-14, 19, 23, 27]
      Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – s. 100(4) – Persons in charge
of closed place to allow search – Testimony of independent witness –
Plea of unreliability in view of s. 100(4):
      Held: Sub-section (4) of s. 100 provides that to maintain the purity
of the process, before undertaking a search, a couple of independent and
respectable inhabitants of the locality where the place to be searched is
located, be joined as witnesses to the search – On facts, when Naka was
laid by Narcotics Control Bureau, independent witness was associated with
investigation – Plea of unreliability of the testimony of the independent
witness, in view of the provisions u/s. 100 (4) cannot be accepted. [Paras
24, 25]
       LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES
     Tofan Singh v. State of Tamil Nadu (2021) 4 SCC 1: [2020] 12 SCR
583 – relied on.
     Kanhaiyalal vs. Union of India 2008 (4) SCC 668: [2008] 1 SCR 350;
Ram Singh vs. Central Bureau of Narcotics (2011) 11 SCC 347: [2011] 5
SCR 967; Raj Kumar Karwal vs. Union of India (1990) 2 SCC 409: [1990]
2 SCR 63; Ritesh Chakarvarti v. State of M.P. (2006) 12 SCC 321: [2006] 6
Suppl. SCR 772 ; Noor Aga v. State of Punjab and Another (2008) 16 SCC
417: [2008] 10 SCR 379; Bhola Singh v. State of Punjab (2011) 11 SCC
653:[2011] 2 SCR 642; State of Delhi v. Ram Avatar alias Rama (2011) 12
SCC 207: [2011] 7 SCR 1129; Gorak Nath Prasad v. State of Bihar (2018)
2 SCC 305; Tofan Singh v. State of Tamil Nadu (2013) 16 SCC 31: [2013]
9 SCR 962; State of Punjab v. Baldev Singh (1999) 6 SCC 172: [1999] 3
SCR 977; Dudh Nath Pandey v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1981) 2 SCC 166:
[1981] 2 SCR 771, State of Haryana v. Ram Singh (2002) 2 SCC 426: [2002]
1 SCR 208; Adambhai Sulemanbhai Ajmeri and Others v. State of Gujarat
(2014) 7 SCC 716: [2014] 7 SCR 48; Jumi and Others v. State of Haryana
(2014) 11 SCC 355: [2014] 3 SCR 673 – referred to.
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                                 103
                 CONTROL BUREAU


      OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED
                 ORDER AND APPEARANCES
     CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No.1136 of 2014.
     From the Judgment and Order dated 08.07.2013 of the High Court of
Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CRLA No.365 of 2012.
     With
     Criminal Appeal No.1933 of 2014
     Appearances:
    Mayank Dahiya, Kuldeep Singh Kuchaliya, Prativa Prakash Janapriya
Nayak, Akshay Nagarajan, Sanjay Jain, Advs. for the Appellant.
     Vikramjeet Banerjee, ASG, Ms. Ruchi Gour Narula, Gautam Bhardwaj,
Annirudh Sharma Ii, Arvind Kumar Sharma, B. Krishna Prasad, Advs. for
the Respondent.
       JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT

                                 JUDGMENT

     HIMA KOHLI, J.
      1. The present appeals arise from the common judgment dated 08th
July, 2013 passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of Punjab and
Haryana at Chandigarh deciding the Murder Reference1 prepared by the
Judge, Special Court for confirmation of death sentence, appeal 2 preferred
by Balwinder Singh3 and the appeal4 filed by Satnam Singh5.
    1.1 By the impugned judgment, the death sentence imposed upon
Balwinder Singh3 was set aside under the Reference, thereby declining the


1   Murder Reference No. 5 of 2012 titled Narcotics Control Bureau, Chandigarh Zonal
    Unit v. Balwinder Singh @ Binda
2   CRA No. D-365-DB of 2012
3   Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 1136 of 2014
4   CRA No. D-371-DB of 2012
5   Appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 1933 of 2014
104             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2023] 14 S.C.R.


Reference and imposed a sentence on him to undergo rigorous imprisonment
for 14 years and to pay a fine of ₹1,50,000/- [Rupees one lakh fifty thousand
only] and in default, to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year for
commission of offence under Section 21(c) of the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 19856. The appeals preferred by the accused
were dismissed except for the modification in the order of sentence. Both
the accused are before this Court in these appeals by way of special leave.
       I. FACTUAL MATRIX:
       (a) THE INCIDENT IN QUESTION
      2. The incident in question relates back to 11th December, 2005, when
as per the version of the prosecution, the Narcotics Control Bureau7 received
secret information that some persons who were indulging in the sale of
contraband, were travelling in a white coloured Indica car from Amritsar to
supply contraband at a bus stand at Chandigarh. On 12th December, 2005,
at 01:00 am, a naka was laid by the NCB team at Chandigarh and two
independent witnesses [Mukesh Kumar and Sonu 8] were associated in the
investigation. At 03:15 am, the NCB team noticed that a car9 coming from
Sector 25 and heading towards Sector 24, Chandigarh, stopped at a little
distance from the place of naka and two persons wearing turbans alighted
from the car and ran away. However, the third person, also wearing a turban
who had later on disclosed his name as Satnam Singh5, remained seated in
the car.
       2.1. Members of the NCB team intercepted the vehicle and searched
Satnam Singh5 in the presence of the independent witnesses. On searching the
car, they found two packets wrapped in a khaki tape in the cavity of the door
panel. On unzipping the seat cover of the rear back seat of the vehicle, two
more similar packets wrapped in khaki tape were recovered. The prosecution
claims that on inquiry, Satnam Singh5 disclosed that the packets contained
heroin that he had brought from Amritsar with the assistance of Balwinder


