Holding

Rule 79 is directory, not mandatory, and an election tribunal may direct a recount only when a prima facie case with material facts is established, which was not done here, so the High Court’s order stands.

Summary

The dispute arose from the election of Mukhiya of a Gram Panchayat in Bihar where the appellant, after allegedly filing an application for recount with the Returning Officer that was ignored, sought a recount through an election petition. The Munsif ordered a recount, which resulted in the appellant being declared elected; the respondent then obtained a writ order setting aside that decision. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether Rule 79 of the Bihar Panchayat Election Rules makes a recount application mandatory, and whether an election tribunal can direct a recount without such an application. The Court held that Rule 79 is directory, not mandatory, and that a tribunal may order a recount if statutory requirements—prima facie case, material facts, and proper analysis—are satisfied. Since the Munsif’s order lacked such analysis and material facts, the High Court’s decision to set it aside was upheld. Consequently, the appeal and the accompanying contempt petition were dismissed.

Issues considered

The mandatory or directory nature of Rule 79 of the Bihar Panchayat Election Rules regarding applications for recounting votes.
Whether an election tribunal can direct a recount of votes without a prior application to the Returning Officer.
Whether the Munsif’s order for recount satisfied the statutory requirements of a prima facie case and material facts.
Whether the High Court was correct in setting aside the election tribunal’s order.

Legislation cited

Bihar Panchayat Election Rules, 1995s. Rule 79
Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 1993s. 121, s. 140

Subjects

election lawrecount of voteselection petitionstatutory interpretationmandatory vs directoryBihar Panchayat Raj ActRule 79election tribunal jurisdiction

Judgment

A CHANDRIKA PRASAD YADA V
V,

STATE OF BIHAR AND ORS.

APRIL 5, 2004

B [V.N. KHARE, CJ., S.B. SINHA AND S.H. KAPADIA, JJ.]

Election Laws:

Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 1993-Sections 140and121-Bihar Panchayat
C Election Rules, 199j-Rule 79:

Panchayat Elections-Defeated candidate filing application for recount
of votes-Application not entertained by returning officer-However, in an
election petition, Election Tribunal directing inspection and recounting of
D votes, as a result of which defeated candidate declared elected-Candidate
declared elected earlier challenging the order-Writ Petition allowed-Both
Single Judge and Division Bench of High Court set aside the order of the
Tribunal-On appeal Held: Order of the Election Tribunal did not satisfY the t
statutory requirements-Election Tribunal failed to analyse the evidence and
point out as to which averments made by defeated candidate could be accepted
E as disclosing material facts for passing order of recounting-Thus, order of
High Court justified.

Rule 79-Application for recounting of votes-Held: Application filed
either before the announcement of result or thereafter, is maintainable--
However, only because such application is not filed before the returning officer,
F Election Tribunal is not precluded from issuing direction for recounting of
votes--Thus, Rule 79 serves a salutary purpose.

Elections were held for the post of Mukhiya of Gram Panchayat.
Results were declared and respondent No. 4 was declared elected, having
secured 37 votes more than the appellant. Appellant filed an application
G for recounting of votes before the returning officer which was not
entertained. He then filed election petition before the Election Tribunal
challenging the election of respondent No. 4 on ground of irregularities J;
in counting of votes. Munsif ordered recounting of ballot papers. Appellant

834
H
C.P. YADAV v.STA TE 835
"- was said to have secured 671 votes and respondent No. 4 secured 667 votes A
and election petition was allowed. Aggrieved respondent No. 4 filed writ
petition challenging the order of the Election Tribunal. Single Judge of
High Court allowed the same. Appellant filed Letters Patent Appeal which
was dismissed by the Division Bench of High Court. Hence the present
appeals.
B
Appellant contended that the High Court erred in relying upon Ram
Ra ti (Smt.) v. Saro) Devi's case that it is mandatory for the election
petitioner to file an application for recounting of votes before the returning
officer in terms of the election rules, although the same has since been
overruled by a 3-Judge Bench of this Court in Sohan Lal vs. Babu Gandhi
and Ors. case; that Munsif was within his jurisdiction to direct recounting
c
of votes upon satisfying himself of the necessity therefor; and that the
Munsif had assigned valid and cogent reasons in support of his order upon
taking into consideration the pleadings of the parties and the evidence
brought on records and as such High Court erred in passing the impugned
judgment. D

