Holding

The Court affirmed that Kalvert Foods clandestinely removed excisable goods as non‑excisable, that the "Kalvert" mark constitutes a brand name even if unregistered, that Section 14 statements are admissible, and that the extended limitation period applies due to suppression of facts.

Summary

The Commissioner of Central Excise appealed against the CEGAT order that had set aside the adjudicating authority’s finding that Kalvert Foods India Pvt. Ltd. clandestinely removed excisable food products and passed them off as non‑excisable goods. The Supreme Court held that the Managing Director’s statements recorded under Section 14 of the Central Excise Act were voluntarily given and admissible, confirming the clandestine removal. It ruled that a brand name need not be registered; the "Kalvert" mark was a brand name, making the goods liable to excise duty. Because the company suppressed facts, the limitation period was computed from the date of knowledge, allowing the extended limitation. Consequently, the Tribunal’s order was set aside and the Commissioner’s order restored.

Issues considered

The admissibility of statements made by the Managing Director under Section 14 of the Central Excise Act despite claims of retraction.
Whether goods sold under an unregistered brand name "Kalvert" are liable to excise duty.
Whether the respondents clandestinely removed excisable goods and passed them off as non‑excisable goods.
Whether the period of limitation should be computed from the date of knowledge, invoking the extended limitation provision of Section 11A.
Whether the Tribunal erred in holding that the goods were non‑excisable because they were not packed under a registered brand name.

Legislation cited

Central Excise Act, 1944s. 11A, s. 14

Subjects

central exciseexcisable goodsclandestine removalbrand nameunregistered trademarklimitation periodSection 14 statementsexcise duty evasiontrade mark

Judgment

[2011] 9 S.C.R 902
' ,
A COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI
v.
MIS. KALVERT FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD. AND ORS.
(Civil Appeal Nos.4500-4502 of 2003)
AUGUST 9, 2011
B
[DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA AND
ANIL R. DAVE, JJ.]

Central Excise Act, 1944: s.11A - Demand of duty and
c levy of penalty - Suppression of facts - Extended period of
limitation - Invocation of - Allegation that assessee-company
clandestinely removed excisable goods by showing them as
non-excisable - Held: The statement of Managing Director ·'
was on record where he had admitted the fact of clandestine
D clearance of excisable goods and, therefore, has voluntarily
come forward to sort out the issue and to pay the central
excise duty liability - The company was also maintaining two
sets of computerized commercial invoices, one for excisable
products and the other for non-excisable goods - Plea of
E company that the goods were not excisable inasmuch as they
were not packed in containers under a brand name not tenable
since the Managing Director of the company had himself
stated that they have been selling their products under the
brand name "Kalvert" - Goods manufactured and sold by the
"
F company under a brand name "Kalvert" were, therefore, liable
to be charged for excise duty - Since there was clandestine
removal of excisable goods, the period of limitation has to be
computed from the date of knowledge, arrived at upon raids
on the premises - Extended period of limitation would be
invokable as there was suppression of facts by the company
G
with the intention to evade the excise duty. ..
Evidence: Statement made before Central Excise 1--

Officers - Admissibility of - Plea that statement made by the fl!
Managing Director of the assessee-company was not reliable
H 902
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 903
FOODS INDIA Pvr LTD.

··~ - Held: Statements of Managing Director of the company and A\
other persons were recorded by the central excise officers and
they were not police officers, therefore, their statements
containing all the details about the functioning of the company
which could be made only with their personal knowledge could
not have been obtained through coercion or duress or through. B
-I dictation - These statements, therefore, can be relied upon.

Trade Mark: Registered and unregistered brand name/
trade marks - Held: It is not necessary that "Brand name"
should be compulsorily registered - A person can carry on
his trade by using a "Brand name" which is not even registered c
- But in violation/infringement of trade mark, remedy available
would be distinctly different to an unregistered brand name
from that of remedy available to a registered brand name.
"'
Respondent no. 1-company was engaged in the D
manufacture of P & P Food Products, such as, assorted
jams, pickles, squashes, cooking sauces, chutneys,
syrups, synthetic vinegars etc. It was ·also trading in
sugar, salt and pepper by packing them into small packs.
Respondent no. 2 was the Managing Director of the E
Company.