6     For short ‘NDPS Act’
7     For short ‘NCB’
8     PW-1
9     White coloured Indica Car bearing registration number HR-01-J-9639 (Marked as
      P-1)
       BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                         105
           CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

Singh3 and a person named Harpreet Singh alias Preet alias Sarpanch for
sale in Chandigarh. He further disclosed that Balwinder Singh3 and Sarpanch
ran away when the car had stopped a few yards before the naka. The NCB
officers seized all the four packets and after taking out two representative
samples, sealed them. The samples of the packets were signed by Satnam
Singh5, the two independent witnesses, Intelligence Officer - Balwinder
Kumar10 and O.P. Sharma, Superintendent, NCB11.
      (b) THE INVESTIGATION
      2.2. A panchnama12 in respect of the recovery made was prepared at
the spot, read over to Satnam Singh5 who signed it. So did the independent
witnesses. Thereafter, Satnam Singh5 was arrested and his statement13 was
recorded after issuing him a notice14 under Section 67 of the NDPS Act. He
was also searched personally. The statements of the independent witnesses
[Sonu15 and Mukesh16] were recorded. Satnam Singh5 was produced before
the Illaqa Magistrate with the case property17 and the documents. The case
property was handed over to the Superintendent Incharge of the godown
and the parcels of the samples18 were sent to the Chemical Examiner19 who
forwarded the report20 later on.
     2.3. Till this stage, the co-accused named by Satnam Singh5, i.e.,
Balwinder Singh3 was nowhere in the picture. The prosecution claims that
sometime later, the NCB officers came across a newspaper report stating that
Balwinder Singh3 had been arrested by Amritsar Police in an NDPS case
and was lodged in the Central Jail, Amritsar. Based on the said information,
Balwinder Singh3 was arrested and a notice21 was served on him under



10   PW-2
11   PW-5 (wrongly mentioned as PW-10 in the trial Court judgement)
12   Exhibit P-1/E
13   Exhibit PW-1/B
14   Exhibit P-5
15   Exhibit PW-1/D
16   Exhibit P-9
17   Exhibit P-1
18   Exhibit P-12
19   Chemical Examiner Shri. S.K. Mittal, PW-4
20   Exhibit P-11
21    Exhibit P - 6
106            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2023] 14 S.C.R.


Section 67 of the NDPS Act. Thereafter, his voluntary statement 22 was
recorded and duly signed by him and he was arrested.
     2.4 On conclusion of the investigation, the NCB submitted a complaint23
before the Judge, Special Court, Chandigarh stating that Satnam Singh5 and
Balwinder Singh3 had committed offences punishable under Sections 8, 21,
27A and 60 of the NDPS Act. Charges were framed against the two accused
under Section 21 r/w Sections 8, 27A and 60 of the NDPS Act. On 02 nd July,
2007, both the accused pleaded not guilty and claimed trial.
       (c) PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE TRIAL COURT
      2.5. On its part, the NCB examined five witnesses namely Sonu8 who
was an independent witness and joined the investigation when the naka was
laid on 12th December, 2005; Constable Balwinder Singh10 whose deposition
related to deposit of the samples18 of the contraband with the Central Revenue
Control Laboratory, Delhi24; P.K. Sharma25, the then Intelligence Officer,
NCB who had received the secret information based on which the naka was
laid and Satnam Singh5 was arrested; S.K. Mittal19, the Chemical Examiner
who deposed about receiving the sample in the Narcotic Section of the
CRCL, New Delhi from the PW- 210 and his report20 dated 24th February,
2006 to the effect that on testing, the sample was found positive for heroin
and contained 73.5% of dialectical Morphine by weight and O.P. Sharma 11,
Superintendent, NCB who narrated the sequence of events leading to the
laying of the naka, search of the Indica car being driven by the accused
Satnam Singh5 wherefrom the contraband was recovered, preparation of
Recovery-cum-Seizure Memo26 and forwarding of the seized contraband
to Delhi for a chemical analysis27, ending with the receipt of the report20 of
the Chemical Examiner19.
    2.6. After the prosecution closed its evidence, both the accused were
examined under Section 313 of the Criminal Procedure Code28. They