Respondent No. 4 contended that High Court has rightly proceeded
-f on the premise that the pleadings of the appellant being vague and general
in nature, no case was made out for recounting of votes; that prayer for
recounting of votes made by the appellant was on the basis that he had
E
filed a proper application before the returning officer but he failed to prove
the said fact nor brought copy of the case on the records; that as regard
the findings of the Munsif with regard to cutting and over-writing, no such
case had been made out in the electiOn petition; that filing of an application
before returning officer for recounting of votes may not be mandatory
( but goes a long way to show that as to on what basis .the recounting was F
~- sought for; and that the order of the returning officer allowing or rejecting
the same, would be of great assistance for the Election Tribunal to judge
the correctness thereof.

Dismissing·the appeal and the contempt petition, the Court
G
HELD: I. I. It is well-settled that an order of recounting of votes can
be passed when the following conditions are fulfilled: a prima facie case;
pleading of material facts stating irregularities in counting of votes; a
"" roving and fishing inquiry would not be made while directing recounting
of votes; and an objection to the said effect has been taken recourse to. H
836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] 3 S.C.R.

A The requirement of maintaining the secrecy of ballot papers must also be
kept in view before a recounting can be directed. Narrow margin of votes
between the returned candidate and the election petitioner by itself would
not be sufficient for issuing a direction for recounting. 1842-E-G]
1.2. In a given case, an application for recounting of votes is
B maintainable either before announcement of the result or thereafter. Once
an application is filed by an agent or a counting agent or the candidate
himself pointing out the irregularities committed by the officers appointed
for counting the ballot papers, immediate redressal of grievances could
be possible. Only because such an application is not filed before the
returning officer the Election Tribunal is not precluded from going into
c the question of requirement of issuing a direction for recounting but there
cannot be any doubt whatsoever that Rule 79 serves a salutary purpose.
Ordinarily, the statutory remedies provided for are availed of. If such an
opportunity is not availed of by the Election Petitioner, he has. to state
the reasons therefor and if no sufficient explanation is furnished as to why
D such statutory remedy was not availed of, the Election Tribunal may
consider the same as one of the factors for accepting or rejecting the
prayer for recounting. An order of prescribed authority passed on such
application would render great assistance to the Election Tribunal in
arriving at a decision as to whether a prima facie case for issuance of
E direction for recounting has been made out. (844-e-D; B; F-GI
Vadivelu v. Sundram and Ors., AIR (2000) SC 3230, held inapplicable.
Ram Rati (Smt.) v. Saro} Devi and Ors., [19971 6 sec 66 and Sohan
Lal v. Babu Gandhi and Ors., 12003] I sec 108, referred to.
1.3. In the, instant case, order of the Munsif did not satisfy the
F statutory requirements. Appellant failed to prove the fact that a request
was made to the Returning Officer for recounting of votes but he did not
pay any heed thereto. Munsif failed to analyse the evidence adduced by
the parties and despite having opined that an order for ir.spection of ballot
papers cannot be granted to support vague pleas and not supported by
G material fact~ but failed to point out as to which averments made by the
appellant could be accepted as disclosing material facts, on the basis
whereof an order for recounting could be passed. Reference to an exhibit
only shows certain interpolation but whether the same had materially
affected the result or not had not been taken into consideration. The Order
of the Munsif which is not supported by any cogent or valid reasons could
H
C.P. YADAVi"STATE [SINHA,J.] 837
not have been sustained as rightly held by the High Court. Hence, the A
judgment of High Court calls for no interference.
1843-F; 841-D; 842-A, D; 842-B-D; 846-EI

Mukand Ltd. v. Mukand Staff & Officers Association, JT (2004) 3 SC
474, relied on.
B
M. Chinnasamy v. K.C. Palanisamy and Ors., (2003) 10 SCALE 108-
referred to.

