Holding

Extinguishment of the assessees' rights in the amalgamating company's shares upon amalgamation is a "transfer" under Section 2(47), so Section 47(vii) and Section 49(2) apply, making the capital gains taxable.

Summary

The respondents, shareholders of Ambassador Steamship Ltd., received 14 shares of Collis Line Ltd. for each share they held in the amalgamating company under a scheme of arrangement. They later sold 45,318 of these new shares at a profit, and the Income Tax Officer levied capital gains tax, treating the transaction as a transfer under Section 2(47) and computing cost under Section 49(2). The respondents argued that no transfer occurred because their original shares were extinguished, not transferred, and that the definition of "extinguishment of any rights" should not apply. The Supreme Court held that the extinguishment of the shareholders' rights in the original shares upon amalgamation does constitute a "transfer" within Section 2(47), thereby bringing the transaction within Section 47(vii) and requiring cost determination under Section 49(2). Consequently, the revenue's appeal was allowed and the lower orders set aside.

Issues considered

Whether the amalgamation of Ambassador Steamship Ltd. with Collis Line Ltd. amounted to a "transfer" of the shareholders' original shares under Section 2(47) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Whether the transfer, if any, was made in consideration of the allotment of shares in the amalgamated company, thereby attracting Section 47(vii).
Whether Section 49(2) of the Income Tax Act applies to compute the cost of acquisition of the shares of the amalgamated company and consequently attract capital gains tax.

Legislation cited

Companies Act, 1956s. 391(2), s. 394
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 2(47), s. 45, s. 47(vii), s. 49(2)

Subjects

capital gains taxamalgamationtransfer definitionextinguishment of rightsSection 2(47)Section 47(vii)Section 49(2)Companies Actscheme of arrangementcost of acquisition

Judgment

A COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, COCHIN
v.
MRS. GRACE COLLIS AND ORS. )

B
FEBRUARY23, 2001

[S.P. DHARUCHA, N. SANTOSH HEGDE AND Y.K. SABHARWAL, JJ.]
-
Income Tax Act, 1961-Sections 2(47), 45, 47 and 49(2)-Scheme of
Amalgamation under the Companies Act-Sharns in amalgamated company
given in lieu of sharns in amalgamating company in the ratio of 1: 14-Sale
c of sharns of amalgamated company by assessee-Transfer--Capital Gains
Tax-Liability of-Held, extinguishment of shares of amalgamating company
on amalgamation ccme within the purview of the definition of 'transfer' -
Exigible to capital gains tax-Companies Act, 1956-Sections 391 (2) and
394.

D Respondent-assessees were shareholders of 'A' company. Under a
Scheme of Arrangement under Section 391(2) and 394 of the Companies
Act, 1956, 'A' company (amalgamating company) was amalgamated with
'C' company (amalgamated company) in consideration of issuing 14 equity
shares of Rs.100 each, fully paid up, in the amalgamated company for each
share held by the shareholders in the amalgamating company. The assessees
E
sold 45,318 shares of the amalgamated company for Rs. 48,72,523 i.e. at Rs.
107.50 each in the previous year relating to assessment year 1976-77. The
assessees did not furnish to I. T.O., the cost of acquisition of the shares of the
amalgamating company. The I. T.O. computed the cost of acquisition by
multiplying the number of shares sold of the amalgamated company with
F their face value and dividing the result by 14. The I. T.O. levied capital gains
tax under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The order of the
I. T.O. was confirmed by CIT (Appeals) and the Tribunal. On reference at -+
the instance of the assessees, the High Court held in favour of the assessees.
Hence these appeals by the Revenue.
G The assessees contended that the shares in the amalgamating com-
pany ceased to exist on amalgamation; that there was no transfer of their
shares in the amalgamating company to any one; that the expression 'extin-
guishment of any rights therein' in Section 2(47) of the Act is not applicable
as there was extinguishment of the asset itself; that the shares of the amal-
H gamated company were obtained on account of holding shares in the amal-
98
C.l.T. v. MRS. GRACE COLLIS [BHARUCHA, J.] 99
..... gamating company; and that capital gains tax could not be levied as there A
* was no provision under the Income Tax Act to determine the cost of the
shares received from the amalgamated company.
Allowing the appeals, the Court
HELD : 1.1. The definition of 'transfer' in Section 2(47) of the
B
Income Tax Act, 1961 clearly contemplates the extinguishment of rights
in a capital asset distinct and independent of such extinguishment conse·
quent upon the transfer thereof. There is no limitation of the expression
"extinguishment of any rights therein" to such extinguishment on account
of transfers. The expression "extinguishment of any rights therein" can·
not be extended to mean the extinguishment of rights independent of or c
otherwise than on account of transfer. Therefore, the expression includes
extinguishment of rights in a capital asset independent of and otherwise
than on account of transfer. [106-B-C]
1.2. The rights of the assessees in the capital asset, being their shares
in the amalgamating company, stood extinguished upon the amalgamation D
of the amalgamating company with the amalgamated company. There was,
therefore, a transfer of the shares in the amalgamating company within the
meaning of Section 2(47). It was, therefore, a transaction to which Section
47(vii) applied and, consequently, the cost to the assessees of the acquisition
of the shares of the amalgamated company had to be determined in accord· E
ance with the provision of Section 49(2) of the Act. [106-D-E]
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Ra<iklal Maneklal (HUF). 177
ITR 198 and Vania Silk Mills Pvt. l.Jd. v. CIT, 191 ITR 647, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 4437-45 of
F
... 1997 .
From the Judgment and Order dated 3.6.96 of the Kerala High Court
in l.T.R. Nos. 269-277 of 1985.

