BEHRAM TEJANI & ORS.versusAZEEM JAGANI

                            [2017] l S.C.R. 132.



A                       BEHRAM TEJANI & ORS.
                                     v.
                             AZEEM JAGANI
                       (Civil Appeal No. 150 of20 I 7)
B                           JANUARY 06, 2017
                   (PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE AND
                       UDAY UMESH LALIT, JJ.)
           Possession - Gratuitous possession, gives no right or interest
c   in the property - Respondent-plaintiff sought injunction restraining
    the defendants from dis-possessing him and his maternal
    grandmother from the suit pre111ises, though admitting that by way
    of Will, with respect to the suit premises, his maternal grandfather
    bequeathed his entire interest in favour of his brothers (defendants-
    appe//ants) - Trial Court rejected respondent~· prayer for interim
D   injunction - High Court set aside the order of trial court - On
    appeal, held: It is not the case of the respondent that either he or
    his grandmother have any right independent of the Will or that the
    Will bequeathed any interest in re:.pect of the premises in question
    in their favour - Sub111ission of appellants that grandmother of the
E   respondent did not have any right qua the premises but was permitted
    to occupy it purely out of love and affection, not without merit - A
    person holding the premises gratuitously would not acquire any
    right/interest in the property - The status of respondent '.s
    grand111other was that of a gratuitous licensee and that of the
    respondent was purely of a relative stciying with such gratuitous
F   licensee - Therefore, Trial court rightly rejected respondents prayer
    for interim injunction.
         Allowing the appeal and disposing of the contempt petition,
    the Court
         . HELD: A person holding the premises gr.ituitously or in
G
    the capacity as a caretaker or a servant would not acquire any
    right or interest in the property and even long possession in that
    capacity would be of no legal consequences. In the circumstances
    City Civil Court was right and justified in rejecting the prayer for
    interim injunction and that decision ought not to have been set
H   aside by the High Court. (Para 14) [140-D)
                                    132
          BEHRAM TEJANl & ORS. v. AZEEM JAGANI                          133


        Rame Gowda (Dead) by LRs. v. M Varadappa Naidu                  A
        (Dead) by LRs. and Anrs. 2004 (1) SCC 769 : [2003] 6
        Suppl. SCR 850 - referred to.
        Maria Margarida Sequeira Fernandes and others v.
        Erasmo Jack De Sequeira (Dead) through LRs. 2012
        (5) sec 370 : [2012] 3 SCR 841 - relied OU.                      B
                        Case Law Reference
[2003] 6 Suppl. SCR 850         referred to            Para 12
[2Ql2] 3 SCR 841                relied on              Para 13
        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 150 of            C
2017.
      From the Judgment and Order dated I 7.09.2013 of the High Court
ofJudicature at Bombay in Appeal from Order (St.)No. I 5590 of2013.
                                   WITH
                                                                         D
        Contempt Petition (C) No. 368 of20!4 in SLP (C) No. 35464 of
2013.
     Dushyant Dave, Sr. Adv. Ayaz Bilawala, Mahesh Agarwal,Abhinav
Agrawal, Rishabh Parikh, E. C. Agrawala, Ad vs. for the Appellants.
     Ms. lndu Malhotra, Sr. Adv. Ms. Manjira Dasgupta, Ms. Liz           E
Mathew, Advs. for the Respondent.
        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
        UDAY UMESH LALIT, J. I. Leave granted.
      2. This appeal challenges the judgment and Order dated             F
17.09.2013 passed by the High Court of Bombay in Appeal from Order
(ST) No.15590 of 2013 quashing and setting aside the Order dated
29.04.20 I3 passed by the Bombay City Civil Court in Notice of Motion
No.344 of2013 in SuitNo.408 of2013.
      3. On 4.02.2013, aforesaid Suit No.408of2013 was filed by the      G
respondent submitting inter alia:-
        ;'The Plaintiff along with his Maternal grand-mother Mrs.
        Noorbanoo Mohammed Ali Tejani are in use, occupation and
        possession of the premises known as Tej Kunj, I" Floor, Plot
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134            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [20 I 7] I S.C.R.