2. The question as to whether a statute is directory or mandatory
would not depend upon the phraseology used therein. The principle as
regard the nature of the statute must be determined having regard to the C
purpose and object the statute seeks to achieve. (846-D]

P. T Rajan v. TP.M. Sahir and Ors., (2003] 8 SCALE 165, relied on.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1999 of
2003. ])

\ From the Judgment and Order dated 18. I 1.2002 of the Patna High
Court in L.P.A. No. 1149 of 2002.

WITH
E
C.P. (C) No. 174 of 2003.

Amarendra Sharan, Samir Ali Khan, S. Chandrashekhar and Irshad
Ahmad for the appellant/Petitioner.

Rakesh Dwivedi, Manoj Saxena, Abhishek Chaudhary, Ms. Vim la Sinha, F
Pravir Choudhary and Sake! Singh for B.B. Singh for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. The extent of jurisdiction of election tribunal to direct
recounting of votes is the primal question involved in this appeal which G
arises out of a judgment and order dated 18. 11.2002 passed by a Division
Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Patna in L.P.A. No. 1149/2002
dismissing the appeal arising out of an order dated 7.10.2002 passed in Writ
Petition marked as CW JC No. 5004/2002 whereby and whereunder a learned
Single Judge of the High Court allowed the writ petition filed by the respondent H
838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004 J 3 S.C.R.

A herein questioning an order of the election tribunal dated 20. l 0.2001.
BACKGROUND FACTS:

The private parties hereto contested an election for the post of Mukhiya
of Raj Gamhariya, Gram Panchayat. The said election was held on 19.4.2001
B and the votes polled therein were counted on 20.5.2001. The contention of
the appellant was that the returning officer had informed him that he had
secured 900 votes out of which 150 had been declared invalid and, thus, he
got 670 valid votes whereas the respondent Mahendra Rai had secured only
622 votes. However, when the result was finally declared on 21.5.2001, the
C 4th respondent herein was declared elected by securing allegedly 32 more
votes than the appellant herein. The total votes polled by the appellant was
shown as 670 and votes polled by the 4th respondent was shown as 702.

The appellant allegedly moved an application for recounting of votes
before the returning officer but the same was not entertained. The appellant
D thereafter filed an election petition questioning the election of the 4th
respondent herein before the learned Munsif, Raxoul, East Champaran
primarily on the ground of irregularities in counting of votes. Before the
election tribunal, the parties adduced their respective evidences whereafter
the learned Munsif by an order dated 20.10.200 I directed inspection and
recounting of ballot papers; pursuant to or in furtherance whereof the Returning
E Officer, East Champaran was directed to produce the ballot papers.

Aggrieved thereby and dissatisfied therewith, a writ petition was filed
by the 4th respondent herein which was, however, withdrawn. Recounting of
the ballot papers was held on 23.3.2002 as a result whereof the appellant was
F said to have secured 671 votes; whereas the 4th respondent secured 667
votes. The Election Petition, therefore, thereafter was allowed by a judgment
and order dated 6.4.2002. The 4th respondent being aggrieved by and
dissatisfied therewith filed a writ petition before the Patna High Court which
was marked as CW,JC No. 5004/2002. By an order dated 7.10.2002, the said
writ petition was allowed whereagainst a Letters Patent Appeal was filed by
G the appellant herein which was dismissed by a Division Bench of the High
Court. Hence this appeal by special leave.

