BISHUNDEO NARAIN RAI (DEAD) BY LRS.versusANMOL DEVI AND ORS.

A               BISHUNDEO NARAIN RAI (DEAD) BY LRS.
                                v.
                       ANMOL DEVI AND ORS.

                                 AUGUST 20, 1998

B         (K. VENKATASWAMI AND SYED SHAH MOHAMMED
                          QUADRI, JJ.]

          Transfer of Property Act, 1882 : Sections 8 and 54.

C         Immovable property-Sale of-Sale deed-Constmction of-Execution
    and Registration-Ownership and interest-Title to purchasers-Passing
    of-Held, on execution and registration of sale deed of immovable property
    of Rs. JOO and mere ownership, all interest and title in the prope1ty passes to
    the purchaser unless contrmy intention is expressed in the sale deed--Recitals
    in the sale deed do not show any rese1vation regarding passing of title to the
D   purclwse1~Default and delay in payment of m01tgage money cannot be
    constnted as non-payment of sale consideration-Non-delive1y of registration
    receipt by vendor to purchaser does not indicate an intention to imerdict
    passing of title to lhe purchase1~Evidence Act, 1872, S.92.

E         The appellants-plaintiffs, the first purchaser purchased a piece of
    land from the Vendors, respondents-defendants under a registered· sale
    deed. The sale deed stipulated that the respondents sold the property for
    a sale consideration of Rs. 15,000 out of which a sum of Rs. 6,249 was kept
    in deposit with the appellants as being payable to the mortgagees, a sum
    of Rs. 516 which was due by the respondents to the appellants to be
F   adjusted against the sale consideration and a sum of Rs. 8,235 was to be
    paid in cash to the respondents; that the appellants were to keep lhe
    documents clearing the debt with themselves along with the' sale deed and
    that the respondents had put the appellants in possession and occupation
    of the property.
G         The vendors respondents cancelled the said sale deed and executed
    a second sale deed in favour of subsequent purchasers on the grounds that
    out of the sale consideration a sum of Rs. 3,235 remained unpaid; that the
    mortgage was not redeemed and. that the registration receipt was retained
    by the respondents and so it was manifest that the intention of the parties
H   was that the title would not pass to the purchaser on execution and
                                           66
                BISI-IUNDEO NARAIN RA! v. ANMOL DEVI                        67

  registration of the sale deed.                                                  A
       Being aggrieved the appellants filed the suit against the vendors
 respondents praying for a declaration that the deed cancelling his sale deed
 and the subsequent sale deed are illegal and void and for a decree against
 the vendor to deliver to hill)- the original sale deed executed in his favour.
 The trial court found that a sum of Rs. 3,235 remained unpaid and per-           B
 mitted the appellants to redeem the mortgage and decree the suit. The
 appellants had deposited the mortgage amount and redeemed the
 mortgage. In appeal, the High Court found that only a sum of Rs. 235
 remained unpaid which was also deposited in court and thus the entire sale
 consideration was paid by the appellants. However, the High Court held           C
 that the title in the property sold did not pass to the appellants as the
 registration receipt was kept with the vendors-respondents and set aside
 the judgment of the trial Court. Hence this appeal.

       Allowing the appeal, the Court
                                                                                  D
         HELD : 1. A combined reading of Sections 8 and 54 of the Transfer
  of Property Act, 1882, suggests that though on execution and registration
  of a sale deed, the ownership title and all interests in the property pass to
  the transferee, yet that would be on the terms and conditions embodied in
  the deed indicating the intention of the parties. It follows that on execution . E
  and registration of a sale deed, the ownership title and all interests in the
  property pass to the purchaser unless a different intention is either ex-
  pressed or necessarily implied "."hich has to be proved by the party assert-
  ing that title has not passedpn registration ofthe sale deed. Such intention
  can be gathered by intrinsic evidence, namely, from the averments in the
. sale deed itself or by other attending circumstances subject, of course, to F
  the provisions of Section 92 of the Evidence Act, 1872. [72-D-F]