A           No.214 D, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Road, Bandstand, Bandra (West),
            Mumbai 400050, hereinafter referred to as 'the suit
            premises' ....... The Defendant Nos. I, 2, 3 and 5 are the Paternal
            uncles of the Plaintiff's mother i.e. Mrs. Zeenat S. Jagani viz. the
            brothers of deceased father named Mohammed Ali H. Tejani (since
            deceased) and Defendant No.6, is a son of the Defendant No.5
B
            and Defendant No.4 is the sister of Defendants 1,2,3 and
            5 ....... Mohammed Ali H. Tejani (called the said Deceased) was
            a Co-owner along with. Defendant Nos. I to 5 in respect of a Plot
            of Land bearing Plot No.202-D, along with the building comprising
            of ground with one upper floor standing thereon and known as Tej
c           Kunj ........ The said deceased executed a Will dated 28•h
            September 1991 under which the deceased bequeathed his 1J7•h
            share in the plot of land in favour of the Defendant Nos. I to 5.
            The said Will is probated in the High CourtT & 1.J. Petition No.856
            of 2003 as perthe Prabate granted on 6'h December 2006."

D           The respondent-plaintiff then adverted to Will dated 28.09.1991
      and Clause 7 thereof in patticular. It was averred:-
            "The said .deceased during his life time resided along with his
            wife namely the said Smt. Noorbanoo Mohammed Ali Tejani and
            the family members on the entire First Floor of the said property
E           including the plaintiff herein. The said deceased died on 22"'
            March, 2003 and since then the said Noorbanoo Mohammed Ali
            Tejani and the plaintiff resided in the said flat."
            The respondent prayed; inter alia, for following reliefs:-
             "a) That this Hon 'ble Court be pleased to grant permanent order
F            and injunction restraining the defendants, their respective servants,
             agents and person or persons claiming through or under them
             from in any manner dispossessing the plaintiff from the suit
           - premises without following due process of law.·
            b) That pending hearing and final disposal of the above suit, this
G           Hon'ble Court be pleased to grant temporary order and injunction
            restraining the defendants, their respective servants, agents and
            person or persons claiming through or under them from in any
            manner dispossessing the plaintiff from the suit premises without
            following due process oflaw ......... "
H       4. By Will dated 28.09.1991 which was referred to by the respondent,
         BEHRAM TEJANI & ORS. v. AZEEM JAGANI                                 135
                [UDAY UMESH LALIT, J.]

the testator had appointed his brother Amirali Huseinali Tejani and his       A
daughter Zeenat Shafique Jagani as the executors and trustees. The
principal bequests made by the testatci~ in the Will were:
      "5. I give, devise and bequeath all types of investments and assets
      which a:re-·in the form or nature of moveables and which are in
      my own and beneficial name or my fou.r married daughters namely          B
      I) Mrs. N!1£reen I. Fazal, 2) Mrs. Zeenat S. Jagani, 3) Mrs.
      Shahnaz R. Butt and 4) Mrs. Tina D. Gai in equal shares.


