Supreme Court of India
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS.versusM. PALANIAPPAN & ORS.
- Citation
- 2008 INSC 1477
- Decided
- 18 December 2008
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- TARUN CHATTERJEE
Holding
The temples are public in nature; the appellants failed to prove they are private, and the Board is authorized to declare a temple public.
Summary
The appellants claimed that three temples built by their ancestor before 1890 were private family temples and sought a declaration to that effect. The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Board appointed non‑hereditary trustees, prompting the appellants' mother to file a writ petition, which was dismissed, and a subsequent suit in which the trial court and the Madras High Court held the temples to be public. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the Board was empowered to declare a temple public and who bore the burden of proof. Relying on statutory provisions and extensive case law, the Court held that the Board may declare a temple public and that the appellants failed to produce evidence showing the temples were private, such as exclusive family ownership, lack of public worship, or private land status. Consequently, the Court affirmed the lower courts' findings that the temples are public in nature and dismissed the appeal.
Issues considered
- Whether the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959 empowers the Board to declare a temple public.
- Whether the burden of proving a temple's private character lies on the claimants.
- Whether the evidence establishes the temples as private or public in nature.
Legislation cited
Subjects
private templepublic templeHindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Acttrusts and charitiesburden of proofdeclaration of statusboard of trusteestemple management
Judgment
[2008] 17 S.C.R. 1140
A C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS.
v.
M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS.
~~
(Civil Appeal No. 993 of 2002) "
DECEMBER, 18, 2008
B
[TARUN CHATTERJEE AND AFTAB ALAM, JJ]
Trusts and Charities:
Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments \_
c Act, 1959 - Temples, private in nature or dedicated to public
- Determination of - Case of appellant's family that temples
built by their ancestors out of their own fund and in their own
management - Declaration sought that said temples were
private temples and not public temples - Rejected by Board
- Courts below holding temples as public temples -
D
Interference with - Held: Not called for - Courts below on
entire consideration of the materials on record held that the
temples are public in nature - There was participation of
members of public in darshan in the temple and in daily acts I
of worship or in celebrations of festive occasions - Appellants
E failed to prove successfully that temples were private in nature.
It is the appellant's case that in the year 1890, their
ancestor EL constructed three temples out of his own
f'lnds. Throughout, the said ~emples were treated as their
private temples and were virtually in their management.
F The members of the public never had any right to offer
wo.rship in the temples and the deities were never
dedicated to the public. In 1965, appellant's mother
. received a letter from three persons, appointed as non-
hereditary trustees of the said temples by Hindu
G Religious and Charitable Endowments Board to hand
over the property and records of the temples. The mother
filed writ petition for quashing the order of appointment
of non-hereditary trustees of the said temples. High Court
)
directed the mother to file appropriate application before
1140
H
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS. v. M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS. 1141
the Board for declaration of said temples as private A
temples of the appellant's family. Mother filed an, .
application which was dismissed. Aggrieved, appellant
filed a suit. Trial court held that the said temples are
public temples. High Court upheld the order. Hence the
present appeal. B
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD:1.1. In the instant ·case, all the Courts below,
on entire consideration of the materials on record, had '
held that the temples in question are public in nature, and
the appellants had failed to prove successfully that the ' C
same were private in nature. There is no infirmity in the
findings of the High Court as well as of the trial court.
Thus, it is difficult to interfere with such finding of fact in
the· exercise of power under Article 136 of the
Constitution of India. [Paras 7 and 8] [1150-E-G] .D
"'/
1.2. The submission that the Board was not
empowered under the Madras Hindu Religious and
· Charitable Endowments Act, 1959 to declare a private
temple as a public temple cannot be accepted. A perusal
of the relevant provisions of the Act would clearly show E
that there is no bar for the Board to declare a particular
ter:nple as a public one. From a plain reading of the order
of tt~e Board, the Board had categorically held on
materials sufficient to prove that the aforesaid temples
were in fact public temples and not private temples as F
allged by the appellants. However, the suit filed by the
appellants which gave rise to filing of the instant appeal
in this Court was for a declaration that the aforesaid
temples were private in nature and not public temples.