22    Exhibit – P-17
23    Exhibit P-13
24    For short, the CRCL, New Delhi’
25    PW 3
26    Exhibit PW-1/C
27    Exhibit PW-1/A
28    For short ‘Cr.P.C’
     BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                          107
         CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

denied the charges levelled against them, pleaded not guilty and alleged
false implication in the case. In their defence, the accused examined four
witnesses, namely, Soravdeep Singh29; Naresh Kumar30; Parkash Ram31
and Ravi Kant Pawar32. DW-129 and DW-230 were summoned by Satnam
Singh5 to prove that a call for 27 seconds was made by him from his mobile
number at 9.45 p.m. on 11th December, 2005 to a landline number installed
in the office of the Zonal Director in Chandigarh, when he was actually in
police custody.
      2.7. It was argued on behalf of the applicants that PW-1 – Sonu 8
was the real culprit from whom recovery of heroin was made and he had
managed to bribe the officers of the NCB team due to which they planted
the contraband in the car driven by Satnam Singh5. It was also contended
on behalf of Satnam Singh5 that one of the two independent witnesses,
namely, Mukesh Kumar, was a stock witness of NCB and was on its pay
rolls as a daily wager. The testimonies of DW-331 and DW-432 was referred
to, wherein it was deposed that Mukesh Kumar was joined in as a witness
in another complaint registered by the NCB.
     2.8. After discussing the entire evidence, vide judgment dated 10th
March, 2012, the learned Judge, Special Court, Chandigarh held both the
accused guilty and convicted them under Section 21 read with Section 8 of
the NDPS Act. Subsequently, on 15th March, 2012, after hearing arguments
on the quantum of sentence, noting that Balwinder Singh3 had been
previously convicted under Section 21(c) of the NDPS Act for the offence
involving commercial quantity of narcotic drugs and applying the provisions
of Section 31A of the NDPS Act, he was sentenced to death under Section
21(c) read with Section 31A(1a) of the NDPS Act.
      2.9. Coming to the co-accused Satnam Singh5, the learned Judge,
Special Court, Chandigarh took note of the fact that he was a government
servant working as a Warden in Punjab Jail and was posted at Sangrur
at the time of committing the offence, which added to the gravity of the



29   DW 1
30   DW 2
31   DW 3
32   DW 4
108          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2023] 14 S.C.R.


offence. Therefore, he was sentenced under Section 21(c) of the NDPS Act
to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of twelve years and to pay
a fine of ₹1,50,000/- (Rupees One lakh and fifty thousand) and in default
thereof to further undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years.
      (d) PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE HIGH COURT
      3. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judgment, both the appellants
approached the High Court. A Murder Reference under Section 366 Cr.P.C.
was also forwarded to the High Court in view of the death sentence awarded
by the Special Court, Chandigarh to the appellant – Balwinder Singh3. The
entire evidence was analysed afresh by the High Court and relying on the
decisions of this Court in Kanhaiyalal vs. Union of India33, Ram Singh
vs. Central Bureau of Narcotics34 and Raj Kumar Karwal vs. Union of
India35 wherein, it was held that an order of conviction can be passed solely
on the basis of the confession made by the accused under Section 67 of the
NDPS Act and that such a confession before the officer of the NCB was
admissible in evidence since the NCB officer is not considered as a “police
officer” within the meaning of Section 25 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872,
both the appellants were convicted under the NDPS Act. For arriving at the
said conclusion, the High Court took into consideration the statements of
Balwinder Singh3 and Satnam Singh5 recorded under Section 67 of the Act
and held them to be admissible in evidence for being used as confession
against them. The deposition of the prosecution witnesses, namely, PW-1 8,
PW-210 and PW-511, who had searched the car of Satnam Singh5 that had
resulted in the recovery of 4 kgs. of heroin, was also relied on by the High
Court and it was observed that Satnam Singh5 was apprehended by the NCB
Officers in the vehicle in question and there was sufficient evidence to hold
that he was guilty of possession of 4 kgs. of heroin.
      3.1. Similarly, in the case of Balwinder Singh3, the High Court held that
his confession19 recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS Act was admissible
in view of the law laid down by this Court in Kanhaiyalal33 (supra). The
Court noted that neither Satnam Singh5 nor Balwinder Singh3 had moved


33 2008 (4) SCC 668
34 (2011) 11 SCC 347
35 (1990) 2 SCC 409
     BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                            109
         CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

any formal application for retracting the confessions made and there was no
reason to discard their confessional statements or to reject the testimonies
of the prosecution witnesses [PW-18, PW-210 and PW-511]. Even though
Balwinder Singh3 was not identified by PW-325 and PW-511, his statement22
was duly recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS Act and the co-accused,
Satnam Singh5 had also stated in his confessional statement that Balwinder
Singh3 was involved in the crime. Both the confessional statements when
read together, were held to be sufficient to hold that Balwinder Singh3 was
guilty of the offence committed. Added to this was the fact that Balwinder
Singh3 had already been convicted and sentenced in a case under the NDPS
Act and his appeal against the said conviction was pending at that time in
the High Court. Therefore, he had a propensity towards committing such
crimes. The High Court opined that merely because Balwinder Singh3 had
escaped from the car just before the point where the naka had been laid and
could not be apprehended, would not be a ground to acquit him or exonerate
him of the charge of conscious possession of heroin.
      3.2. The High Court went on to reject the defence version sought to
be projected by Satnam Singh5 that Sonu8 [PW-1] was the real culprit and it
was from him that the contraband was recovered but he got away by bribing
the NCB team who cleverly planted the contraband in the car driven by
Satnam Singh5. The plea taken that the other independent witness, Mukesh
Kumar though arrayed as a prosecution witness and not produced, was a
stock witness of the NCB, was also found to be meritless. The High Court
observed that Mukesh Kumar was not examined during the trial since he
had been won over by the appellants. As a result of the aforesaid discussion,
both, Balwinder Singh3 and Satnam Singh5 were found to be in conscious
possession of commercial quantity of heroin on the relevant date and the
findings returned by the trial Court holding them guilty of the commission
of offences punishable under Section 21(c) read with Section 8 of the NDPS
Act, were upheld. The order of sentence imposed on Satnam Singh5 of
rigorous imprisonment for a period of 12 years was affirmed by the High
Court. However, the death penalty awarded to the appellant – Balwinder
Singh3 for being a repeat offender under Section 31A of the NDPS Act, was
held to be too harsh a punishment. Resultantly, the death sentence awarded
to Balwinder Singh3 was set aside and the High Court sentenced him to
undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 14 years along with fine of
110           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2023] 14 S.C.R.