SUBMISSIONS:

Mr. Amarendra Sharan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of
H the appellant would submit that the High Court committed a manifest error
C.P. YADAVv.STATE [SINHA.J.] 839

.;' in passing the impugned judgment purporting to rely upon or on the basis of A
the decision of this Court in Ram Rati (Smt) v. Saro} Devi and Ors., [1997]
6 sec 66] wherein it has been held that it is mandatory for the election
petitioner to file an application for recounting of votes before the returning
officer in terms of the election rules, although the same has since been
overruled by a 3-Judge Bench of this Court in Saha .. Lai v. Babu Gandhi and B
Ors., JT [2002] 9 SC 474: (2003] I SCC 108.

The learned counsel would urge that as in a democracy the rule of
majority should prevail, the learned Munsif was within his jurisdiction to
direct recounting of votes upon satisfying itself the necessity therefor and in
that view of the matter the High Court should not have interfered with the C
said judgment.

Mr. Sharan would submit that the learned Munsif had assigned valid
and cogent reasons in support of his order upon taking into consideration the
pleadings of the parties and the evidences brought on records and in that
view of the matter the High Court erred in setting aside the same. D
Mr. Rakesh Dwivedi, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the
4th respondent, on the other hand, would contend that the High Court has
rightly proceeded on the premise that the pleadings of the appellant being
vague and general in nature, no case was made out for recounting of votes.
The learned counsel pointed out that prayer for recounting of votes made by E
the appellant was on the basis that he had filed a proper application before
the returning officer but he failed to prove the said fact nor brought on the
records of the case a copy thereof. As regard the findings of the learned
Muns if to the effect that the Ex. A/20 contained cutting and over-writing, the
learned counsel would submit that no such case had been made out in the F
election petition. It was pointed out that in any event having regard to the fact
that 100 valid votes had not been counted so far as the appellant is concerned;
and in fact more than 400 votes polled by the 4th respondent herein were
held to be not valid and, thus, the appellant herein was not prejudiced at all.

Drawing our attention to the judgment of the learned Single Judge as G
also the Division Bench of the High Court, the learned counsel would urge
that the High Court analysed the pleadings of the appellant made in his
election petition and came to the conclusion that the same are absolutely
argue and general in nature and no reliance thereupon could have been placed
by the learned Munsif. Filing of an application before the returning officer
for recounting of votes may not be mandatory but Mr. Dwivedi would argue H
840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] 3 S.C.R.

A that the same goes a long way to show that as to on what basis the recounting
was sought for. The order of the returning officer allowing or rejecting the
same, the learned counsel would contend, be of great assistance for the Election
Tribunal to judge the correctness thereof.

STATUTORY PROVISIONS:
B
Section l 40 of the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 mandates that the
election of Mukhiya shall not be called in question before any forum except
by way of an election petition. The State of Bihar in exercise of its power
conferred upon it under Section 121 of the said Act framed rules known as
Bihar Panchayat Election Rules. It is not in dispute that various provisions
C exist as regard rejection or acceptance of votes and the right of a candidate
or his authorised agent to question the same by filing an appropriate application
therefor before the prescribed authority. Rule 79 of the Rules provides that
the candidate or in his absence his agent or his counting agent can file an
application to the election officer or the officer(s) authorised by him praying
D for recounting and the basis therefor. On reciept of such an application, the
election officer can accept either in whole or in part the same or reject the
same wherefor reasons are required to be assigned. In the event of election
officer accepting either in whole or in part such a prayer of the candidate, he
would recount the votes whereafter the result or the number of votes polled
may be amended. However, no application would be accepted for further
E recounting.

ANALYSIS OF REQUIREMENTS OF LAW :

The law relating to recounting of votes is now well-settled. The
provisions of the Act and the rules framed thereunder provide that in relation
F to an election petition the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure would
apply. An election petition, therefore, must contain coincise statement of
material facts. It is wel!-settled that the question as to what would constitute
material facts would depend upon the facts and circumstances of e(lch case.