Therefore, it was for the appellants to prove on evidence
that such temples were private in nature. [Paras 4] (1145- G
E-G]
1.3. In the instant case, it has been proved beyond
-\ doubt that public offerings were accepted during the 1
normal days of worship by the Poojari, and that the
members of the public visited the temple often as a matter H
1142 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2008] 17 S. C.R.
A of right without any hindrance or obstruction. Though the
submission that as per the Hindu customs, they could
not stop the general public from coming inside the temple
\.,
even though the temple is a private temple has some
weight in the light of the circumstances, yet it cannot be
8 the sole deciding factor to determine whether a temple
is in fact a private cme or dedicated to the public. [Para
5)(1147-A-C]
1.4. The Poojari of the said temples deposed before
the trial court and stated categorically in his deposition,
which was accepted by the High Court also, that the \.
c
Pooja articles were received from the public during the
Pooja time and in turn, he. used to give prasada·m to the
public. It was also stated by him that utsavams were used
to be conducted during "Skanda Sasmti", "Thai
Pyosam", and "Panchuni Uthiram", and on those
D occasions, the deities were taken out as a general >(
custom in procession through the m3in roads of Erode
town. It was also admitted by him during festival days and
also during the Pooja time, public used to come and offer
their worship before the deities and there was no
E direction issued to him that he should not perform the
pooja offered by the public. The Poojari had also admitted
before the Assistant Commissioner of the Board that
public used to come to the festival without any
obstruction and that they used to offer donations and "
-F collect funds from the public to conduct festivals in the
temples. The evidence also shows that the public at large
used to offer worship to the Vinayaka Temple in the ~·
platform of Brough Road and also the Ajaneya temple in
the bank of the river Cauvery and these temples were
always accessible to the residents of Erode an.d the
G public had always regarded these temples with great
esteem and veneration. [Para 6] [1148-D-G]
The Madras Hindu Religious Endowment Board vs. V.N.
Deivanai Ammal By Power of Attorney Agent TV. Mahalingam >
Iyer 1952 (II) M.L.J. 686 and Commissioner, H.R. & C.E. vs.
H
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS. v. M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS. 1143
Kalyanasundara Mudaliar 1957 (II) MLJ 463, approved A
Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuji vs. Shah Ranchhoddas
) Kalidas (dead) & Ors. AIR 1970 SC 2025, relied on.
1.5. The participation of members of the public in the
darshan in the temple and in the daily acts of worship or
in the celebrations of festive occasions are to be very B
important factors in determining the character of the
temple. In the instant case, even though the appellant has
contended that it is not possible under the Hindu custom ,
to refuse the entry of the public into the temple, but this
contention cannot be supported. [Para 6] [1150-A-B] C
Deoki Nandan vs. V. Murlidhar & Ors. AIR 1957 SC 133
and Tilkayat Shri Govindlalji Maharaj etc. vs. State of
Rajasthan & Ors. AIR 1963 SC 1638, relied on.
1.6. The appellants could not prove by adducing any
evidence that the temples were built in their private patta' D
land as was alleged by them and the temples were
situated and constructed on their own land. Since the
findings arrived at by all the Courts below that the
temples were public in nature, are questions of fact an~
based on considerations of material evidence, E
documentary and oral, such findings of fact-affirmed by
the High Court in the first appeal and also affirmed by the
Division Bench in the Letters Patent Appeal, until and
unless, the appellant could show that the findings
arrived at were perverse. [Para 7] [1150-C-E] F
Hari Bhanu Maharaj of Board Vs. Charity Commissioner,
Ahmedabad (1986) 4 SCC 162, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 993
of 2002.
From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.2001 of the Hign G'
Court of Judicature at Madras in LP.A. No. 196 of 1996.
S. Ravi Shankar, Yameenak Naebias and Vivek Shukla for
\ the Appellants.
R. Sundaravaradan, R. Nedumaran, V.G. Pragasam and
H
1144 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 17 S.C.R.
A Hari Shankar for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
TARUN .CHATTERJEE, J. 1. This appeal is filed against l.
the judgment and order dated 25th of September, 2001 of the
High Court of Judicature at Madras whereby the High Court had
B dismissed the LP.A. No. 196 of 1996 preferred by the
appellants before it.