₹1,50,000/- [Rupees one lakh fifty thousand only] and in default of payment
of fine, suffer imprisonment for one year. Dissatisfied by the aforesaid
decision, the appellants have preferred the present appeals.
      II    ARGUMENTS ADVANCED BY LEARNED COUNSEL
            FOR THE PARTIES
      (a)   SUBMISSIONS MADE BY COUNSEL FOR BALWINDER
            SINGH3 AND SATNAM SINGH5
      4. Mr. Mayank Dahiya, learned counsel for the appellant – Balwinder
Singh3, argued that his client had been convicted solely on the basis of the
purported statement of confession made by the co-accused, Satnam Singh5
before the NCB officials which is no longer admissible in law, in the light
of the decision of this Court in the case of Tofan Singh v. State of Tamil
Nadu36. It was stated that the High Court was swayed by the fact that at that
time, Balwinder Singh3 was facing three other cases for offences under the
NDPS Act but subsequently, he has been acquitted in all the said cases on
being extended benefit of doubt. However, in the instant case, he has already
undergone the sentence awarded by the High Court during the pendency of
the present appeal.
      4.1. Besides a similar argument advanced by learned counsel for
Balwinder Singh3 that the statement of confession made by Satnam Singh5
before the NCB officials is not admissible in law and could not be read
in evidence against him in view of the recent decision of this Court in
Tofan Singh36 (supra), Mr. Akshay Nagarajan, learned counsel for the said
appellant has assailed the impugned judgement primarily on five counts.
Firstly, that an offence committed under the NDPS Act being a grave one,
all the procedural safeguards provided under the Statute to the accused
require strict compliance and strict scrutiny and in the instant case, as the
prosecution failed to establish a prima facie case, the burden did not shift
to the accused. To buttress the said submission, learned counsel has cited
Ritesh Chakarvarti v. State of M.P.37; Noor Aga v. State of Punjab and




36    (2021) 4 SCC 1
37    (2006) 12 SCC 321
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                               111
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

Another38; Bhola Singh v. State of Punjab39; State of Delhi v. Ram Avatar
alias Rama40; and Gorak Nath Prasad v. State of Bihar41.
      4.2 The second plea taken is that the entire story setup by the prosecution
is shaky inasmuch as the independent witnesses who were joined in, have
a murky background and their testimonies ought to be disbelieved. The
testimony of Sonu8 has been questioned as untrustworthy and it is stated that
he could not be treated as an independent witness in terms of Section 100(4)
of the Cr.P.C. It was contended that the High Court has erred in failing to
re-evaluate the credibility of the said witness and satisfy itself as to whether
he was in fact an independent witness. Thirdly, it was argued that the other
independent witness, Mukesh Kumar was arrayed in the list of witnesses but
not examined by the prosecution for the reason that he was a stock witness,
as would emerge from the deposition of DW-331 and DW-432. Next, it was
argued that the case property17, mainly the contraband that was allegedly
recovered, was not handled properly which is apparent from the fact that
in the panchnama12 the contraband was described as a substance that was
white in colour but in his testimony, the Chemical Examiner19, described
the contraband to be of light brown colour with lumps. This discrepancy
in the contraband pointed out by the defence goes to the root of the matter.
      4.3 Lastly, it was argued on behalf of Satnam Singh5 that the High
Court ought not to have discarded outright the defence version that it was
Sonu8 [PW-1] who was found to be in possession of the contraband and on
his bribing the NCB officers, he was let off whereas Satnam Singh5, who
was innocent, was framed. Learned counsel submitted that the deposition
of DW-230 proved that the landline number on which a phone call was made
by the NCB officers from the mobile phone of Satnam Singh 5 at 09.45 pm
on 11th December, 2005, was the official number belonging to the Zonal
Director, NCB, Chandigarh and the said evidence once brought on record,
was sufficient for the High Court to have discounted the version of the
NCB that they had met Satnam Singh5 for the first time at the naka on 12th
December, 2005, at 03.00 am. Learned counsel concluded by submitting


38   (2008) 16 SCC 417
39   (2011) 11 SCC 653
40   (2011) 12 SCC 207
41   (2018) 2 SCC 305
112          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2023] 14 S.C.R.