We have been taken through the averments made in the election petition.
G The learned Single Judge of the High Court in his judgment dated 7.10.2002
upon noticing paragraphs 6 to l I and 17 of the election petition held:

"IO. From the pleadings of respondent No. 4, it is manifest that the
allegations made by him were quite vague and did not come up to the
H stringent standards laid down by the Supreme Court."
c.r. YADAVv.STATE (SINHA . .I.] 841
The appellant has not produced before us a copy of the affidavit affirmed A
in support of the Election Petition to show as to how the averments made in
the Election Petition were verified.

Our attention has also been drawn to paragraphs 19 to 21 by Mr.
Sharan which read as under:
B
"19. That, in all 16 Booths were in the el~ctoral area of Gram
Panchayat R11j, Gamhariya Kala, vide Booth No. 106 to 121.

20. That, the defendant No. 1 has wrongly been declared elected, by
a margin of 32 votes, as against the plaintiff.

21. That, as a matter of fact, the plaintiff has got, near about 200
c
excess valid votes than the defendant No. l ."

The averments made in the said paragraphs do not improve the
appellant's case inasmuch as therein also no material fact has been averred
as to how and in what matter the so-called valid votes· were kept out of D
consideration or invalid votes had been taken into consideration. The appellant
in paragraph 11 of the election petition categorically stated that a request was
made to the returning officer for recounting of the votes but he did not pay
any heed thereto. In the aforementioned situation, it was obligatory on the
part of the appellant to prove the said fact. The averrnents made in the
election petition clearly go to show that the appellant was aware of his right E
to file an appropriate application before the returning officer praying for a
recounting. If the said application was not entertained, he should have proved
the said fact by bringing on record the original application which was refused
to be accepted or a copy thereof. He should have also adduced evidence in
that behalf before the learned Munsif.
F
In his order dated 20.10.2001, the learned Munsif held:

"In view of documentary as well as oral evidence I find that there are
sufficient materials available on record to show that allegation of
petitioner, about illegal reception of votes in favour of opposite party G
and mischief in preparation of result are clearly evidence and euitch
(sic) about something hidden. In Pvt (sic) 4/12 G.P. Mahendra Rai
was shown to have got 81 votes but on the very first look of form
20(A/I 2) shows that 31 was made 81 and in A/13 total votes 237 was
changed into figure 287. There is no initial in any cutting like wise
in Ext. A/20 Mahendra Rai was shown to have got 509 votes but it H
842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] 3 S.C.R.
..(
A was out (sic) and 122 votes have been shown in favour of Mahendra
Rai. There is no initial of any officer on this cutting too. In oral
evidence D. W.-9 and D. W.-12 have supported the petitioner
allegations."

The learned Munsif in his order dated 20.10.200 I failed to analyse the
B evidences adduced by the parties. He also did not state as to what materials
were brought on record to show that there had been illegal reception of votes
in favour of the opposite party. Reference to Ex. 4/12 only shows certain
interpolation but whether the same had materially affected the result or not
had not been taken into consideration.

c Mr. Dwivedi is right in pointing out that whereas the appellant could
have claimed I00 more votes on the basis thereof, 509 votes polled by the
4th respondent had been brought down to 122 votes. There is also nothing
on record to show that as to how and in what manner D.W.-9 and D.W.-12
had supported the allegations made by the petitioner.
D
The learned Munsif despite having opined that an order for inspection
of ballot papers cannot be granted to support vague pleas and not supported
by material facts but failed to point out as to which averments made by the
appellant could be accepted as disclosing material facts, on the basis whereof '°
an order for recounting could be passed. The said order dated 20.10.2001
E being not supported by any cogent or valid reasons could not have been
sustained.