On 22.11.2000, on receiving information that
,,.8i • respondents were indulging in clandestine removal .of its
finished P & P food products without payment of central
excise duty, the revenue authorities searched its factory F
premises. Searches were also carried out at the premises
of its distributors/wholesale dealers/traders situated in
and around Mumbai and other connected premises.
During the search conducted at the premises of the
respondent-company several incriminating documents, G'
.. articles and records were found. A huge quantity of
finished goods were also found tying in the factory
premises. It was also noticed that there was one tempo
parked inside the factory premises loaded with cartons
containing the excisable goods manufactured by the H
904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A company and was about to leave the factory premises. ,"
On inquiry from the driver of the said tempo, it was found
that the driver was not in possession of any documents
relating to the goods loaded in the said tempo. On
inspection of invoices at the premises of the respondent-
B company, it was also found that there were two invoices
with the same serial number, in respect of different "
products. The officers took stock of the goods in the
factory and it was found that the finished goods lying in
the factory were in excess of the stock shown and
c accounted for in the RGI Register. Thereafter, search was
also carried out at the premises of the dealers/traders, to
whom the company allegedly supplied the finished
goods. The goods found lying in those premises were
also seized on the ground that they were not duty paid. )

Similarly, the search was carried out by the officers at the
D
premises of the selling agent of the respondent-company
(M/s. RTC), a partnership firm of the Managing Director
of the respondent-company (Mis. SKC); and at the
premises of sole proprietor of Mis RTC and records
pertaining to the sale and purchase of the goods lying
E in the offices of these companies were seized. The
searching officers found that, in fact, the respondent-
company had cleared jams, syrup, sauces, pickles, etc.,
from the factory premises to the said selling agents
j_
.....
without payment of duty, but had shown those
F clearances as that of the sugar, in the invoices and had
also cleared the branded goods to the dealers/traders.

A show cause notice was issued to the respondent-
company, its Director, the proprietor of Mis. RTC, its
G partner and M/s. SKC. Through notices issued, duty
demand was raised from the company and penalty was
also-proposed to be imposed on the company. The '
adjudicating authority held that the respondent-company
with the connivance of the respondents 2 and 3 had
H deliberately attempted to pass off excisable goods as
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MU~~,.., \I v. KALVERT 905
FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD.

non-excisable goods with an intent to evade payment of A
excise duty and confirmed the duty demand and ordered
confiscation of the seized goods and also imposed
penalty equivalent to the amount of duty on the company.

) • The Tribunal set aside the findings of the
8
adjudicating authority on the ground that the
respondents were not guilty of clandestine removal of
excisable goods and also that the goods of respondent-
company were not excisable inasmuch as they were
allegedly not packed in containers under a brand name C
and therefore not required to pay any excise duty. The
instant appeals were filed challenging the order of the
Tribunal.

Allowing the appeal, the Court
D
HELD: 1. The plea of the respondent that the
statements of the Managing Director of the Company and
other persons were retracted and cannot be relied upon
was not tenable. The statements of Managing Director of
the Company and other persons were recorded by the E
Central Excise Officers and they were not police officers.
Therefore, such statements made by the Managing
Director of the Company and other persons containing
all the details about the functioning of the company
which could be made only with personal knowledge of
the respondents and, therefore, could not have been F
obtained through coercion or duress or through dictation.
There was no reason why the said statements made in
the circumstances of the case should not be considered,
looked into and relied upon. It was established from the
record that the said statements were given by the G
concerned persons out of their own volition and ther~
was no allegation of threat, force, coercion, duress or
pressure being used by the officers to extract the
statements which corroborated each other. Besides, the
Managing Director of the Company on his own volition H
;
l
906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.
. ' ~

A deposited the amount of Rs. 11 lakhs towards excise
duty. This fact clearly proved the conclusion that the
statements of the concerned persons were of their
volition and not outcome of any duress. The statement
of Managing Director of the Company was on record
\
B where he had admitted the fact of clandestine clearance
of excisable goods and, therefore, has voluntarily come
forward to sort out the issue and to pay the Central
Excise duty liability. Similar statement of the proprietor of
RTC was also recorded under Section 14 of the Central
c Excise Act, 1944 along with the Production Supervisor of
the respondent-company. [Paras 18-20) (914-G-H; 915-A-
HJ
y
2. The adjudicating authority came to the conclusion
that the respondent-company with the connivance of
D respondent nos. 2 and 3 were clandestinely removing
excisable goods as non-excisable goods with intent to
evade payment of excise duty. However, the said order
passed by the adjudicating authority was set aside by the
Tribunal holding that neither the tempo nor the goods
E loaded therein could be legally seized and confiscated
when the relevant documents were shown to the officers
at the spot. It was also observed by the Tribunal that it
could not be said that an attempt was being made to clear
;
.. '