2. The relevant facts leading to the filing of this appeal as
emerging from the case made out by the appellants are
narrated_ in a nutshell for a better understanding and
c determination of the disputes between the parties:
It is the case of the appellants plaintiffs before the trial court
that their ancestor Ellu Iyer, constructed and built three temples,
namely, Pillaiyar,Temple, Anjaneyaswami Temple and
Gopalakrishna temple out of his own funds some time before
D 1890. The aforesaid temples were throughout treated as
private temples of the appellants and were virtually in their
management. The members of the public never had any right
to offer worship in the temples and the deities were never
.f
dedicated to the public. On 18th of March, 1965, the mother of
E the first appellant had received a letter from three persons
alleging that they had been appointed as non-hereditary
trustees of the aforementioned temples by the Hindu Religious
and Charitable Endowments Board (in short "the Board"),
directing the mother of the first appellant to hand over the
...
r-
property and records of the temples. In the same year, the
F
mother of the first appellant filed a Writ Petition being WP No.
1492 of 1965 before the High Court at Madras, praying for
quashing the order of the appointment of non-hereditary
trustees of the said temples. On 15th of March, 1967, the High
Court allowed the Writ Petition directing the mother of the first
G appellant to file an appropriate application before the Deputy
Commissioner of the Board for declaration of the aforesaid
temples as the private temples of the family of the appellant.
Thereafter, the mother of the appellant filed an application being )
O.A. No. 28 of 1970 before the Deputy Commissioner of the
H Board under section 63(a) of the Hindu Religious and
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS. v. M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS. 1145
[TARUN CHATIERJEE, J.]
Charitable Endowments Act. The said application was A
dismissed on 1st of October, 1973, and on appeal, the
; Commissioner of the Board confirmed the said.order on 19th
of December, 1973. Thereafter, the appellant on 18th of March,
1974, filed a suit for setting aside the order of the
Commissioner being O.S. No. 169of1974 before the Principal B
Subordinate Judge, Erode, Tamilnadu. The trial court held the
aforesaid temples as public temples. Aggrieved by the
judgment and order of the trial court, the appellants preferred
first appeal before the Madras High Court being AS. No. 665
of 1982 on 13th of August, 1982 which was dismissed by the
High Court on 21st of June, 1996. Thereafter, the appellants c
preferred a Letters Patent Appeal being LP .A. No. 196 of 1996
before the Division Bench of the High Court which dismissed
the same. Thus, being aggrieved, the appellants preferred the
present appeal, which on grant of leave was heard in the
presence of the learned counsel for the parties. D
3. We have heard the arguments of the learned counsel
appearing on behalf of the parties and perused the materials
~.
on record. Having done so, we do not find any reason to
interfere with the judgment of the High Court which was based
practically on the question of fact arrived at not only by the High E
Court but also by the trial court. Reasons are as follows :
4. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants
contended that the Board was not empowered under the
Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959
to declare a private temple as a public temple. We are not in
F
agreement with this argument of the learned counsel for the
41 appellants. A perusal of the relevant provisions of the Act would
clearly show that there is no bar for the Board to declare a
particular temple as a public one. However, the suit that was
filed by the appellants which gave rise to filing of this appeal in
this Court was for a declaration that the aforesaid temples were G
private in nature and not public temples. Therefore, it was for
the plaintiffs/appellants to prove on evidence that such temples
~ were private in nature.
It"
5. Before we proceed further, we may, at this juncture, refer
to a decision of this Court in the case of Hari Bhanu Mahara1 H
1146 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 17 S.C.R.
'
A of Baroda vs. Charity Commissioner, Ahmedabad [(1986) 4
SCC 162], in which this Court has categorically held that the
onus of proving the temple as public or private vests with the )..
Board. Drawing inspiration from the aforesaid decision of this
Court, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants I""
had drawn our attention to the order passed by the Board
B
holding that the aforesaid temples were public in nature and
submitted that the said' order of the Board was not in
accordance with law because the Board had failed to
discharge its onus of proving the aforesaid temples as public.