        2. It appears that in the State of Bihar a practice is prevalent that
 when whole or part of sale consideration is due or any other obligation is
 undertaken by the vendee then on execution and registration of the sale
 deed by the vendor, title to the property, the subject-matter of sale, does not G
 pass 'ta khubzul Badlain', that is, until there is 'exchange of equivalent' and
 in such a case registration receipt is retained by the vendor, which on
 payment of consideration due or on fulfilment of the obligation by the
 vendee is endorsed in his favour or where the sale deed has been received
 by the vendor then the sale deed is delivered to the vendee. Even so, this H
    68                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A only shows that such agreements are common in that part of the country
    but it is essentially a matter of intention of the parties which has to be
    gathered from the attending circumstances, subject to the provisions of
    Section 92 of the Evidence Act, 1872. [74-E-G]

            3. In the instant case it was found by the High Court that the appel-
B !ants paid the entire sale consideration. On construction of the first sale
  deed it is found that the recitals thereof are unambiguous and that the
  parties have expressed no intention that unless the mortgage amount is
  paid, the title to the suit property will not pass to the vendee. The only
  ground that remains is non-delivery of the registration receipt by the ven-
C dors to the appellants which appears to be due to subsequent develop-
  ments, namely, execution of deed of cancellation of the. first sale deed and
  execution of the second sale deed; this cannot be said to indicate an inten-
  tion which interdicts passing of title to the appellants under the first sale
  deed. The trial court on interpretation of the first sale deed rightly came to
  the conclusion that title in the suit property passed on to the appellants on
D execution and registration of the first sale deed; reversing of that finding
  by the High Court is unsustainable. [75-E-F]

          Shiva Narayan Sah v. Baidya Nath Prasad Tiwari, AIR (1973) Pat 383;
    Ka1nta Prasad v. Lac/uni Sah, AIR (1929) Pat 550; Umeshwar Prasad Sinha
    v. Dwmika Prasad, AIR 31 (1944) Pat 5; Sarjug Saran Singh v. Ramcharitar
E   Singh, (1968) 16 BLJR 74 and Ramchandra Bihmilal Firm v.Mathuramohan
    Naik, AIR (1964) Ori 239, approved.

         Panchoo Sahu v.lanki Mandar, AIR (1952) Pat 263 and Hara Bewa v.
    Banchanidhi Barik, AIR (1957) Ori 243, held inapplicable.

F           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1786 of
    1980.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 12.5.80 of the Patna High Court
    in F.A. No. 68 of 1969.

G           S.B. Sanyal, S.K. Sinha and R.S. Singh for the Appellants.

         Ms. Abba R. Sharma, R.P. Singh and Ms. Ritu Singh for the Respon-
    dent Nos. 1-5.

            Rakesh Dwivedi, L.R. Singh and Amitesh Kumar for the Respondent
H Nos. 7-8 and 11-12.
       BISHUNDEO NARAIN RA! v. ANMOLDEVI [QUADRI,J.]                         69

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                   A
     QUADRI, J. This appeal raises the question: whether on the facts
and in the circumstances of the case, sale deed dated April 30, 1963
(Exhibit -C) executed by the first defendant group in favour of the plaintiffs
conveyed absolute title to and interest in the suit property.
                                                                                   B
      The facts which give rise to this question may be not.iced here.

      The plaintiffs (Predecessors-in-interest of the appellants, hereinafter
referred to as 'the first purchasers') purchased land measuring 9 bighas 17
kathas and 12 dhoors, (hereinafter referred to as 'the suit property') from
Defendant No. 1 as Karla of H.U.F. and its members (predecessors-in-in-            c
terest of Respondents 6,7,9, 10 and 11; hereinafter referred to as 'the
vend<m') under the registered sale deed dated April 30, 1963 (Exhibit-C).
On the alleged ground of the first purchasers not paying the entire con-
sideration amount the vendors by a registered document dated June 19,
1963, Exhibit-H, purported to cancel Exhibit-C, and on July 8, 1963 ex-            D
ecuted a second sale deed, Exhibit C/l, in favour of respondents 1 lo 5
(hereinafter referred to as 'the second purchasers'). Coming to know of
these facts, the first purchasers filed Title Suit No. 64/63 in the court of the
Subordinate Judge, Samastipur, District Darbhanga. They claimed that
under the sale deed dated April 30, 1963, Exhibit-C, they purchased the
suit property for valuable consideration, and acquired absolute title there-
                                                                                   E
under and that out of sale consideration, only a sum of Rs. 235 remained
to be paid, which they deposited in the court to the credit of the vendors
along with the plaint; that Exhibits H and C/1 were illegal, ineffective and
not binding on the first purchasers. They prayed that the said Exhibits H
and C/1 be declared illegal, invalid and not binding on them, decree be            F
granted against the vendors to deliver the original sale deed dated April
30, 1963 and against the mortgagees for redemption of suit property.