those goods in tempo in a clandestine manner, when the
F company representative produced the invoices and other
· relevant documents in respect thereof. These findings
were arrived at by the Tribunal apparently ignoring the
materials. There was no reference about the statement of
the sole proprietor of M/s. RTC, in the order passed by
G the Tribunal, when she was examined under Section 14
of the Central Excise Act, she had clearly stated that her
company bought large quantities of excisable goods
from the respondent-company and in turn sold them to
its distributors. She also confirmed the documents seized
H from her residence which included correspondence with
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 907
FOODS INDIA PVf. LTD.·
their customers regarding promotion of the "Kalvert A
brand" products. The Tribunal failed to consider and
discuss the specific allegation of the appellant that
respondent-company maintained two sets of
computerized commercial invoices, one for excisable
products like jams, sauce, syrup etc and the other for s
non-excisable goods such as salt, sugar and pepper
which were marked as L series. It also came on evidence
that L series sales for the period 1996-1999 was only
made to M/s RTC in huge quantities and that in the guise
of selling salt, sugar and pepper, the respondent- c
company was in fact selling excisable goods to Mis RTC.
These facts were found and taken note of by the
adjudicating authority but the same were totally ignored
by the Tribunal. Due to the said reasons and on the basis
of the materials available on record, the Company was
0
guilty of clandestine removal of excisable goods as non-
excisa ble goods in order to evade excise duty. It was
proved from the fact that the Managing Director
voluntarily came forward to sort out the issue and to pay
the Excise duty and paid Excise duty to the extent of Rs.
11 lacs on different dates. The said act of the respondent- E
company was very material and relevant but the same
was also ignored by the Tribunal while arriving at a wrong
conclusion. Therefore, the issue with regard to the
clandestine removal of excisable goods as non-excisable
goods by the respondent from their premises and selling F
to its dealers and distributors was clearly proved from the
materials on record. [Para 22-26] (916-E-H;. 917-A-H; 918-
A]
3. Since there was clandestine removal of excisable G
goods, the period of limitation in the instant case has to
be computed from the date of knowledge, arrived at upon
raids on the premises. Therefore, the extended period of
limitation would be available as there was suppression
of facts by the respondents with the intention to evade H
908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A the central excise duty inasmuch as they did not account ••
for the manufactured goods in the prescribed record. The
Tribunal also recorded a finding that the respondents
never cleared the goods in question under any brand
name and being unbranded they were chargeable to NIL
B rate of duty. The said finding was also unacceptable. The •
Managing Director of the respondent-company has
himself stated that they have been selling their products
under the brand name "Kalvert" and on the basis of the
said statement and other record found on the articles sold
c by the respondent company the said finding of the
Tribunal was wrong and perverse. The Tribunal also held
that because the brand name "Kalvert" was not
registered in their name therefore it could not be held that
respondents were using 'brand name'. The Tribunal
0 further held that the name on the goods manufactured
and cleared by the respondent in the market could at best
be termed as "House mark" and not brand name/trade
name. The said findings were also totally wrong and
recorded in violation of the law of Trade Marks. It is not
E necessary that "Brand name" should be compulsorily
registered. A person can carry on his trade by using a
"Brand name" which is not even registered. But in
violation/infringement of trade mark, remedy available
would be distinctly different to an unregistered brand
name from that of remedy available to a registered brand
F name. Unfortunately, the Tribunal did not consider and
properly appreciate the apparent distinction between the
two distinct expressions i.e. "House mark" and "Brand
name" and thereby proceeded to set aside the well-
written Judgment passed by the adjudicating authority
G who had recorded his reasons giving cogent basis for his
reasoning. It is clear that what was being used by the
respondent under the expression "Kalvert" was a "Brand
name" and not a "House mark" as sought to be alleged
by the respondent and was wrongly accepted by the
H Tribunal. Therefore, the articles of assorted jams, pickles,
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 909
FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD.
squashes, cooking sauces, chutneys, syrups, synthetic A
vinegars etc. manufactured and sold by the respondent
company under a brand name "Kalvert" were liable to be
charged for excise duty at the rate prescribed in the
Excise Law. [Para 27-31, 34, 35, 37] [918-B-H; 919-C~E-H;
920-A-E-F] B