M.L. Verma, P.S. Narsimha and Ms. Sushma Suri for the Appellant.
G
Joseph Vellapally, S. Rajappa, V. Balaji and P.N. Rarnalingarn for the
Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
BHARUCHA, J. These are the appeals by the Revenue against the
decision of a Division Bench of the High Court of Kerala on a reference H
A
JOO SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
application at the instance of the assessees under Section 256(1) of the Income
Tax Act, 1961. The High Court was called upon to answer the following three
questions :
-
"1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
the Tribunal was right in holding that on the amalgamation
B of Ambassador Steamship Pvt. Ltd. with Collis Line Pvt.
Ltd., there was a transfer by the assessee of their shares
in Ambassador Steamships Pvt. Ltd.?

2. In case the answer to question No. 1 above is in the

c affirmative, whether the Tribunal was right in holding that
the transfer was made in consideration of the allotment for
to the assessees of shares in Collis Line Pvt. Ltd.?

3. Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
the Tribunal was right in holding that Section 49(2) of the
D LT. Act, 1961 applied to the sale of the shares of the
assessees in Collis Line Pvt. Ltd., which were obtain~d by
the assessees on the amalgamation of Ambassador Steam-
ship Pvt. Ltd. with Collis Line Pvt. Ltd. ?"

The High Court answered the first question in the negative and in
E favour of the assessees, namely, that there was no transfer. In view of this
answer, it held that the second question did not arise. It answered tb.e third
question in the negative and in favour of the assessees. Even so, it ~eld that
. the taxing authorities could consider taxing the assessecs on the basis of the
transaction whereunder the share of Rs.100/- was sold for Rs.107.50. The
F assessees were shareholders of Ambassador Steamship Pvt. Ltd.

The High Court of Kerala sanctioned a Scheme of Arrangement under
Section 391(2) and 394 of the Companies Act whereby Ambassador Steam-
ship Pvt. Ltd. ("the amalgamating company") was amalgamated with Co!lis
Line Pvt. Ltd.("the amalgamated company"). The Scheme contemplated the
G transfer by way of amalgamation of all assets and liabilities of the amalga-
mating company to the amalgamated company in consideration of the amal-
gamated company issuing to the members of the amalgamating company 14
equity shares of Rs.100/- each, credited as fully paid up, in the amalgamated
company for each share held in the amalgamating company. Upon amalgama-
H tion, the amalgamating company would cease to function and the amalgamated
C.l.T. v. MRS. GRACE COLLIS [BHARUCHA, J.] 101
company would take over all its busiuess, assets and liabilities and carry on its A
business. The sanctioned Scheme stated: "As the residue of the consideration

.,
* for the said transfer, the Transferee Company shall issue to the members of the
Transferor Company 14 equity shares of Rs.JOO/- each in the Transferee
Company credited as fully paid up in respect of each share held by him or her
in the Transferor Company......"
B
'
The assessees sold the 45318 shares of the amalgamated company of the
face value ofRs.100/- each which they had acquired wider the Scheme to one
B .K. Chatterji and his associates on 29th February, 1?76 for the aggregate sum
of Rs.48,72,523/-. This meant that they had sold each share for Rs.107.50.
I

For the Assessment Year 1976-77, the previous year whereof ended on
c
31st March, 1976, the Income Tax Officer levied capital gains tax upon the
assessees in respect of the sale to Chatterji and others. The Income Tax_ Officer
..... applied the provisions of Section 49(2) read with Section 47(vii) for the
purposes of computing the capital gain. Therewider the cost of the shares of
the amalgamating company is the cost of the shares of the amalgamated D
company that the assessee surrendered in exchange under a scheme of ar-
rangement. The assessees had not furnished to the Income Tax Officer infor-
mation as to the cost at which they had acquired the shares of the amalga-
mating company. Accordingly, the Income Tax Officer noted that under the
"l'" Scheme the assessees had received 14 shares of the face value of Rs.100/-
E
each in the amalgamated company for one share of the face value of Rs.100/
- in the amalgamating company. He multiplied the number of shares of the
amalgamated company that the assessees had sold by their face value of
Rs.100/- and divided the result by 14 to arrive at their cost. The price at which
the assessees had sold the shares Jess their cost as aforesaid was the capital
gain that ):he Income Tax Officer subjected to tax. The Income Tax Officer F
rejected the contention of the assessees that Sections 49(2) and 47(vii) were
not attracted as the assessees had not become the owners of the shares of the
amalgamated company in consideration of the transfer of their shares in the
amalgamating company.
G
The order of the Income Tax Officer was confirmed by the
C.l.T.(Appeals). The matter went up before the Tribwial and the Tribunal
upheld the appellate order. From out of the order of the Tribunal, the questions
aforestated were referred to the High Court and answered as set out above.