\-
From a plain reading of the order of the Board, which is already
c on record, we are of the view that the Board had categorically
held on materials sufficient to prove that the aforesaid temples
were in fact public temples and not private temples as alleged
by the appellants. In the aforesaid decision of this Court, it was
observed as follows:-
D "Even the provision of the collection boxes for cash and
grains cannot by itself be a decisive factor to conclude that
the Math is a public Math. The collection boxes had been
installed in the Sabha Mandap as well as near the
I
Samadhis. Since there is no evidence that Laxman
Maharaj and Haribhat Maharaj for whom the Samadhis
E
have been built were religious leaders revered by the
public, the provision of the collection boxes near their
Samadhis would have been only for deposit of offerings
by the members of the families on Guru Purnima day or in
fulfilment of vows taken by them. More than this, the contents
F of the cash boxes themselves disprove the assumption
that they have been kept there to enable the members of
the public to niake offerings in cash or grains during their
,.
visit to the Mandir. Of the two boxes kept in the Sabha
Mandap one was found to contain 1/4 pound of wheat and
G the other Rs. 0-8-9. Similarly the boxes kept near the
Samadhis were found to contain 1/4 pound of rice and one
paise respectively. If the members of the public had been
visiting the Mandir even occasionally and depositing
f
contributions of grains and cash in the collection boxes, ......
the quantum of grains and the amount of cash would not
H
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS. v. M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS. 1147
[TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
(
have been so meagre and trivial as 1/4 pound of wheat A
and, Rs. 0-8-9. These revealing features have been lost
j sight of by the High Court and has led to fallacious
conclusion."
In the present dispute as had been noted by the trial court
and later affirmed by the High Court in its impugned judgment, B
it has been proved beyond doubt that public offerings were
accepted during the normal days of worship by the Poojari, and
that the members of the public visited the temple often as a
-I matter of right without any hindrance or obstruction. The
appellants contended that as per the Hindu customs, they could_
not stop the general public from coming inside the temple even
c
though the temple is a private temple. Though this contention
has some weight in the light of the circumstances, yet it cannot
be the sole deciding factor to determine whether a temple is
in fact a private one or dedicated to the public. In the decision
reported in Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuji vs. Shah D
Ranchhoddas Kalidas (dead) & Ors. (AIR 1970 SC 2025), this
Court has held as follows:
"The true character of the particular temple is
decided on the basis of various circumstances. In those
cases, the courts have to address themselves to various E
questions such as:
(i) Is the temple built in such imposing manner that it
may prima facie appear to be a p·ub1ic temple?
(ii) Are the members of the public entitled to worship
in that temple as of right? F
(iii) . Are the temple expenses met from the contributions
~
made by the public?
(iv) Whether the sevas and unsevas conducted in the
temple are those usually conducted in public
temples? G
(v) Has the management as well as the devotees been
treating that temple as a public temple?"
Taking these above-mentioned points into consideration,
the trial court as well as the High Court proceeded to.determine
the nature of the aforesaid temples as to whether they were H
~
)
1148 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 17 S.C.R. I-
'
A public or private in nature. In this connection, the trial court as
well as the High Court. on consideration of fact and evidence,·
documentary and oral, came to the conclusion of fact that the 1.
appellants could not prove by production of cogent evidence
that the· temple was or is situated in a patta land of the
appellants as they had claimed. The High Court in its judgment
B
passed in the first appeal dated 21st of June, 1996, which was
affirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court in the Letters
Patent Appeal, observed as follows:
"Two choultries have been put up in Pillaiyar temple and \-
the object of constructing those choultries is to enable the
c relatives of his predecessors and the lessons to stay there
when they come to Erode and it would go to show that the
object of constructing the choultry itself is to enable the
persons other than the family members of Ellu Iyer to stay
there. Therefore it cannot be stated that the temples have
D been constructed in their patta land and the object of
constructing the temples is only to benefit their family".
6. The Poojari of the aforesaid temples deposed before
the trial court and stated categorically in his deposition, which
was accepted by the High Court also, that the Pooja articles
E were received from the public during the Pooja time and in turn,
he used to give Prasadam to the public. It was also stated by
him that utsavams were used to be conducted during "Skanda
Sasmti", "Thai Pyosam", and "Panchuni Uthiram"; and on
those occasions, the deities were taken out as a general custom
in procession through the main roads of Erode town. It was also
F admitted by him that during feStival days and also during the
Pooja time, public used to come and offer their worship before ....