      The vendors resisted the suit; in their written statement it was
pleaded that the parties agreed that if the first purchasers did not pay the
entire amount of consideration, they would not get title or possession of          G
the suit property; the total sale consideration was Rs. 15,000 , out of which
Rs. 6,249 were kept in deposit as being payable to the mortgagees under
Sudhbharna bond dated July 29, 1946, Rs. 516 were set off, being the
amount payable to the first purchasers by the vendors, and that the balance
consideration of Rs. 8,235 was agreed to be paid in cash to the vendors on         H
    70                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1998] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the date of registration. But the first purchasers paid only Rs. 5,000 in the
    presence of the Registrar and promised to pay the balance of Rs. 3,235
    later; the registration receipt was kept with the vendors to be endorsed in
    favour of the first purchasers at the time of payment of the said amount.
    However, neither sudhbharna bond amount of Rs. 6,249 was paid to the
    mortgagees nor did the first purchasers endeavour to redeem the mortgage
B   nor paid the balance of consideration of Rs. 3,235 to the vendors, therefore,
    the vendors cancelled the sale deed Exhibit- C by executing Exhibits H on
    June 19, 1963 and sold the suit property in favour of the second purchasers
    under registered sale deed on July 8, 1963 (Exhibit C/1).

C         The mortgagees by filing a separate written statement supported the
    case of the vendors.

          On these pleadings, the parties went on trial on the following, among
    other issues:,

D           "Issue No. 4: Whether the plaintiffs derived a good title to the suit
            property under sale deed dated 30.4.1963 executed by defendants
            first party or whether that sale deed for want of payment of
            consideration was fraudulent and nominal one.

             Issue No. 5: Whether sale deed dated 8.7. 1963 was true and
E            binding on the parties.

             Issue No. 6.: Whether the plaintiffs arc entitled to decree to this
             effect that iri precedence of the sale deed dated 30th March, 1963,
             the other sale deed dated 8th July, 1963 is invalid, ineffective and
F            not binding on the parties."

        On consideration of oral and documentary evidence, the trial court
  held: (i) on execution of the sale deed, Exhibits C, title to the suit property
  had passed in favour of the first purchasers; (ii) the plea of payment of Rs.
  3000 , part of the sale consideration by the first purchasers, was not true;
G and (iii) the first purchasers were liable to pay Rs. 3,235 to the vendors;
  and (iv) permitted the first purchasers to deposit of 'bharna dues' and
  redeem the mortgage within three months from the date of the decree and
  decreed the suit accordingly on December 20, 1968. It is not in dispute that
  the first purchasers have deposited the mortgage amount and redeemed
H the mortgage. The mortgagee is no longer in the picture.
       BISHUNDEO NARAIN RAI v. ANMOL DEVI (QUADRI,J.]                      71

       Aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the trial court, the vendors      A
and the second purchasers filed Appeal from Original Decree No. 68/69
in the High Court of Patna: A Division Bench of the Patna High Court on
re-appraisal of the evidence on record believed payment of Rs. 3,000 under
Exhibit -6 by the first purchasers and in that it reversed the findings of the
trial court; however, it came to the conclusion that tht major consideration
had not been paid to the vendors; that there was agreement between the
                                                                                 B
parties that title would pass only on payment of full consideration and so
the registration receipt was kept with the vendors. In that view of the
matter it set aside the judgment and decree of the trial court and allowed
the appeal on May 12, 1980. It is from that judgment and decree of the
High Court, this appeal arises.                                                  c
      Mr. S. B. Sanyal, the learned senior counsel for the appellants, has
submitted that under sale deed Exhibit- C, absolute title to the suit proper-
ty was conveyed to the first purchasers and that the entire sale considera-
tion was paid, except a paltry sum of Rs. 235 which was refused to be            D
accepted by the vendors and was deposited in court; the intention of the
parties was to convey the property absolutely and that there is no contra-
stipulation in the sale deed; mere retention of registration receipt would
not show any contra-intention as such execution of Exhibit-H and Exhibit-
C/1 was wholly illegal and they conveyed no title to the second purchasers.
He added that even if any part of consideration remained unpaid, the             E
remedy of the vendors was under Section 54 ( 4)(b) of the Transfer of
property Act.

       Mr. Rakesh Dwivedi, the learned senior counsel appearing for the
contesting respondents, invited our attention to the averments in para-4 of F
the plaint to support this contention that the intention of the parties was
that the title would not pass to the first purchasers immediately on the
execution and registration of the sale deed but would pass only on 'ex-
change of equivalent', namely, on handing over registration receipt by
vendors after payment of (a) Rs. 3, 235 by the first purchasers to Defendant
No.1, and (b) Rs. 6, 249 to the mortgagees; as the first purchasers neither G
paid Rs. 3235 nor redeemed the mortgage nor deposited the sudhbharna
bond money in the court along with the plaint thus the consideration
remained unpaid. On this premise he argued that the High Court had
rightly held that there was stipulation between the parties that the title
would pass on payment of full consideration which not having been done, H
    72                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the plaintiffs got no title to the suit property.
         Ms.· Abba Sharma, the learned counsel appearing for the second
    purchasers, adopted the argument of Mr. Dwivedi.

          Apropos the question noted above, a reference to Section 54 of the
B Transfer of Property Act will be apposite. While defining 'Sale', Section 54
  sets out how sale is made. Sale is defined to mean a transfer of ownership
  in exchange for price paid or promised or part paid or part promised; it
  says, inter alia, in case of tangible immovable property of value of Rs. 100
  and upward or in case of a reversion or other tangible things, sale can be
C made only by a registered instrument. Section 8 of the Transfer of Property
  Act declares that on a transfer of property all the interests which the
  transferor has or is having at that time, capable of passing in the property
  and in the legal incidence thereof, pass on such a transfer unless a different
  intention is expressed or necessarily implied. A combined reading of
  Section 8 and Section 54 of the transfer of property Act suggests that
D though on execution and registration of a sale deed, the ownership and all
  interests in the property pass to the transferee, yet that would be on terms
  and conditions embodied in the deed indicating the intention of the parties.
  It follows that on execution and registration of a sale deed, the ownership
  title and all interests in the property pass to the purchaser unless a
E different intention is either expressed or necessarily implied which has
  to be proved by the party asserting that title has not passed on registra-
  tion of the sale deed. Such intention can be gathered by intrinsic
  evidence, namely, from the averments in the sale deed itself or by other
  attending circumstances subject, of course, to the provisions of Section 92
  of the Evidence Act.
F
          To ascertain the intention of the parties in this case, we shall read
    here the relevant 'portion of Exhibit-C :

             "Whereas, we the executants stand in need of Rs. 6,249 (Rupees
             six thousand and two hundred forty nine) under a registered
G            Sudhbharna bond dated 29.7.46 due to Babu Damodar Rai and
             Babu Rameshar Rai residents of Shakarpura and also Rs. 516 (Five
             hundred Sixteen) on calculation of account due to the claimant.
             Further at present I stand in need of Rs. 8,235 (Eight thousand
             two hundred thirty five) for making payments to petty creditors
H            and also for purchase of bullocks, cultivation work and legal
     B!SHUNDEO NARAIN RAJ v. ANMOL DEVI [QUADRI,J.]                      73