Tarai Food Ltd. v. Commissioner of Central Excise,
Meerut-11 2007(8) S.T.R. 442 (S.C.); Astra Pharmaceutical
Pvt. Ltd. v. Collector of Central Excise, Chandigarh 1995 (75)
E.L.T. 214 (S.C.) - relied on.
c
Narayanan's Book on Trade Marks and Passing-Off ;
"Trade Marks"by Sarkar; "Law of Trade Marks" by K.C.
Kailasam and Ramu Vedaraman - referred to.
Case Law Reference:
D
2007 (8) S.T.R. 442 (SC) relied on Para 31
1995 (75) E.L.T. 214 (SC) relied on Para 32, 34
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.
4500-4502 of 2003. E
From the Judgment and Order dated 02.08.2002 of the
Hon'ble Central Excise and Gold Control Appellate Tribunal in
/
Appeal A. No. E/1595-1597/2002-NB(DB).
Harish Chandra, Sunita Rani Singh, B.K. Prasad, Mohd. F
Mannan, P. Parmeswaran for the Appellant.
Balbir Singh, Abhishek Singh Bagnel, Rajesh Kumar and
Rupender Sinhmar for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by G
DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J. 1. These appeals
arise out of Judgment and Order passed by the Customs,
Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi Bench
[for short "CEGAT"] on 02.08.2002 whereby the Tribunal had
allowed the appeals filed by the respondents holding that the H
910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A respondents were not guilty of clandestine removal of excisable • •
goods and also that the goods of the respondent no. 1 were
not excisable inasmuch as they were not packed in containers
under a brand name.
2. Before entering into rival contentions of the parties, it
B would be necessary although in a nutshell to look into the facts
of the case leading to filing of the present appeals.
3. The respondent No. 1, M/s. Kalvert Foods India Pvt. Ltd.
is a company (in short hereinafter referred to as 'the Company')
c engaged in the manufacture of P & P Food Products, such as,
assorted jams, pickles, squashes, cooking sauces, chutneys,
syrups, synthetic vinegars etc. The company is also trading in
sugar, salt and pepper by packing into small packs. The
respondent No. 2, Shri Yunus A. Kalvert is the Managing ..
D Director of the Company.
4. On 22.11.2000, on receiving information that
respondents were indulging in clandestine removals of its
finished P & P food products without payment of Central Excise
Duty, the revenue authorities searched the factory premises of
E the respondent no. 1. Searches were also carried out at the
premises of its distributors/wholesale dealers/traders of
respondent no. 1 situated in and around Mumbai and other
connected premises.
'
5. During the search conducted at the premises of the
F
respondent no. 1 several incriminating documents, articles and
records were found. A huge quantity of finished goods were
also found lying in the factory premises. Further, it was also
noticed that there was one tempo parked inside the factory
premises loaded with cartons containing the excisable goods
G manufactured by the said company and was about to leave the
factory premises. On inquiry from the driver of the said tempo .
it was found that the driver was not in possession of any ...
documents relating to the goods loaded in the said tempo. On
inspection of invoices at the premises of the respondent no. 1,
H
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 911
,- FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD. [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]
••
it was also found that there were two invoices with the same A
serial number, in respect of different products. The officers took
stock of the goods in the factory and it was found that the
finished goods lying in the factory were in excess of the stock
shown and accounted for in the RGI Register.
~
' B
6. Specific allegation against the respondent is that the
goods found lying excess in the stock than what were entered
into RGI register, valued at Rs. 7,33,668/- and the same was
seized.

7. Thereafter, search was also carried out at the premises c
of the dealers/traders, to whom the company allegedly supplied
the finished goods. The goods found lying in those premises
to the value of Rs. 6,22,946/- were also seized on the ground
that they were not duty paid.
D
8. Similarly, the search was carried out by the officers on
28-11-2000, at the premises of M/s. Relish Trading Company
(in short 'RTC')/the selling agent of the respondent-company,
Mis. Sai Krupa, a partnership firm of the Managing Director of
the respondent No. 1; and at the premises of sole proprietor
E
of RTC and records pertaining to the sale and purchase of the
goods lying in the offices of these companies, were seized. It
' I revealed to the searching officers that, in fact, the respondent-
company had cleared jams, syrup, sauces, pickles, etc., from
the factory premises to the above said selling agents without
payment of duty, but had shown those clearances as that of the F
sugar, in the invoices and had also cleared the branded goods
to 1the dealers/traders.
9. After completion of the entire process a show cause
notice was issued to the Company and its Director. Such G
-;
notices were also issued to the proprietor of M/s. RTC, its
partner and M/s. Sai Krupa Corporation. Through notices
issued, duty demand was raised from the company and penalty
was also proposed to be imposed on the company. Reply was
filed by the respondents to the aforesaid show cause notices. H
912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 9 S.C.R.