that though Satnam Singh5 has already undergone the sentence imposed
on him, he is pressing the appeal for an acquittal on merits because the
appellant was a Government servant who was dismissed from service on
having been convicted which order, if reversed, would entitle him to relief
in relation to his service benefits.
      (b) SUBMISSIONS MADE BY LEARNED COUNSEL FOR
          THE RESPONDENT, NCB
       5. On the other hand, learned counsel for the respondent-NCB has
supported the impugned judgement and stated that there was ample evidence
brought on record by the NCB for indicting Balwinder Singh3 and Satnam
Singh5. He asserted that none of the witnesses produced by the NCB were
planted, as alleged; that NCB had successfully established a prima facie
case against the appellants whereafter the burden had shifted on them to
prove their innocence and that they had miserably failed to discharge the
said burden; that the prosecution had amply proved the foundational facts
to attract the rigours of the NDPS Act and the actus reus, namely possession
of contraband by the appellants was convincingly established for holding
them guilty of the offence for which they were charged. It was thus stated
that the impugned judgement does not deserve interference.
      III   ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
      (a)   SIGNIFICANCE OF TOFAN SINGH’S DECISION
      6. We have perused the impugned judgement and the records and given
our thoughtful consideration to the arguments advanced by learned counsel
for the parties.
      7. When the present matter was considered by the High Court in the
year 2013, it had accepted the arguments advanced by learned counsel for
the respondent-NCB that officers of the Department of Revenue Intelligence
who are vested with the powers of an officer-in-charge of the police station
under Section 53 of the Act, are not “police officers” within the meaning
of Section 25 of the Evidence Act and therefore held that a confessional
statement of a person accused of an offence under the NDPS Act recorded
by such an officer in the course of investigation, is admissible against him.
The said argument had found favour with the High Court in the light of the
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                             113
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

decisions of this Court in Kanhaiyalal33 (supra) and Raj Kumar Karwal35
(supra) where it was held that a confession made by the accused before
an officer of the NCB, is admissible in evidence because the said officer
cannot be treated as a “police officer” within the meaning of Section 25 of
the Evidence Act. It was further held that a conviction can be maintained
on the sole confession made by an accused under Section 67 of the NDPS
Act. A similar view taken by this Court in Ram Singh34 (supra), was cited
by the High Court to fortify its decision that the confessions made by the
appellants herein before the officers of the NCB were admissible in evidence,
being of voluntary nature.
      8. However, much water has flown under the bridge since the year
2013. In the year 2020, a three-judges Bench of this Court answered a
Reference Order of a Division Bench in Tofan Singh v. State of Tamil
Nadu42 and re-examined the ratio of Kanhaiyalal33 (supra) and Raj Kumar
Karwal35 (supra) to decide as to whether the officer investigating a matter
under the NDPS Act would qualify as a ‘police officer’ or not. The other
related issue which was examined by the larger Bench in Tofan Singh36
(supra) was whether the statement recorded by the investigating officer under
Section 67 of the NDPS Act can be treated as a confessional statement or
not even if the officer is not treated as a “police officer”.
      9. After a detailed examination of the legal position in the light of the
provisions of the NDPS Act, vis-à-vis revenue Statutes like the Customs
Act, 1962 and the Central Excise Act, 1944 as also the Cr.P.C and Section
25 of the Evidence Act, the majority decision authored by Justice Nariman,
arrived at the following conclusion:
     “155. Thus, to arrive at the conclusion that a confessional statement
     made before an officer designated under Section 42 or Section 53
     can be the basis to convict a person under the NDPS Act, without
     any non obstante clause doing away with Section 25 of the Evidence
     Act, and without any safeguards, would be a direct infringement of
     the constitutional guarantees contained in Articles 14, 20(3) and 21
     of the Constitution of India.



42   (2013) 16 SCC 31
114           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2023] 14 S.C.R.


      156. The judgment in Kanhaiyalal [Kanhaiyalal v. Union of India,
      (2008) 4 SCC 668 : (2008) 2 SCC (Cri) 474] then goes on to
      follow Raj Kumar Karwal [Raj Kumar Karwal v. Union of India,
      (1990) 2 SCC 409 : 1990 SCC (Cri) 330] in paras 44 and 45. For the
      reasons stated by us hereinabove, both these judgments do not state
      the law correctly, and are thus overruled by us. Other judgments
      that expressly refer to and rely upon these judgments, or upon the
      principles laid down by these judgments, also stand overruled for
      the reasons given by us.
      157. On the other hand, for the reasons given by us in this judgment, the
      judgments of Noor Aga [Noor Aga v. State of Punjab, (2008) 16 SCC
      417 : (2010) 3 SCC (Cri) 748] and Nirmal Singh Pehlwan v. Inspector,
      Customs [Nirmal Singh Pehlwan v. Inspector, Customs, (2011) 12 SCC
      298 : (2012) 1 SCC (Cri) 555] are correct in law.
      158. We answer the reference by stating:
      158.1. That the officers who are invested with powers under
      Section 53 of the NDPS Act are “police offi cers” within the
      meaning of Section 25 of the Evidence Act, as a result of which
      any confessional statement made to them would be barred under
      the provisions of Section 25 of the Evidence Act, and cannot
      be taken into account in order to convict an accused under the
      NDPS Act.
      158.2. That a statement recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS Act
      cannot be used as a confessional statement in the trial of an offence
      under the NDPS Act.”
                                                             [emphasis laid]
     10. In view of the aforesaid decision that declares that any confessional
statement made by an accused to an officer invested with the powers under
Section 53 of the NDPS Act, is barred for the reason that such officers are
“police officers” within the meaning of Section 25 of the Evidence Act, a
statement made by an accused and recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS
Act cannot be used as a confessional statement in the trial of an offence
under the NDPS Act.
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                               115
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