~
the deities and there was no direction issued to him that he
should not perform the pooja offered by the public. The Poojari
had also admitted before the Assistant Commissioner of the
G Board that public used to come to the festival without any
obstruction and that they used to offer donations and collect
funds from the public to conduct festivals in the temples. The
High Court, in its impugned Judgment, relied on its decision )
reported in The Madras Hindu Religious Endowment Board
vs. V.N. Deivanai Ammal By Power of Attorney Agent TV.
H
C.R. JAYARAMAN & ORS. v. M. PALANIAPPAN & ORS. 1149
[TARUN CHATIERJEE, J.]
Mahalingam Iyer, [1952 (II) M.L.J. 686], which held that where A
there was an Utsava idol and processions were taken out, it
would indicate the fact that the temple was a public temple. This
• >
principle was also reiterated in another decision of the Madras
High Court in the case of Commissioner, H.R. & C.E. Vs.
Kalyanasundara Mudaliar; [1957 (II) MLJ 463], wherein it was
B
also held that the provisions of the settlement deed taken along
with the other features such as the existence of
Dwajasthambam, Balipeetham and Utsava Vigraham and
,.•
I
carrying on deity in procession and accepting Deeparadhana
-i from the members of the public on that occasion conclusively
establish that the institution was a place of public religious c
worship conducted to or for the benefit of the Hindu community
in the village as a place of religious worship and that it was the
public and not a private temple and fell within the definition of
Section 9(12) of the Madras Act II of 1927. We are in re~pectful
agreement with the views expressed by the Madras High Court
0
in the aforesaid two decisions regarding the principles to be
applied to come to a finding whether the temple is private or
public in nature. The evidence at our disposal also shows that
the public at large used to offer worship to the Vinayaka Tempie
in the platform of Brough Road and also the Ajaneya temple in
the bank of the river Cauvery and these temples were always ~
accessible to the residents of Erode and the public had always
regarded these temples with great esteem and veneration. This
Court in Deoki Nandan vs. V. Murlidhar & Ors. [AIR 1957 SC
133], held that where idols were installed not within the
precincts of residential quarters, but in a private building F
constructed for that very purpose on a vacant site and where
.... some of the idols were permanently installed on a pedestal
within the temple precincts, that is more consistent with the
endowment being public rather than private. Further, a
Constitution Bench of this Court in Tilkayat Shri Govindlalji
Maharaj etc. vs. State of Rajasthan & Ors. [AIR 1963 SC G
1638], held that where evidence in regard to the foundation of
the temple ·js not clearly available, the answers to the questions
\ namely, are the members of the public entitled to take part in
offering service and taking darshan in the temple, are the I
H
(
I
l-
1150 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 17 S.C.R. I
,•
A members of the public entitled to take part in the festivals and 'r
ceremonies arranged in the temple and are their offerings
acc~pted as a matter of right will establish the character of the .. •
temple. Therefore, according to the above mentioned decision,
the participation of members of the public in the darshan in the
temple and in the daily acts of worship or in the celebrations
B
of festive occasions are to be very important factors· in
determining the character of the temple. In the present case, ~
even though the appellant has contended that it is not_possible
u11der the Hin~u custom to refuse the entry of the public into
the temple, but this contention cannot be supported in the light \-
c of the discussions and rationale of the cases mentioned above.
7. Apart from that, the appellants could not prove by
adducing any evidence that the temples were built in their
private patta land as was alleged by them and the temples were
situated and constructed on their own land. Since the findings
D arrived at qy all the Courts below that the temples were public
in nature, are questions of fact and based on considerations
of material evidence, documentary and oral, in our view, such
findings of fact affirmed by the High Court in the first appeal
~
and also affirmed by the Division Bench in the Letters Patent
.,_
E
Appeal, until and unless, the appellant could show that the
findings arrived at were perverse. In the present case; as we
.
have already held that all the Courts below, on entire
consideration of the materials on record, had held that the
temples in question are public in nature, it is difficult for us to
interfere with such finding of fact in the exercise of our power
F under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
8. In view of our discussions made hereinabove, we do
>-
not find any infirmity in the findings of the High Court as well
as of the trial court to hold that the aforesaid temples were
public in nature and the appellants had failed to prove
G successfully that the same were private in nature.
9. For the reasons aforesaid, we do not find any infirmity t
in the impugned judgment and, accordingly, we dismiss the
appeal. In the facts and circumstances of the case, there will f
be no order as to costs.
H N.J. Appeal dismissed.
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