• •
A 10. The adjudicating authority, namely, the Commissioner
of Central Excise, Mumbai, passed an order dated 27.02.2002,
holding that the respondent no. 1 with the connivance of the
respondents 2 and 3 have deliberately attempted to pass off
excisable goods as non-excisable goods with an intent to evade
~
f
B payment of excise duty. Consequently, the Commissioner
confirmed the duty demand and ordered confiscation of the
seized goods and also imposed penalty equivalent to the
amount of duty on the company and also directed to pay interest
on the excise duty etc.
c 11. Being aggrieved by the aforesaid order, respondents
filed appeals before the CEGAT. The said appeals were heard
and Tribunal passed the judgment and order on 02.08.2002,
which is impugned herein. The Tribunal by its order set aside
the findings of the Commissioner of Central Excise, Mumbai
D holding that the respondents were not guilty of clandestine
removal of excisable goods and also that the goods of
respondent no. 1 were not excisable inasmuch as they were
allegedly not packed in containers under a brand name and
therefore not required to pay any excise duty.
E
12. The present appeals are directed and preferred
against the said judgment and order on which we heard learned
counsel appearing for the parties. l ..
13. The learned counsel appearing for the parties have
F painstakingly and extensively taken us through the relevant
documents on record to which reference shall be made during
the course of our discussion hereinafter. However, before we
record our findings and the conclusions on the issues raised,
we must also deal with the tariff headings and some of the
G documents which are relevant for our purpose and material
available on record. ...

14. Admittedly, the years with which we are concerned in
these appeals are 1996-97, 1997-98 and 1998-99. So far the
H year of 1996-97 is concerned the relevant entry for our purpose

- .
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT913

. ~
FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD. [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]

is 20.01 and sub-heading 2001.00 under Chapter 20 of the .. A
Central Excise Tariff of India 1996-97 (incorporating rates of
Central Excise & Service Tax). Chapter 20 relates to
preparations of vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of plants
and it prescribes "Nil" rate of duty for the goods mentioned in
' this sub-heading 2001.00. Description of goods in the said sub- B
"" " heading is as under:

"preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of
plants, including jams, fruit jellies, marmalades, fruit or nut
puree and fruit or nut pastes, fruit juices and vegetable
juices, whether or not containing added sugar or other
c
sweetening matter put up in unit containers and bearing a
brand name"
..,
15. Chapter 20 of the Central Excise Tariff of India 1998-
99 (incorporating rates of Central Excise & Service Tax as in D
operation on 2nd June, 1998) prescribes 8% excise duty for
the goods mentioned under sub heading 2001.10. Description
of goods mentioned in sub-heading 2001.10 is as under:

"preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of
E
plants, including jams, fruit jellies, marmalades, fruit or nut
puree and fruit or nut pastes, fruit juices and vegetable
juices, whether or not containing added sugar or other
,.) • sweetening matter put up in unit containers and bearing a
brand name".
F
What is brand name is also explained in the notes included in
Chapter 20 to the following effect:

""brand name" means a brand name, whether registered
or not, that is to say, a name or a mark, such as a symbol, G
monogram, label, signature or invented words or any
writing which is used in relation to a product, for the
purpose of indicating, or so as to indicate, a connection
in the course of trade between the product and some
person using such name or mark with or without any
H
914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.

A indication of the identity of that person". • •
16. Chapter 21, of the Central Excise Tariff of India 1998-
99 (incorporating rates of Central Excise & Service Tax as in
operation on 2nd June, 1998) relates to "Miscellaneous Edible
Preparations". It also prescribes 8% excise duty for the goods
8
mentioned under sub heading 2103.10. Description of goods
mentioned in sub-heading 2001.10 is as under:

"Sauces, ketchup and the like and preparations therefore;
fixed condiments and mixed seasonings; mustard flour and
C mead and prepared mustard put up in unit containers and
bearing a brand name"