      necessities. But there is no way out to arrange for the money            A
      without selling the above· mentioned land. Hence, we the ex-
      ecutants of our own accord and free will, in the sound state of
      body and mind, without pressure and undue influence and instiga-
      tion on the part of others absolutely sold and vended the properties
      mentioned in column No. 5, possessed by us, for a price mentioned
      in column No.4, to the vendees namely, Babu Brahamdeo Narain
                                                                               B
      Rai and others, the purchasers, mentioned in column No.2. We
      have left in deposit with the said vendees a sum of Rs. 6,249 out
      of the consideration money. They should pay the Sudbharna money
      through themselves and keep the document with themselves along
      with the sale deed. We set of Rs. 516 (Rupees five hundred sixteen)      c
      to the said vendees and they shall meet the aforesaid necessities
      and we put the said vendees in possession and occupation of the
      properties vended hereunder. It is desired that the said vendees
      should enter into and remain possession and occupation of the
      properties vended hereunder and get their names recorded in the          D
      office of the State of Bihar through the Hasanpur Anchal. They
      should continue to appropriate the produce on payment of rent to
      the landlord.

    A plain reading of the recitals extracted above, shows that:
                                                                               E
      (1) The vendors sold and vended the property mentioned m
          Column-5 (the suit property) for consideration mentioned in
          Column-4 (Rs. 15,000 ) which was specified as follows:

           '(i)    a sum of Rs. 6,249 to be kept in deposit with the vendees
                   for paying the 'sudhbharna bond money' due to Babu          F

-          (ii)
                   Damodar Rai and Babu Ramchander Rai of Shakar-
                   pura;

                   a sum of Rs. 516 which was due by the vendors to the
                   first purchasers to be adjusted as part of the sale
                   consideration; and
                                                                               G

           (iii)   a sum of Rs. 8,235 to be paid in cash to the vendors.'

      (2) The vendees were to keep the documents clearing the debt
          with themselves along with the sale deed;                            H
    74                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1998] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A            (3) The vendors had put the vendees in possession and occupa-
                 tion of the property stating that they should enter and remain
                 in possession and occupation of the property vended there-
                 under;

             ( 4) The vendees may get their names recorded in the office of
B                 the State of Bihar, through the Hasanpur Anchal; and

             (5) The vendees should continue to appropriate the produce on
                 payment of rent to their landlord.

           These averments unmistakably indicate conveying of title to the
C   property absolutely for consideration as outlined; by virtue of the sale the
    purchasers were put in possession of the property conveyed, became
    entitled to the custody of the sale deed and other documents and enjoy-
    ment of the property by them. These factors satisfy all the requirements of
    absolute sale. No recital in Exhibit-C is brought to our notice to indicate
D   any contra- intention. What is, however, argued is that out of the considera-
    tion, a sum of Rs. 3,235 remained unpaid; that the mortgage loan under
    'Sudhbarna bond dated 29.7.1946' was not discharged and that the registra-
    tion receipt was retained by the vendors so it is manifest that the intention
    of the parties was that the title would not pass to the purchaser on
E   execution and registration of Exhibit-C. We are not impressed by this
    submission. It appears that in the State of Bihar a practice is prevalent that
    when whole or part of sale consideration is due or any other obligation is
    undertaken by the vendee then on execution and registration of the sale
    deed by the vendor title to the property, subject matter of sale, does not
    pass 'Ta Khubzul Badlain', that is, Until there is 'exchange of equivalent'
F   and in such a case registration receipt is retained by the vendor, which on
    payment of consideration due or on fulfillment of the obligation by the
    vendee is endorsed in his favour or if the sale deed has already been
    received by the vendor then the sale deed is delivered to the vendee. Even
    so, this only shows that such agreement are common in that part of the
G   country but it is essentially a matter of intention of the parties which has
    to be gathered from the document itself but if the document is ambiguous
    then from the attending circumstances, subject to the provisions of Section
    92 of the Evidence Act.