      (b) EFFECT OF TOFAN SINGH’S VERDICT ON BALWINDER
          SINGH’S CASE
      11. Now that it has been declared in Tofan Singh’s case36 (supra) that
the judgements in the case of Kanhaiyalal33 (supra) and Raj Kumar Karwal35
(supra) did not state the correct legal position and they stand overruled, the
entire case set up by the prosecution against Balwinder Singh3, collapses
like a House of cards. It is not in dispute that Balwinder Singh3 was not
apprehended by the NCB officials from the spot where the naka was laid and
that Satnam Singh5 alone was apprehended in the Indica car. The version
of the prosecution is that after Satnam Singh5 was arrested, his statement13
was recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS Act wherein he ascribed a
specific role to the co-accused - Balwinder Singh3 and the Sarpanch. The
NCB officers claimed that they were on the lookout for both of them since
they had managed to run away from the spot. While Sarpanch could not be
apprehended, the NCB officers learnt from reports in the newspaper that
Balwinder had been arrested by the Amritsar Police in an NDPS case and
was lodged in the Central Jail, Amritsar. Permission was taken from the
concerned Court to take Balwinder Singh3 into custody in the instant case
and he was arrested. A notice21 was served on him under Section 67 of the
NDPS Act and his statement22 was recorded. Treating his statement22 as a
confessional statement, Balwinder Singh3 was arrested.
      12. Once the confessional statement13 of the co-accused, Satnam
Singh5 recorded by the NCB officers under Section 67 of the NDPS Act,
who had attributed a role to Balwinder Singh3 and the subsequently recorded
statement22 of Balwinder Singh3 himself under Section 67 of the NDPS Act
are rejected in the light of the law laid down in Tofan Singh36 (supra), there
is no other independent incriminating evidence that has been brought to the
fore by the prosecution for convicting Balwinder Singh3 under the NDPS
Act. On ignoring the said confessional statements13&22 recorded before the
officers of the NCB in the course of the investigation, the vital link between
Balwinder Singh3 and the offence for which he has been charged snaps
conclusively and his conviction order cannot be sustained.
     13. As a result of the above discussion, we are of the opinion that Balwinder
Singh3 deserves to be acquitted of the charge of being in conscious possession
of commercial quantity of heroin under the NDPS Act. Ordered accordingly.
116            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                                [2023] 14 S.C.R.


      (c)    HOW IS SATNAM SINGH’S CASE PLACED ON A
             DIFFERENT FOOTING
       14. We next come to the case of the appellant, Satnam Singh5. Again, as
in the case of Balwinder Singh3, the statement13 made by Satnam Singh5 and
recorded under Section 67 of the NDPS Act will have to be discarded outright
as it cannot be used as a confessional statement having been recorded by the
NCB officials who, in terms of the verdict in Tofan Singh’s case36 (supra)
are to be treated as “police officers” under the provisions of Section 25 of
the Evidence Act. But unlike the case of Balwinder Singh3, the conviction of
Satnam Singh5 does not hinge solely on his confessional statement13 made to
the NCB officials. His case is on a different footing because it also rests on
other relevant factors including the testimonies of three prime prosecution
witnesses namely, Sonu8 [PW-1], P.K. Sharma25 [PW-3] and O.P. Sharma11
[PW-5]. We propose to discuss below that their testimonies when examined
carefully, show that they had remained consistent and unfailing. There appear
no material contradictions or deviations in their depositions for this Court
to extend any benefit to the appellant – Satnam Singh5.
      (d)    “PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT VIS-À-VIS
             “PREPONDERANCE OF PROBABILITY” : LEGAL
             POSITION
      15. We may first test on the anvil of settled law, the plea taken by
learned counsel for the appellant – Satnam Singh5 that the prosecution had
failed to establish a prima facie case against the accused and therefore,
the burden of proving his innocence did not shift back to him. In the case
of Noor Aga38 (supra), a two-Judges Bench of this Court was required to
decide several questions, including the constitutional validity of the NDPS
Act and the standard and extent of burden of proof on the prosecution
vis-à-vis the accused. After an extensive discussion, this Court upheld the
constitutional validity of the provisions of Sections 35 and 54 of the NDPS
Act43, but went on to hold that since the provisions of the NDPS Act and


43 35. Presumption of culpable mental state—(1) In any prosecution for an offence
   under this Act which requires a culpable mental state of the accused, the court shall
   presume the existence of such mental state but it shall be a defence for the accused to
   prove the fact that he had no such mental state with respect to the act charged as an
   offence in that prosecution.
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                                       117
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

the punishments prescribed therein are stringent, the extent of burden to
prove the foundational facts cast on the prosecution, would have to be
more onerous. The view taken was that courts would have to undertake a
heightened scrutiny test and satisfy itself of “proof beyond all reasonable
doubt”. Emphasis was laid on the well-settled principle of criminal
jurisprudence that more serious the offence, the stricter would be the degree
of proof and a higher degree of assurance would be necessary to convict an
accused. [Also refer: State of Punjab v. Baldev Singh44, Ritesh Chakarvarti
v. State of M.P.45 and Bhola Singh39 (supra)].
      16. Thus, it can be seen that the initial burden is cast on the prosecution
to establish the essential factors on which its case is premised. After the
prosecution discharges the said burden, the onus shifts to the accused to prove
his innocence. However, the standard of proof required for the accused to
prove his innocence, is not pegged as high as expected of the prosecution.
In the words of Justice Sinha, who speaking for the Bench in Noor Aga38
(supra), had observed that:
      “58. ……. Whereas the standard of proof required to prove the guilt of
      the accused on the prosecution is “beyond all reasonable doubt” but it is