Sub-heading 2108.20 prescribes 18% excise duty for "Edible
preparations, not elsewhere specified or including Sharbat"
D under Chapter 21. Sub-heading 2203.00 also prescribes 18%
excise duty for "Vinegar and substitutes for vinegar obtained
from acetic acid" under Chapter 22.
17. During the search operation carried out by the
appellants several incriminating articles were found with brand
E name "Kalvert Anchor" or "Kalvert" in assorted forms which were
manufactured by M/s. Kalvert Foods (I) P. Ltd. During the course
of investigation statement of Shri Yunus A. Kalvert, Managing
Director of respondent company was recorded under Section
14 of the Central Excise Act, 1944, who inter alia deposed that
F the respondent company was engaged in the manufacture of
P & P food products like jams; pickles; syrups; vinegars etc.
bearing their brand name "KALVERT ANCHOR" and the other
Directors of the company viz. Shri Akbar Ali Kalvert, his father
and Shri lrshad Y. Kalvert.
G
18. During the course of arguments learned counsel
appearing for the respondent submitted before us that although -
the aforesaid statements of Managing Director of the Company
and other persons were recorded during the course of judicial
H proceedings but the same were retracted statements, and
-<

.,
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 915
FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD. [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]
~ ;.

theirefore, they cannot be relied upon. However, the statements A
were recorded by the Central Excise Officers and they were
not police officers. Therefore, such statements made by the
Ma1naging Director of the Company and other persons
containing all the details about the functioning of the company
~
which could be made only with personal knowledge of the B
respondents and therefore could not have been obtained
through coercion or duress or through dictation. We_ see no
ree1son why the aforesaid statements made in the
circ:umstances of the case should not be considered, looked
into and relied upon. c
19. We are of the considered opinion that it is established
from the record that the aforesaid statements were given by the
. concerned persons out of their own volition and there is no
allegation of threat, force, coercion, duress or pressure being
utilized by the officers to extract the statements which D
corroborated each other. Besides, the Managing Director of the
Company on his own volition deposited the amount of Rs. 11
lakhs towards excise duty and therefore in the facts and
circumstance of the present case, the aforesaid statement of
the counsel for the respondents cannot be accepted. This fact E
clearly proves the conclusion that the statements of the
concerned persons were of their volition and not outcome of
--~ ' any duress.

20. During the course of arguments our attention was also F
drawn to the statement of Managing Director of the Company
where he had admitted the fact of clandestine clearance of
excisable goods and therefore has voluntarily come forward to
sort out the issue and to pay the Central Excise duty liability
and that he has paid Central Excise duty voluntarily under TR6
G
.... Challans totaling to Rs. 11,00,000/- on various dates. Similarly
statement of Miss Vinita M. Khanolkar- proprietor of RTC was
also recorded under Section 14 of the Central Excise Act, 1944
along with Shri Shekhar Mogaviera - Production Supervisor of
M/s. Kalvert Foods India Pvt. Ltd. Statements of various other
H
916 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 9 S.C.R.
..
A persons were also recorded under Section 14 of the Central
Excise Act.
21. Our attention was also drawn by the counsel appearing
for the appellant to the findings recorded by the adjudicating
authority to the fact that there have been recovery of
B
unaccounted finished excisable goods from 8 different dealers
in and around Mumbai and that there have been creation of
firms dealing in similar products from the same premises by
the same persons having no capital or machinery and also that
there have been only one tempo invariably used for delivery of
c excisable goods from factory to the buyers though some
invoices were issued by the firms other than M/s. Kalvert Foods
India Pvt. Ltd. and that there have been use of parallel sets of
invoices of the same serial numbers supported by recovery of
•
a serially numbering machine and blank invoices without any
D printed serial numbers.

22. On the basis of the aforesaid material discussed
hereinbefore the adjudicating authori'.y came to the conclusion
that the respondent no. 1 with the connivance of respondent nos.
E 2 and 3 have been deliberately clandestinely removing
excisable goods as non-excisable goods with intent to evade
payment of excise duty. However, the aforesaid judgment and
order passed by the adjudicating authority, namely, the
• ·-
Commissioner of Central Excise, Mumbai, was set aside by
F the Tribunal holding that neither the tempo nor the goods loaded
therein could be legally seized and confiscated when the
relevant documents were shown to the officers at the spot. It
was also observed by the Tribunal that it could not be said that
an attempt was being made to clear those goods in tempo in
a clandestine manner, when the company representative
G
produced the invoices and other relevant documents in respect ~

thereof. These .findings were arrived at by the Tribunal
apparently ignoring the materials which are considered
hereinbefore and referred to.
H 23. There is no reference about the statement of Miss
•
., COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 917
FOODS INDIA PVT. LTD. roR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]
Vinita M. Khanolkar - sole proprietor of Mis. RTC, in the A
judgment of order passed by the Tribunal, when she was
examined under Section 14 of the Central Excise Act, she had
clearly stated that her company bought large quantities of
_,; .. excisable goods from the respondent company and in turn sold
them to its distributors. She also confirmed the documents B
seized from her residence which included correspondence with

- their customers regarding promotion of the "Kalvert brand"
products.

