BHARAT EARTH MOVERSversusCOMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, KARNATAKA

                         BHARAT EARTH MOVERS                                         A
                                        v.
           COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, KARNATAKA

                               AUGUST 9, 2000

    [S.P. BHARUCHA, R.C. LAHOTI AND N. SANTOSH HEGDE, JJ.]                           B

      Income Tax Act, 1961 : Section 37(/ ).

      Income Tax-Business liability-Deduction-Detennination of-AY 1978-
79-Comingent liability-Business liability had arisen in an accounting year
although the liability had to be quantified and discharged at a future date-         c
Held: Such a liability is not a contingent liability and has to be deducted in the
same accounting year in which it arose.

       Income Tax-Mercantile System of accounting-Contingent liability-
Business expenditure-Dedw:tion-AY 1978-79-Assessee-employer created a
fund to meet the liability in respect of encashment of earned leave/vacation
                                                                                     D
leave o.f its employees-Held : Such a liability is not a contingent liability and
is, therefore, deductible.

      Constitution of India, 1950: Article 144.
                                                               '
      Supreme Court directed /TAT to frame a supplementary statement   o.f case      E
based on books of accounts and other relevant records-Failure on part of
/TAT, in complience Supreme Court decided the case after culling out the facts
from the statement o.f case already .filed, which were not disputed-Failure of
/TAT to comply with its direction deplored by Supreme Court and expected that
/TAT would be more responsive and sensitive to its directions-Income Tax Act,        F
196/, S.258.

       The officers and staff of the appellant·assessee were entitled to en-
cash earned leave/vacation leave subject to a certain limit. The officers and
staff had the option of_ availing themselves of the accumulated leave or in
lieu of availing the leave apply for encashment whereupon they would be              G
paid salary for the period of leave earned but not availed.

      The appellant-assessee created a fund by making a provision for
meeting its liability arising on account of the accumulated earned/vacation
leave. In the assessment year 1978-79 the appellant-assessee set apart a
certain sum in a separate account as provisions for encashment of accrued            H
                                     295
    296                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS               [2000] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A   leave which was claimed as a deduction. However, the High Court held
    that the provision for accrued leave salary was a contingent liability and,
    therefore, was not a permissible deduction. The High Court further held
    that the liability would arise only if an employee applied for encashment or
    on his retirement or termination of service which were uncertain events.
    Hence this appeal.
B
          Allowing the appeal, this Court                                             •
           HELD : 1. If a business liability has definitely arisen in the account-
    ing year, the deduction should be allowed although the liability may have
    to be qualified and discharged at a future date. What should be certain is
c   the incurring of the liability. It should also be capable of being estimated
    with reasonable certainty though the actual quantification may not be
    possible. If these requirements are satisfied the liability is not a contingent
    one. The liability is in praesenti though it will be discharged at a future
    date. It does not make any difference if the future date on which the
D   liability shall have to be discharged is not certain. [299-B]

         Metal Box Company of India Ltd. v. Their Workmen, (1969) 73 ITR 53
    SC and Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. CIT, (1959) 37 ITR 1 SC, relied on.

           2.1. The orders of the authorities below and of the Income Tax
E   Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) did not indicate how the appellants operated
    the leave account and leave salary provision was made. To appreciate the
    facts correctly and in that light to settle the law the ITAT was directed to
    frame a supplementary statement of case based on books of accounts and
    other relevant contemporaneous records of the appellant which direction
    was to be complied with within a period of six months. After a lapse of
F   sixteen months the ITAT sought another six months' time to submit the
    supplementary statement of case which request, being unreasonable, was
    declined. Therefore, the necessary facts were cu!led out from the statement
    of case filed earlier by the assessee, the correctness of which were not
    disputed before the ITAT as well as before this Court, in order to decide
G   this appeal. [300-F-H; 301-C]

          2.2. Article 144 of the Constitution obliges all authorities, civil and
    judicial, in the territory of India to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
    Failure to comply with the directions of this Court by the ITAT has to be
    deplored. It is expected that the ITAT would be more responsive and more
H   sensitive to the directions of this Court. [301-B]
             BHARAT EARTH MOVERS v. C.I.T. [R.C. LAHOTI, J .]                 297
      CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 9271of1995.                      A

       From the Judgment and Order dated 7 .11.94 of the Karnataka High Court
in l.T.R.C. No. 57 of 1985.

      S.E. Dastur, P.J. Pardiwalla, K.P. Kumar and K.T. Anantharaman for
Mis. Lawyers Inn. for the Appellant.                                                  B
      K.N. Shukla and Ms. Sushma Suri for the Respondent.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      R.C. LAHOTI, J. Relevant to the assessment year 1978-1979 the fol-              C
lowing question of law was stated, at the instance of the Revenue, by the
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal for the opinion of the High Court of Karnataka
under Section 256 (1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 :-

         "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the provi-
         sion for meeting the liability for encashment of earned leave by the         D
         employee is an admissible deduction?"