   Explanation—In this section “culpable mental state” includes intention motive,
   knowledge of a fact and belief in, or reason to believe, a fact.
   (2) For the purpose of this section , a fact is said to be proved only when the court
   believes it to exist beyond a reasonable doubt and not merely when its existence is
   established by a preponderance of probability.
   54. Presumption from possession of illicit articles—In trials under this Act, it may
   be presumed, unless and until the contrary is proved, that the accused has committed
   an offence under this Act in respect of—
   (a) any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance;
   (b) any opium poppy, cannabis plant or coca plant growing on any land which he has
   cultivated;
   (c) any apparatus specially designed or any group of utensils specially adopted for the
   manufacture of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance;
   or
   (d) any materials which have undergone any process towards the manufacture of a
   narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled substance, or any residue left
   of the materials from which any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance or controlled
   substance has been manufactured, for the possession of which he fails to account
   satisfactorily.
44 (1999) 6 SCC 172
45 (2006) 12 SCC 321
118          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2023] 14 S.C.R.


      “preponderance of probability” on the accused. If the prosecution fails
      to prove the foundational facts so as to attract the rigours of Section
      35 of the Act, the actus reus which is possession of contraband by the
      accused cannot be said to have been established.”
      The essence of the discussion in the captioned case was that for
attracting the provisions of Section 54 of the NDPS Act, it is essential for
the prosecution to establish the element of possession of contraband by the
accused for the burden to shift to the accused to prove his innocence. This
aspect of possession of the contraband has to be proved by the prosecution
beyond reasonable doubt.
      (e)   PLEA OF FAILURE TO ESTABLISH FOUNDATIONAL
            FACTS
      17. The submission made by learned counsel for the appellant –
Satnam Singh5 that the prosecution failed to establish the underlying facts
of possession of the contraband by Satnam Singh5 and therefore, the burden
of proof could not have shifted to the accused, is found to be devoid of
merits having regard to the evidence placed on record by the prosecution.
The prosecution was successful in establishing the fact that it was the
appellant – Satnam Singh5 who was driving the car9, when he was accosted
at the spot where the naka was laid by the NCB Officers on the relevant
date. A photocopy of the registration certificate of the car9 was recovered
on a search of the appellant – Satnam Singh5. He was the owner of the
car9. The car9 was searched by the NCB Officers in the presence of two
independent witnesses. The contraband was recovered from the car 9 being
driven by the appellant – Satnam Singh5 in the presence of the independent
witnesses and P.K. Sharma, a Gazetted Office25, who was part of the NCB
team. Even though one of the two independent witnesses [Mukesh Kumar]
had turned hostile and was dropped by the prosecution, the testimony of
the other independent witness [Sonu8] was consistent and nothing material
could be elicited by the accused during his cross-examination.
      18. Through the deposition of the Chemical Examiner [S.K. Mittal22],
the prosecution successfully proved the report20 submitted by him stating
inter alia that on testing the samples18, the substances drawn from the bags
recovered from the car9 of the appellant – Satnam Singh5, were heroin. The
samples18 drawn and sealed were found untampered and the testimony of
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                             119
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

Constable Balwinder Kumar10 corroborated the fact that he had carried the
samples18 with him and deposited them with the CRCL, New Delhi on 14 th
December, 2005 with all the seals intact.
      19. Given the aforesaid narrative, we are of the opinion that the
prosecution was able to discharge the onus cast on it to prove the foundational
facts. Thus, the initial burden of proving that the appellant – Satnam
Singh5 had the knowledge that the car9 owned and being driven by him at
the relevant point in time was being used for transporting narcotics, stood
discharged. Once it is concluded that the prosecution had produced adequate
evidence to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused – Satnam Singh5
had the knowledge, the presumption contemplated under Section 35 of the
NDPS Act would have to be drawn against him to hold that he had a culpable
mental state for indicting him for the offence for which he had been charged.
      20. As has been observed by this Court in the case of Ram Avatar
alias Rama40 (supra), that possession of the contraband is a sine qua non
to secure a conviction under Section 21 of the NDPS Act and that such a
contraband article should be recovered in accordance with the provisions
of Section 50 of the NDPS Act, being a statutory safeguard favouring the
accused; otherwise the recovery itself shall stand vitiated in law.
      21. The argument advanced on behalf of the appellant – Satnam Singh5
that both the courts below have erred in discarding the defence taken by him
to the effect that it was Sonu8 who was the real culprit and was apprehended
by the NCB officers with the contraband, but he was let off on bribing
the NCB officers, does not meet the test of preponderance of probability
and has rightly been disbelieved by both the courts in the absence of any
corroboration through cogent evidence.
     (f)   PLEA OF THE ACCUSED BEING IN THE CUSTODY OF
           THE NCB MUCH BEFORE THE NAKA WAS LAID
      22. Another plea taken by the appellant – Satnam Singh5 is that he was
in the custody of the NCB officers much before the point in time when the
naka was laid on 11th December, 2005. The deposition of witness produced
by him, Soravdeep Singh19 [DW-1] to substantiate that a call was made
from his mobile number at 09.54 PM on 11th December, 2005 when he had
already been detained by the NCB officers, to a landline number installed
120            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2023] 14 S.C.R.