24. The Tribunal also failed to consider and discuss the
c
specific allegation of the appellant that respondent no. 1
maintained two sets of computerized commercial invoices, one
for excisable products like jams, sauce, syrup etc and the other
for non-excisable goods such as salt, sugar and pepper which
were marked as L series. It has also come on evidence that L
series sales for the period 1996-1999 was only made to RTC D
in huge quantities and that in the guise of selling salt, sugar and
pepper, the respondent No. 1 was in fact selling excisable
goods to RTC. These facts have been found and taken note of
by the adjudicating authority but the same were totally ignored
by the Tribunal. E

J . 25. Due to the aforesaid reasons and on the basis of the
materials available on record it is clear that the Company was
guilty of clandestine removal of excisable goods as non-
excisable goods in order to evade excise duty. It is proved from F
the fact that the Managing Director voluntarily came forward to
sort out the issue and to pay the Excise duty and paid i'>'cise
duty to the extent of Rs. 11,00,000/- on different dates. The
aforesaid act of the respondent no. 1 was very material and
relevant but the same was also ignored by the Tribunal while G
-,; arriving at a wrong conclusion.
26. Therefore, according to us the issue with regard to the
clandestine removal of excisable goods as non-excisable
goods by the respondent from their premises and selling to its
H
918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 9 S.C.R.
••
A dealers and distributors is clearly proved from the materials on
record.

27. In view of the aforesaid position and since there was
clandestine removal of excisable goods, the period of limitation
in the present case would have to be computed from the date
8
of their knowledge, arrived at upon raids on the premises. In
the present case therefore the extended period of limitation
would be available as there was suppression of facts by the
respondents with the intention to evade the central excise duty
C inasmuch as they did not account for the manufactured goods
in the prescribed record.

28. The Tribunal has also recorded a finding that the
respondents never cleared the goods in question under any
brand name and being unbranded they were chargeable to NIL
D rate of duty.

29. The aforesaid finding is also unacceptable. The
Managing Director of the respondent company has himself
stated that they have been selling their products under the brand
E name "Kalvert" and on the basis of the said statement and other
record found on the articles sold by the respondent company
the aforesaid finding of the Tribunal is wrong and perverse.

30. The Tribunal has also held that because the brand
name "Kalvert" was not registered in their name therefore it
F cannot be held that respondents were using 'brand name'. The
Tribunal further held that the name on the goods manufactured
and c~ared by the respondent in the market could at best be
termed as "House mark" and not brand name/trade name.

G 31. In our considered opinion, the aforesaid findings are
also totally wrong and recorded in violation of the law of Trade
Marks. During the course of arguments, our attention was
drawn to a Judgment of this Court in the case of T ARAI FOOD
LTD. V. COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE,
H MEERUT-11, reported in 2007(8} S.T.R. 442 (S.C.}. While
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 919
FOODS INDIA PVf. LTD. [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]
I, ·~
placing reliance on the said Judgment, the counsel appearing A
for the respondents submitted that what is a 'Brand name' is
as stated in paragraph 4 of the said Judgment. He relied on
the said definition of 'Brand name' and then submitted that the
phrase "New Improved Quick Frozen French Fries" was not
... ~ held to be a brand name, and therefore, according to him the B
brand name of the respondent company "Kalvert" being a
"House Name" could not be termed as "Brand Name".