It is well-settled that an order of recounting of votes can be passed
when the following conditions are fulfilled:

F (i) A prima facie case; +,
)
(ii) Pleading of material facts stating irregularities in counting of votes;
(iii) A roving and fishing inquiry shall not be made while directing
recounting of votes; and
(iv) An objection to the said effect has been taken recourse to.
G
The requirement of maintaining the secrecy of ballot papers must also
be kept in view before a recounting can be directed. Narrow margin of votes .... .-
between the returned candidate and the election petitioner by itself would not
be sufficient for issuing a direction for recounting.
H In M. Chinnasamy v. K.C. Palanisamy and Ors., (2003) 10 SCALE
C.P. YADA V v.STA TE [SINHA . .I.] 843
J. . I03 this Court upon noticing a large number of deCisions held that it is A
obligatory on the part of the Election Tribunal to arrive at a positive finding
as to bow a prima facie case has been made out for issuing a direction for
recounting holding:

"Apart from the clear legal position as laid down in several decisions,
as noticed hereinbefore, there cannot be any doubt or dispute that B
only because a recounting has been directed, it would be held to be
sacrosanct to the effect that although in a given case the court may
find such evidence to be at variance with the pleadings, the same
must be taken into consideration. It is now well-settled principle of
law that evidence adduced beyond the pleadings would not be
admissible nor any evidence can be permitted to be adduced which
c
is at variance with the pleadings. The court at a later stage of the trial
as also the appellate court having regard to the rule of pleadings
would be entitled to reject the evidence wherefor there does not exist
any pleading."
D
- )'
It was further held that for the said purpose the Tribunal must arrive at
a finding that the errors are of such magnitude which would materially affect
the result of the election. As regard standard of proof, this Court held:

"The requirement of laying foundation in the pleadings must also be
considered having regard to the fact that the onus to prove the E
allegations was on the election petitioner. The degree of proof for
issuing a direction of recounting of votes must be of a very high
standard and is required to be discharged. [See Mahender Pratap v.
Krishan Pal and Ors., (2003] I SCC 390.

t.~ (See also Mukand Ltd v. Mukand Staff & Officers Association, JT F
(2004) 3 SC 474)

The order of the learned Munsif did not satisfy the statutory requirements.

RULE 79 OF BIHAR PANCHAYAT ELECTION RULES, 1995 WHETHER
MANDATORY OR DIRECTORY G
Rule 79 as noticed hereinbefore enables a candidate to file an appropriate
application for recounting of votes. Rule 79 unlike rules framed by other
States does not say that such an application would not be maintainable after
declarations of the votes polled by the parties or prior thereto. Such an
application, therefore, can be filed at any point of time. The very fact that H
844 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] 3 S.C.R.

A Sub-rule (3) of Rule 79 provides for amendment of the result relating to the
votes polled by the respective candidates and as, such amended result is
required to be announced in the prescribed form under Sub-rule (2) of Rule
79, the same itself is a pointer to the fact that even after announcement of
result for recounting an application would be maintainable. It may be true
that only because such an application had not been filed before the returning
B officer by itself may not preclude the Election Tribunal to go into the question
of requirement of issuing a direction for recounting but there cannot be any
doubt whatsoever that Rule 79 serves a salutary purpose. Counting of ballot
papers in tern1s of the rules takes place in presence of the candidate or his
counting agent. When an agent or a counting agent or the candidate himself
C notices improper acceptance or rejection of ihe ballot papers, he may bring
the same to the notice of the prescribed authority. As noticed hereinbefore,
in a given case, an application for recounting either before announcement of
the result or thereafter, would be maintainable. Once an application is filed
by an agent or a counting agent or the candidate himself pointing out the
irregularities committed by the officers appointed for the counting the ballot
D papers, immediate redressal of grievances would be possible. As indicated
hereinbefore, while filing such an application the basis for making a request
for recounting of votes is required to be disclosed. The returning officer is
-
statutorily enjoined with a duty to. entertain such an application, make an
inquiry and pass an appropriate order in terms of Sub-rule (2) of Rule 79
E either accepting in whole or in part such requests or rejecting the same
wherefor he is required to assign sufficient or cogent reasons. In the event,
such an application is allowed either in whole or in part, he is statutorily
empowered to amend the results also.