      7. I own and hold undivided one half share right title and interest
      in the immovable property known as "Fatmabai Building' on Plot           c
      No. 115 at Nowroj i Hill Road No.2, Nowroj i Hill Estate, Bombay
      400 009, one seventh share right title and interest in 'Tej-Kunj"
      Building on Plot No. 96 at Nowroji Hill Road No.5, Bombay400
      009 and also one seventh share right title and in\erest in a small
      residential Building "A'' on Plot No.212-D (CTS No. B-764) at            D
      B.J. Road, Band Stand, Bandra, Bombay 400 050. I give devise
      and bequeath all my aforesaid fractional shares in the
      abovementioned immovable properties to my brother Amirali H.
      Tejani, Behram H. Tejani, Nasir H. Tejani and Feroze H. Tejani
      absolutely in equal shares. However, my brother Amirali 1-1. Tejani
      will administer the affairs of and deal with the aforesaid properties    E
      or any part thereof in his absolute discretion and as he deems tit
      and proper seeing to the prevailing conditions and circumstances.
      The 2"' floor flat in the aforesaid Building "A" at Bandra is in use
      and occupation of my brother Amirali and his family and they can
      continue to use,_ occupy and maintain the same *ithout ai1y question     F
      or disturbance and hindrance from anyone and so also the other
      co-owners thereof."
       5. As stated in the aforesaid suit, the Will was probated on
06.12.2006 in Petition No.856 of 2003 and one of the executors was
Zee1\at Shafique Jagani i.e. mother of the respondent. It appears that         G
the testator was residing o~ the first floor and after his death his wife
continued to be in occupation of said first floor. The respondent-plaintiff
asserted that he was also in use, occupation and possession of said first
floor alongwith his maternal grand-mother and thus prayed for aforesaid
reliefs in the suit. He also preferred Notice of Motion No.344 of2013
praying inter alia for grant of temporary injunction restraining the           H
136             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           (2017] 1 S.C.R.



A     defendants from dis-possessing the respondent- plaintiff from the suit
      premises without following due process of law.
             6. In the affidavit in reply filed on behalf of the defendant-
      appellants herein, it was submitted inter alia that after the death of the
      testator, the maternal grand-motherofthe respondent was merely allowed
B     to use and occupy the suit premises by the defendants out of love and
      sympathy without any fees or compensation; that the suit premises
      belonged to the defendants as co-owners; that the testator had bequeathed
      his right, title and interest in the building "Tej Kunj" to his four brothers
      namely defendants Nos.1, 2, 3 and 5 and that the plaintiff and his grand-
      mother were fully aware that no right, not even provision for residence
c     was created under the Will in her favour. It was further submitted:-
             "Nonetheless, out of sympathy, close blood relationship and out of
             filial love and affection, Mrs. Tejani has been allowed to use the
             suit premises. I say that since she has no right, title or interest in
             the suit premises she could have no rightto permit any other person
D            much less the Plaintiff to interfere with the ownership right of the
             cci'-owners. I say that it is on record that since the co-owners
             including myself came to learn that Mrs. Tejani is wrongfully and
             without any such authority from the Defendants allowing the
             members of Jagani family, the Defendants by their Advocates'
E            letter dated 12'" January, 2013 addressed to Mrs. Tejani pointed
             out her deliberate acts of commission and omission and called
             upon her not to interfere with the valuable rights of the defendants
             qua the suit premises. By the said letter, it was pointed out that
             Mrs. Tejani should not illegally deal with the said premises in any
             manner whatsoever as long as she is freely allowed to reside
F            therein and called upon here to let the Defendants know as to
             why and under what circumstances and under whose authority,
             she has been intermeddling with the absolute ownership rights of
             the defendants qua the suit premises and requested not to create
             any encumbrances of any nature whatsoever to the detriment of
G            the interests of the defendants. No reply has been sent to the said
              letter. It is thus evidentthat the members of Jagani family including
             Mrs. Zeenat Jagani or the Plaintiff could have no right in the suit
             premises."
             With the aforesaid averments the defendants-appellants opposed
H     grant of any interim relief.
         BEHRAM TEJANt& ORS. v. AZEEM JAGANI                                  137
                [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]