32. In our considered opinion, the aforesaid brand name
"New Improved Quick Frozen French Fries" is a descriptive
word and the same could not have been termed and coined
c
either as a "house name" or a "brand name" under any
circumstances. There can be no dispute therefore with regard
to the proposition of law laid down by this Court in the aforesaid
decision. We rnay also refer to another decision of this Court
in Astra Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd. V. Collector of Central D
Excise, Chandigarh, reported in [1995 (75) E.L.T. 214 (S.C.)].
That was a case of Pharmaceutical product. In the said decision
also the manner and scope of "Brand name" and distinction
between 'House mark' and "Product mark/Brand name" has
been brought out. It was stated therein by this Court that "House E
mark" which is usually a device in the form of an emblem, word
or both is an identification of the manufacturer which is
> • compulsory under the Drug Rules. On the other hand, product
mark or brand name is invariably a word or a combination of a
word and letter or numeral by which the product is identified F
and asked for. In paragraph 6 of the said Judgment,
Narayanan's Book on Trade Marks and Passing-Off was also
referred to and since the same may have a bearing to the facts
of the present case, it is extracted herein below:
G
"677A. House mark and Product mark (or Brand name).
,;

In the pharmaceutical business a distinction is made
between a House mark and a Product mark. The former
is used on all the products of the manufacturer. It is usually
a device in the form of an emblem, word or both. For each H
920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
-
[2011] 9 S.C.R.

A product a separate mark known as a product mark or a
brand name is used which is invariably a word or a
. '

combination of a word and letter or numeral by which the
product is identified and asked for. In respect of all
products both the Product mark and House mark will
B appear side by side on all the labels, cartons etc. Goods ...___
are ordered only by the product mark or Brand name. The
House mark serves as an emblem of the manufacturer
projecting the image of the manufacturer generally."

33. In the book of "Trade Marks" by Sarkar, the distinction
c between the expressions "House mark" and "Product mark" or
"Brand name" has been clearly brought out by way of reference
to the decision in Astra Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd. (supra). It is
stated therein that "House mark" is used on all the products of
the manufacturer and that it is usually a device or a form of
D emblem of words or both. It was also pointed out that for each
product a separate mark known as a "Product mark" or "Brand
name" is used which is invariably a word or combination of word
and letter or numeral by which the product is identified and
asked for. It was also stated that in respect of all products both
E the "Product mark" and "Brand name" would appear side by
side on all the labels, cartons etc. and that the "House mark" is
used generally as an emblem of the manufacturer projecting the
image of the manufacturer, whereas "Brand name" is a name
or trade mark either unregistered or registered under the Act. • ...
F
34. Therefore, it is--not necessary that "Brand name" should
be compulsorily registered. A person can carry on his trade by
using a "Brand name" which is not even registered. But in
violation/infringement of trade mark, remedy available would be
distinctly different to an unregistered brand name from that of
G
remedy available to a registered brand name.
,..
35. Unfortunately, the Tribunal did not consider and property
appreciate the apparent distinction between the two distinct
expressions i.e. "House mark" and "Brand name" and thereby
H proceeded to set aside the well-written Judgment passed by
COMMISSIONER OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI v. KALVERT 921
FOODS INDIA Pvr. LTD. [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]

~ < the Commissioner of Central Excise, Mumbai who has A
recorded his reasons giving cogent basis for his reasoning.
36. In the book of "Law of Trade Marks" by K.C. Kailasam
and Ramu Vedaraman the distinction between 'Product mark'
and 'House mark' has been beautifully delineated, which is as
__... under: B
.\

"It is possible that the proprietor may use several trade
marks in respect of his goods (known as Product mark),
besides using a common mark in all his products to
indicate the origin of the goods from the enterprise (known c
as House mark). This practice is more predominant in the
pharmaceutical trade. Though both are trade marks and
are registrable as such, each has its own distinct function.
While the House mark represents the image of the
enterprise from which the goods emanate, the Product D
mark is the means by which goods are identified and
purchased in the market place and it the focal point of
,.
presentation and advertisement."
37. In view of above discussion, it is clear that what was
being used by the respondent under the expression "Kalvert" E
was a "Brand name" and not a "House mark" as sought to be
alleged by the respondent and has been wrongly accepted by
the Tribunal. Therefore, the articles of assorted jams, pickles,
.\
~
squashes, cooking sauces, chutneys, syrups, synthetic vinegars
etc. manufactured and sold by the respondent company under F
a brand name "Kalvert" were liable to be charged for excise
duty at the rate prescribed in the Excise Law.
38. The Tribunal committed manifest error in coming to its
conclusion and therefore the order passed by the Tribunal is
set aside and the order dated 27.02.2002 passed by the G
Commissioner of Central Excise, Mumbai is restored.
~

39. The appeals are allowed to the aforesaid extent but
leaving the parties to bear their own costs.
D.G. Appeals allowed. H