          We have already referred to the findings of the courts below. Al-
H though the trial court found that Rs. 3,000 , a part of the consideration,
      BISHUNDEO NARAIN RAI v. ANMOL DEVI [QUADRI,J.]                   75

was not paid, the High Court relying upon receipt, Exhibit-6, held that it A
was paid on May 5, 1963, as claimed by the first purchasers; the balance
of consideration of Rs. 235 was admittedly deposited by the first purchasers
in court. Thus, the entire consideration was paid by the first purchasers.
Further, the High Court expressed the view that not depositing the
Sudhbharna bond amount of Rs. 6,249 in court would be fatal to the case , B
of the first purchasers. That view is contrary to the judgment of a Division
Bench of the Patna High Court in Shiva Narayan Sah & Ors. v. Baidya Nath
Prasad Tiwary & Ors. AIR (1973) Patna 383. We are in agreement with the
opinion of the Patna High Court in Shiva Narayan Sah's case that deposit-
ing the mortgage amount in court is one of the three ways available to the
mortgagor before filing a redemption suit and that he was free to choose    c
any mode; non-deposit of the mortgage money was not fatal to the suit.
Further, as the first purchasers had deposited that amount in terms of the
decree of the trial court, this point is not available to the vendors. There-
fore, on that ground, it cannot be said that part· of the consideration was
not paid. In any event, as sale of suit property under Exhibit-C was subject D
to mortgage, it was for the vendee lo discharge the mortgage debt so any
default or delay in payment the said amount cannot be construed as
non-payment of consideration. On construction of Exhibit-C, we find that
the recitals thereof are unambiguous and that the parties have expressed
no intention that unless the Sudhbharna bond amount is paid, the title to
the suit property will not pass to the vendee. The only ground that remains E
is non-delivery of the registration receipt by the vendors to the first
purchasers which appears to be due to subsequent developments, namely,
execution of Exhibit -H and Exhibit - C/1, so it cannot be said to indicate
an intention which interdicts passing of title to the first purchasers under
Exhibit-C. We may observe that it was not open to the vendors to F
unilaterally cancel Exhibit-C by executing Exhibit-H. The trial court on
interpretation of Exhibit-C came to the conclusion, in our view rightly, that
title to the suit property passed on to the first purchasers on execution and
registration of Exhibit-C, but the High Court reversed that finding for
reasons which, as pointed out by us, are unsustainable.
                                                                            G
      In Panchoo Sahu v. Janki Ma11dar & Ors., AIR 1952 Patna 263, a
Division Bench of the Patna High Court found that there was a recital in
the sale deed which indicated that the title would pass only on payment of
the entire consideration. So that was the case where intention of the parties
was reflected in the sale deed itself. So also in Hara Bewa & Ors. v. H
        76                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

    A Banchanidhi Barik & Ors., AIR (1957) Orissa 243, a Division Bench of the
        Orissa High Court found that the recitals in the sale deed were indecisive
•
        and ambiguous, therefore, the court took into consideration the surround-
        ing circumstances including the fact of the custody of the document with
        the vendor and held on the facts and circumstances of that case that the
    B   intention of the parties to the first sale deed was that the vendee would not
        get title on the basis of the sale deed unless the consideration was paid.

              The learned counsel for the parties invited our attention to the
        following judgments of the Patna High Court viz., Kamta Prasad v. Lachmi
        Sah & Ors., AIR (1929) Patna 550; Umeshwar Prasad Sinha v. Dwarika
    C   Prasad, AIR 31 (1944) Patna 5; Sarjug Saran Singh v. Ramcharitar Singh
        (1968) 16 Bihar Law Journal Report 74); Shiva Narayan Sah & Ors. v.
        Baidya Nath Prasad Tiwary & Ors., AIR (1973) Patna 386; and the Judg-
        ment of the Orissa High Court in Ramchandra Bihari/al Firm v.
        Mathuramohan Naik & Ors., AIR (1964) Orissa 239. We have gone through
        those judgments and found that they are in conformity with the view
    D   expressed by us hereinabove.

              In the result, we set aside the judgment and decree of the High Court
        under appeal to the extent indicated above, decree the suit of the first
        purchasers (plaintiffs) as prayed for and allow this appeal accordingly. The
    E   costs of the appellants in this appeal should be borne by the Respondents
        Nos. 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11.

        V.S.S.                                                      Appeal allowed.