Ordinarily, thus, it is expected that the statutory remedies provided for
F shall be availed of. If such an opportunity is not availed of by the Election
Petitioner; he has to state the reasons therefor. If no sufficient explanation is
furnished by the Election Petitioner as to why such statutory remedy was not
availed of, the Election Tribunal may consider the same as one of the factors
for accepting or rejecting the prayer for recounting. An order of the prescribed
authority passed in such application would render great assistance to the
G Election Tribunal in arriving at a decision as to whether a prima facie case
for issuance of direction for recounting has been made out.

In Ram Rati (supra) a 2-Judge Bench of this Court while interpreting
Rule 76 of M.P. Panchayat Elections Rules, 1994 held:
H
C.P. YADAY v.STATE [SINHA . .I.] 845
" ... In the light of the mandatory language of Rule 76 of the Rules, it A
is incumbent upon a candidate or an agent, if the candidate was not
present, to make an application in writing and give reasons in support
thereof, while seeking recounting. If it is not done, then the tribunal
or the court is not empowered to direct recounting even after adduction
of evidence and consideration of the alleged irregularities in the B
counting ... "

A 3-Judge Bench, however in Sohan Lal (supra) while considering the
provisions of M.P. Panchayat Raj Avam Gram Swaraj Adhiniyam, 1993 and
the Rule 80 of the Rules framed thereunder held:

"13. In view of Section 122 and the rules, we are unable to agree with C
the ratio laid down in Ram Rati's case. It is not correct to hold that,
in an election petition, after the declaration of the result, the Court or
Tribunal cannot direct recounting of votes unless the party has first
applied in writing for recounting of votes. There is no prohibition in
the Act or under the rules prohibiting the Court or Tribunal to direct D
a recounting of the votes. Even otherwise a party may not know that
the recounting is necessary till after result is declared. At this stage,
it would not be possible for him to apply for recounting to the
Returning Officer. His only remedy would be to file an Election
Petition under Section 122. In such a case, the Court or the Tribunal
is bound to consider the plea and where case is made out, it may E
direct recount depending upon the evidence led by the parties. In the
present case, there was obvious error in declaring the result. We,
therefore, hold that the ratio lairl down in Ram Rati's case is not
correct."

In Vadivelu v. Sundaram and Ors., AIR (2000) SC 3230 wherein this F
Court while considering a pari materia provision contained in T.N. Panchayats
Act, 1994 as also upon noticing a large number of decisions observed:

"The appellant-election petitioner could not make out a case for re-
count of votes. He filed the application for re-count before the
Returning Officer only after the declaration of result and that was G
rightly rejected by the Returning Officer. The appellant had no case
that the illegality or irregularity, if any, committed had materially
affected the result of the election. Taking all the aspects into
consideration, we are of the view that the learned Single Judge was
perfectly justified in holding that the Election Tribunal erred in H
846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] 3 S.C.R.

A appointing a Commissioner and ordering the re-count of votes. The
counsel for the appellant contended that the powers of the revisional
court are not as wide as the powers of the appellate court and, therefore,
the learned Single Judge should not have set aside the order passed
by the Election Tribunal. We do not find any force in this contention.
When there is error of jurisdiction or flagrant violation of the law laid
B down by this Court, by exercising the revisional powers, the court
can set aside the order passed by the Tribunal to do justice between
the parties. The illegality committed by the Election Tribunal has
been corrected by the revisional order. We find no merit in the present
appeal and the same is dismissed."
c Vadive/u (supra) was relied upon by the High Court and in our opinion
having regard to the averments made by the appellant in his Election Petition
the ratio of the said decision applies to the fact of the present case also.

The question as to whether a statute is directory or mandatory would
D not depend upon the phraseology used therein. The principle as regard the
nature of the statute must be determined having regard to the purpose and
object the statute seeks to achieve. (See P. T. Rajan v. T.P.M Sahir and Ors.,
(2003) 8 SCALE 165.

CONCLUSION :
E
For the reasons aforementioned. we are of the opinion that the judgment
of the High Court does not call for any interference. The appeal as also the
contempt petition are accordingly dismissed. No costs.

N.J. Appeal/Petition dismissed.