       The appellant company has two sets of employees. One set of employees
is covered by Employees State Insurance Scheme and is generally known as
'staff'. The other set of employees not so covered is known generally as
'officers'. The company has floated beneficial schemes for its employees for          E
encashment of leave. The officers are entitled to earned leave calculated at the
rate of 2.5 days per month, i.e., 30 days per year. The staff (other than officers)
is entitled to vacation leave calculated at the rate of 1.5 days per month, i.e.,
18 days in a year. The earned leave can be accumulated upto 240 days maxi-
mum while the vacation leave can be accumulated upto 126 days maximum.                F
The earned leave/vacation leave can be encashed subject to the ceiling on
accumulation. The officers may at their option avail the accumulated leave or
in lieu of availing the leave apply for encashment whereupon they would be
paid salary for the period of leave earned but not availed. So does the scheme
extend facility of encashment to the staff in respect of vacation leave. Any
leave earned beyond the said ceiling limit of 240/126 days cannot be accumu-          G
lated and goes a waste. It can neither be availed nor encashed. The appellant
company has created a fund by making a provision for meeting its liability
arising on account of the accumulated earned/vacation leave. In the assessment
year 1978-1979 an amount of Rs.62,25,483 was set apart in a se11arate account
as provision for encashment of accrued leave. It was claimed as a deduction.          H
    298                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [2000) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   In the opinion of the Tribunal the assessee was entitled to such deduction. The
    High Court has formed a different opinion and held that the provision f(>r
    accrued leave salary was a contingent liability and therefore was not a permis-
    sible deduction. The reasoning applied by the High Court is that the liability
    will arise only if an employee may not go on leave and instead apply for
    encashment. If the employee avails the leave as per his entitlement, then he
B
    would be paid salary for the period of leave and liability for encashment would
    not arise. The other event on the occurrence of which the employee may stake
    his claim is termination or retirement which again is an uncertainty. Accord-
    ingly the High Court has answered the question in the negative, that is, in
    favour of the Revenue and against the assessee. The assessee has come up in
c   appeal.

            Shri S.E. Dastur, the learned senior advocate for the appellant company
    has submitted that the liability is a certainty. Provision is made for meeting the
    liability to the extent of entitlement of the officers and staff to accumulate
    earned/vacation leave subject to the ceiling limit of 240/126 days as may be
D   applicable. Having accumulated leave in a particular year, in the succeeding
    year the employee may either avail the leave or apply for its encashment. If
    he avails the leave then additional provision for encashment is not made in the
    reserve account. However, if he does not avail the leave and instead chooses
    to encash his entitlement, he becomes entitled to an additional number of days
E   as accumulated leave. For example, having rendered service for 365 days in
    the year 'A' an officer becomes entitled to avail leave for 30 days in the
    succeeding year 'B', provision in the leave reserve account is made in the year
     'A' for payment of an amount equivalent to 30 days salary so as to meet the
    claim for encashment. If he chooses to encash the leave and renders service for
    full 365 days in the year 'B', then the amount transferred to reserve is paid to
F
    him and in view of his having earned again the next entitlement for 30 days
    leave, provision is made therefor by transferring the appropriate amount in the
    reserve account. If he avails the leave then he is paid the leave salary. The leave
    salary is paid from the reserve. Whether the amount is paid as salary by
    drawing upon from the current year's P&L Account or from the reserve, it
G    would not make any difference in practice as there would be no double pay-
     ment and hence no double claim for deduction. In either case the liability is
     certain though the period in which the liability would be incurred is not certain
     inasmuch as the leave encashment can be sought for by the employee either
     during the years of service or at the end of the service. Subject to the ceiling
H    every employee would either avail the leave or seek encashment and therefore
             BHARAT EARTH MOVERS v. C.I.T. [R.C. LAHOTI, J .]                  299
the liability is a certainty; it cannot be called a contingent liability. We find      A
substance in the submission of the learned senior counsel for the appellant.