      7. Said Notice of Motion No.344 of 2013 was dismissed by                A
Bombay City Civil Court vide Order dated 29.04.2013. While rejecting
the prayer it was observed as under:-
      "lt is specific submission of defendant that Noorbanoo herself
      has no right in this premises. Only on sympathetic ground she is
      allowed to occupy the premises. If such is fact, when plaintiff is       B
      coming before Court claiming equitable relief like injunction, he
      has to prima facie show some rights to claim relief. If protection
      is asked for, one must clearly seek ascertaining his legal rights.
      Defendant has rightly pointed out that plaintiff is not submitting
      his legal right to possess the suit premises. He is merely claiming
      that he is residing with Noorbanoo and ifNoorbanoo herself is not
                                                                               c
      having right in the property, I am of the view that such type of
      protection cannot be granted in favour of plaintiff. Neither
      Noorbanoo is made party to the suit, nor there is sufficient material
      to indicate that Noorbanoo lias any legal right to allow plaintiff to
      reside with her in the suit property for and on behalf of her. I am      D
      of the view that there is no any substantial right made out on
      behalf of plaintiff to entitle him for such equitable relief like
      injunction."
        8. The order of dismissal ofNotice of Motion was challenged by
filiiigAppeal from Order No.15590 of2013 in the High Court of Bombay           E
which was allowed by judgment and Order dated 17.09.2013 and which
is presently under appeal. It was observed by the High Court in
Paragraphs 10 and 11 of its judgment as under:-
      "10.      The learned Judge, in view of the above position on
      record, wrong in rejecting the motion on a foundation of ownership       F
      of the Defendants, even by accepting the submission of the
      Defendants-Respondents that Mrs. Noorbanoo Mohammed Ali
      Tejani maternal grandmother herself has no right in the premises.
      The legal right of possession as even observed by the Supreme
      Court in a case of Rame Gowda (Supra) just cannot be the basis
      unless adjudicated, to overlook the "settled possession". The            G
      requirement is the_ physical possession of the property of the
      occupant/person like Appellant who is seeking th~ protection of
      his possession, though there is no claim and/or submission even
      made by the Appellant that he is the owner and/or right in the
      property in question at least in the present case. While deciding
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138            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           (2017) I S.C.R. ,



A           the possession right'OftheAppellant, the learned Judge has actually
            given finding against the maternal grandmother and decided even
            that she has no right to occupy the premises and therefore no
            question of pennitfing theAppellantto reside therein. The concept
            of "settled possession" cannot be equated with in all matters-
            "legal possession". It depends upon facts and circumstances of
B
            case, as recorded in the present case.
            11. The leaned Judge has committed an error by relying upon
            wrong footing of law that the possession can be granted only to
            the person who has a legal right to occupy the premises and no
            other one. In view of the reasons so given in above paragraphs,
c           the learned Judge has committed wrong even invoking the principle
            of equity against the Appellant-Plaintiff. Let the due course of
            law with a foundation to dispossess the person in possession of
            the premises be only after due trial. In view ofabove, I am inclined
            to observe that the order passed by the learned Judge deserves to
D           be interfered with, as it is against the settled principle of law with
            regard to the possession of the property. It is made clear that we
            are dealing with the protection of the possession of the premises
            and not ownership and /or title of Mrs. Noorbanoo Mohammed
            Ali Tejani maternal grandmother. All points are kept open, including
            the observations given by the earned Judge regarding ownership/
E           title of the maternal grandmother."
            9. Appearing for the defendants-appellants Mr. Dushyant Dave,
      learned Senior Advocate submitted that the High Court had erred in
      granting interim relief in favour of the respondent. He submitted that the
      reliance on Rame Gowda (Dead) by LRS. v. M. Varadappa
F     Naidu(Dead) by LRs. and An rs.' was completely erroneous; that the
      respondent, at best, was a relative staying with a gratuitous licensee;
      and that the case was covered by the decision of this Court in Maria
      Margarida Sequeira Fernandes and others v. Erasmo J"ck De
      Sequeira (De"d) tltrouf(lt LRS. '.Ms. lndu Malhotra, learned Senior
G     Advocate appearing for the plaintiff-respondent submitted that the
      respondent had been in settled possession and as such was entitled to
      protection. In her submission, the matter was fully covered by the decision
      of this Court in Rame Gowda (supra).