in the Office of the Zonal Director at Chandigarh, was not of any assistance
as the mobile phone bills summoned by the appellant were not proved in
accordance with law. The trial Court observed that the bill in question46 was
only a computer-generated one. The records pertaining to the bill were not
produced by the witness summoned and the bill did not bear the signature
of any authority even to prove that the mobile phone number asserted by
the appellant – Satnam Singh5 as belonging to him, stood in his name. We
see no reason to take a different view.
      23. Reliance placed by learned counsel on the decisions in Dudh Nath
Pandey v. State of Uttar Pradesh47, State of Haryana v. Ram Singh48,
Adambhai Sulemanbhai Ajmeri and Others v. State of Gujarat49 and Jumi
and Others v. State of Haryana50 to urge that defence witnesses are entitled
to equal treatment with those produced by the prosecution and different
yardsticks cannot be prescribed for prosecution witnesses as compared to
defence witnesses is a well-settled principle of criminal jurisprudence, but
cannot take the case of the appellant – Satnam Singh5 any further inasmuch
as the trial Court has carefully analysed the testimonies of the defence
witnesses before drawing an adverse presumption against the accused.
The High Court has also taken pains to go through the entire testimonies
of the defence witnesses and only thereafter endorsed the view taken by the
trial Court. There has been no arbitrariness or undue favour shown to the
prosecution witnesses from the appellant-Satnam Singh5 to claim any bias.
       (g)   PLEA OF UNRELIABILITY OF THE TESTIMONY OF
             THE INDEPENDENT WITNESS, SONU
      24. As for the contention of learned counsel for the appellant – Satnam
Singh5 that the testimony of Sonu8 cannot be treated as that of an independent
witness in view of the provisions under Section 100 (4) of the Cr.P.C., we
are of the view that the said plea does not hold any water. Section 100 (4)
of the Cr.P.C. that falls under Chapter VII titled “Process to Compel the
Production of Things”, states as follows :


46    Ex.DW-1/A
47    (1981) 2 SCC 166
48    (2002) 2 SCC 426
49    (2014) 7 SCC 716
50    (2014) 11 SCC 355
      BALWINDER SINGH (BINDA) v. THE NARCOTICS                              121
          CONTROL BUREAU [HIMA KOHLI, J.]

     “100. Persons in charge of closed place to allow search –
     (4). Before making a search under this Chapter, the officer or other
     person about to make it shall call upon two or more independent
     and respectable inhabitants of the locality in which the place to be
     searched is situate or of any other locality if no such inhabitant of the
     said locality is available or is willing to be a witness to the search,
     to attend and witness the search and may issue an order in writing to
     them or any of them so to do.”
       25. It can be discerned from a bare reading of the aforesaid provision
that it is a general provision relating to search and applies to a closed place,
as for example, a residence, office, shop, a built-up premises etc, where a
search is required to be conducted by the investigation. It is in this context
that sub-section (4) of Section 100 Cr.P.C. provides that to maintain the
purity of the process, before undertaking a search, a couple of independent
and respectable inhabitants of the locality where the place to be searched
is located, be joined as witnesses to the search.
      26. In the case at hand, the naka was laid by the officials of the NCB
in an open area near the roundabout of Sectors 24/25, Chandigarh. Such
was the location that there was no inhabitant in the vicinity and the time
of the naka was an unearthly hour of 01.00 a.m. on 12th December, 2005.
In this background, the two independent witnesses who were driving
from Jalandhar towards Chandigarh, were flagged down by the NCB
officers and joined in the investigation. Therefore, the shadow of doubt
sought to be cast on the testimony of Sonu8 by claiming that he was the
real culprit, is clearly a trumped up story that cannot be sustained. The
other independent witness, Mukesh Kumar, had turned hostile and the
prosecution did not examine him. As a consequence, the two defence
witnesses, Parkash Ram 31 and Ravi Kant Pawar 32 produced by the
appellant – Satnam Singh5 to demonstrate that Mukesh Kumar was a
stock witness, would hardly be of any assistance. The other procedural
discrepancies sought to be pointed out by learned counsel for the
appellant – Satnam Singh5 and referred to in paras 4.3 and 4.4 above,
are not considered so vital in nature as to unsettle or demolish the entire
case set up by the prosecution against the appellant – Satnam Singh5.
122            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2023] 14 S.C.R.


      (IV) CONCLUSION
     27. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we are of the opinion that
the appellant – Satnam Singh5 has failed to make out a case for acquittal.
Therefore, the order of conviction and the sentence imposed on Satnam
Singh5 is maintained. Criminal Appeal No. 1933 of 2014 is accordingly
dismissed and the order of conviction and the sentence imposed on Satnam
Singh5 by trial Court and upheld by the High Court is affirmed. However,
Criminal Appeal No.1136 of 2014 is allowed and the appellant, Balwinder
Singh3 is acquitted.


Headnotes prepared by:                                    Appeals disposed of.
Nidhi Jain