        The law is settled: if a business liability has definitely arisen in the
accounting year, the deduction should be allowed although the liability may
have to be quantified and discharged at a future date. What should be certain
is the incurring of the liability. It should also be capable of being estimated with   B
reasonable certainty though the actual quantification may not be possible. If
these requirements are satisfied the liability is not a contingent one. The
liability is in praesenti though it will be discharged at a future date. It does not
make any difference if the future date on which the liability shall have to be
discharged is not certain.                                                             C
       In Metal Box Company of India Ltd. v. Their Workmen, (1969) 73 ITR
53 the appellant company estimated its liability under two gratuity schemes
framed by the company and the amount of liability was deducted from the gross
receipts in the P&L account. The compJny had worked out on an actuarial
valuation its estimated liability and made provision for such liability not all at     D
once but spread over a number of years. The practice followed by the company
was that every year the company worked out the additional liability incurred
by it on the employees putting in every additional year of service. The gratuity
was payable on the termination of an employee's service either due to retire-
ment, death or termination of service - the exact time of occurrence of the latter
two events being not determinable with exactitude before hand. A few prin-
                                                                                       E
ciples were laid down by this court, the relevant of which for our purpose are
extracted and reproduced as under :-

(i) For an assessee maintaining his accounts on mercantile system, a liability
already accrued, though to be discharged at a future date, would be a proper
                                                                                       F
deduction while working out the profits and gains of his business, regard being
had to the accepted principles of commercial practice and accountancy. It is not
as if such deduction is permissible only in case of amounts actually expended
or paid;

(ii) Just as receipts, though not actual receipts but accrued due are brought in       G
for income-tax ass·essment, so also liabilities accrued due would be taken into
account while working out the profits and gains of the business;

(iii) A condition subsequent, the fulfillment of which may result in the reduc-
tion or even extinction of the liability, would not have the effect of converting
that liability into a contingent liability;                                            H
     300                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [2000] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
'A   (iv) A trader computing his taxable profits for a particular year may properly
     deduct not only the payments actually made to his employees but also the
     present value of any payments in respect of their services in that year to be
     made in a subsequent year if it can be satisfactorily estimated.

            So is the view taken in Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of lncome-
 B   Tax, West Bengal, (1959) 37 ITR l wherein this court has held that the liability
     on the assessee having been imported, the liability would be an accrued liability
     and would not convert into a conditional one merely because the liability was
     to be discharged at a future date. There may be some difficulty in the estimation
     thereof but that would not convert the accrued liability into a conditional one;
 c   it was always open to the tax authorities concerned to arrive at a proper estimate
     of the liability having regard to all the circumstances of the case.

             Applying the above-said settled principles to the facts of the case at hand
     we are satisfied that provision made by the appellant company for meeting the
     liability incurred by it under the leave encashment scheme proportionate with
 D   the entitlement earned by employees of the company, inclusive of the officers
     and the staff, subject to the ceiling on accumulation as applicable on the
     relevant date, is entitled to deduction out of the gross receipts for the account-
     ing year during which the provision is made for the liability. The liability is
     not a contingent liability. The High Court was not right in taking the view to
 E   the contrary.

             The appeal is allowed. The judgment under appeal is set aside. The
     question referred by the Tribunal to the High Court is answered in the affirma-
     tive, i.e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue.

 F          Before parting we would like to observe that when this appeal came up
     for hearing on 24.3.1999 we felt some difficulty in proceeding to answer the
     question arising for decision because the orders of the authorities below and         ,..
     of the Tribunal did not indicate how the leave account was operated by the
     appellants and leave salary provision was made. To appreciate the facts cor-
     rectly and in that light to settle the law we had directed the Income Tax
 G   Appell<1te Tribunal to frame a supplementary statement of case based on books
     of <1ccount and other relevant contemporaneous records of the appellant which
     direction was to be complied with within a period of six months. The hearing
     was adjourned sine die. After a lapse of sixteen months the matter was listed
     before the court on 20.7.2000. The only communication received by this court
 H   from the Tribunal was a letter dated 20th June, 2000 asking for another six
             BHARAT EARTH MOVERS v. C.l.T. [R.C. LAHOTI, J .]               301
months time to submit the supplementary statement of case which prayer being        A
unreasonable, was declined. Under Section 258 of the Income Tax Act, 196!,
the High Court or the Supreme Court have been empowered to call for sup-
plementary statement of case when they find the one already before it not
satisfactory. Article 144 of the Constitution obliges all authorities, civil and
judi,:_;, in the territory of India to act in aid of Supreme Court. Failure to
                                                                                    B
 ;omply with the directions of this court by the Tribunal has to be deplored. We
expect the Tribunal to be more responsive and more sensitive to the directions
of this Court. We leave this aspect in this case by making only this observation.

      We have culled out the necessary facts stated in the earlier part of this
judgment from the statement of facts filed by the assessee appellant before the     C
Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal. The correctness of the requisite factual infor-
mation relating to the leave encashment scheme, as stated in the said statement,
does not appear to have been disputed before the Tribunal and was not disputed
before this court too.

v.s.s.                                                         Appeal allowed.      D