      1
        2004 c1i sec 769
H     ' 2012 (5) sec 310
          BEHRAM TEJANI & ORS. v. AZEEM JAGANI                                    139
                 [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]

       I 0. The Will adve11ed to in the plaint bequeathed the entire interest     A
that the testator had in the building in favour of his brothers. The Will
further appointed mother of the respondent as one of the executors and
trustees. It is not the case of the respondent that either he or his grand-
mother have any right independent of the Will or that the Will had
bequeathed any interest in respect of the premises in question in their
                                                                                  B
favour. In fact the suit does not claim any independent right either of his
grand-mother or of the respondent himself.
       11. Having· gone through the record, the submission of the
appellants that the grand-mother of the respondent though did not have
any right qua the premises was permitted to occupy purely out of love
and affection is not without merit. The status of the grand-mother is
                                                                                  c
thus of a gratuitous licensee and that of the respondent is purely of a
relative staying with such gratuitous licensee.
       12. Rame Gowda (supra) was a case in which two adjoining
owners were claiming independent right of ownership in respect of a
strip of land in between their holdings. That piece of land was in                D
possession of the plaintiff and as such while dealing with the controversy,
this Court held that a person in peaceful possession is entitled to retain
his possession. However, while dealing with the concept of "settled
possession" it was observed in paragraph 9 as under:
       "The "settled possession" must be (i) effective, (ii) undisturbed,          E
       and (iii) to the knowledge of the owner or without any attempt at
       concealment by the trespasser. The phrase ''settled possession"
       does not carry any special charm or magic in it; nor is it a ritualistic
       formula which can be confined in a straitjacket. An occupation of
       the property by a person as an agent or a servant acting at the             F
       instance of the owner will not amount to actual physical
       possession."
      13. The matter was further elaborated in subsequent decision of
this Court in Maria Margarida (Supra) as under:
       "97. Principles oflaw which emerge in this case are crystallized           G
       as under:
       ( 1) No one acquires title to the property if he or she was allowed
       to stay in the premises gratuitously. Even by long possession of
       years or decades such person would not acquire any right or interest
       in the said property.                                                      H
140            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2017] 1 S.C.R.


A           (2) Caretaker, watchman or servant can never acquire interest in
            the property irrespective of his long possession. The caretaker or
            servant has to give possession forthwith on demand.
            (3) The courts are not justified in protecting the possession ofa
            caretaker, servant or any person who was allowed to live in the
B           premises for some time either as a friend, relative, caretaker or
            as a servant.
            (4) The protection of the court can only be granted or extended to
            the person who has valid, subsisting rent agreement, lease ·
            agreement or license agreement in his favour.
            (5) The caretaker or agent holds property of the principal only on
c           behalf of the principal. He acquires no right or interest whatsoever
            for himself in such property irrespective of his long stay or
            possession."
             14. Thus, a person holding the premises gratuitously or in the
      capacity as a caretaker or a servant would not acquire any right or
D
      interest in the property and even long possession in that capacity would
      be ofno legal consequences. In the circumstances City Civil Court was
      right and justified in rejecting the prayer for interim injunction and that
      decision ought not to have been set aside by the High Court. We therefore,
      allow the appeal, set aside the judgment under appeal and restore the
E     Order dated 29.04.2013 passed by the Bombay City Civil Court in Notice
      of Motion No.344 of2013 in SuitNo.408 of2013.
             15. The matter having come up before this Court from an interim
      order and since themain suit itself is pending, any observations made by
      us shall not be taken as concluding the controversy and the merits of the
F     matter will be gone into by the Court at the appropriate stage without
      being influenced by any observations made by us.
              16. Contempt Petition (Civil) No.368 of2014 was filed by the
      appellants submitting inter alia that the interim order passed by this Court
      on 10.02.2014 was disobeyed by the respondent. No notice was issued
G     in this contempt petition. As we have decided the main matter no separate
      orders are called for in the contempt petition and the same stands disposed
      of.
             17. No order as to costs.
      Divya Pandey                                                 Appeal allowed.
H