For the purposes of appreciating the controversy in this appeal, it is H
102 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A necessary to set out the relevant provisions of the Act as they obtained at the
relevant time.

Section 2(47) defines "transfer", in relation to a capital asset, to include
the sale, exchange or relinquishment of the asset or the extinguishment of any
rights therein or the compulsory acquisition thereof under any law. Section
B 45 states that any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset
effected.in the previous year shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head
"Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year
in which the transfer took place. Section 47 states which transactions are not
to be regarded as transfers. Nothing contained in Section 45 applies, by reason
c thereof, to:

"(vii) any transfer by a shareholder, in a scheme of amalgamation, of
a capital asset being a share or shares held by him in the amalgamat-
ing company if-

D (a) the transfer is made in consideration of the allotment to him of
any share or shares in the amalgamated company, and

(b) the amalgamated company is an Indian company."

Section 49 sets out how cost is to be computed with reference to various
E modes of acquisition. It says, in sub-section(2): "Where the capital asset being
a share or shares in an amalgamated company which is an Indian company
became the property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer referred to
in clause (vii) of Section 47, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be
deemed to be the cost of acquisition to him of the share or shares in the
amalgamating company."
F
In Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Rasiklal Maneklal (HUF),
177 I.T.R. 198, this Court was concerned with a case of acquisition of shares
consequent upon a scheme of amalgamation virtually identical to the Scheme
before us. At that time capital gains were chargeable to tax by reason of
Section 12B of the Income Tax Act, 1922, which stated thus :
G
"12B. Capital gains.- (I) The tax shall be payable by an assessee
under the head 'Capital gains' in respect of any profit or gains arising
from the sale, exchange, relinquishment or transfer of a capital asset
effected after the 31st day of March, 1956, and such profits and gains
H shall be deemed to be income of the previous year in which the sale,
C.l.T. v. MRS. GRACE COLLIS [BHARUCHA, J.] 103
exchange, relinquishment or transfer took place." A

The question this Conrt was called upon to consider read thus: "Whether, on
the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the sum of Rs.49 ,350 could
be assessed in the hands of the assessee as capital gains as having accrued
to the assessee by exchange or relinquishment as provided for nnder section
12B of the Act ?" This Conrt held that no exchange was involved in the B
transaction. An exchange involved the transfer of property by one person to
another and, reciprocally, the transfer of property by that other to the first
person. There had to be a mutual transfer of ownership of one thing for the
ownership of another. In the case before the Conrt the assessee could not be
said to have transferrd any property to anyone. When he was allotted shares c
of the amalgamated company, he was entitled to such allotment because of
his holding 90 shares of the amalgamating company. The holding of 90 shares
in the amalgamating company was merely a qualifying condition entitling the
assessee to the allo~ent of 45 shares in the amalgamated company. The
dissolution of the amalgamating company deprived the holding of the 90
shares of that company of all value. D

Learned connsel for the assessees submitted that no capital gains tax
could be levied upon the assessees in respect of the sale by them of their
shares in the amalgamated company because there was no provision in the
Act with regard to the manner of detennination of the cost of these shares. E
This was for the reason that Section 49(2) prescribed the mode of determining
the cost where the shares in an amalgamated company had become the
property of the assessee in consideration of a transfer, as referred to in Section
47(vii); that is to say, a transfer by a shareholder in a scheme of amalgamation
of shares held by him in the amalgamating company if the transfer was made
in consideration of the allotment to him of shares in the amalgamated com- F
pany. The decision in Rasiklal had held that there was no transfer of any
property to any one by the assessee in circumstances identical to tl1ose before
us.

This, however, is not the end of the matter for Section 2(47) defines G
"transfer" to include "the extinguishment of any rights" in a capital asset.

In this regard, onr attention was drawn by learned counsel for the
assessees to the decision of a Bench of two learned Judges of tl1is Court
in Vania Silk Mills Pvt. Ltd. v. C.I.T., 191 l.T.R. 647. This was a case in
which the appellant company carried on the business of manufacture and H
104 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [200112 s.c.R.
A sale of art-silk cloth. It purchased during the year 1957 machinery and gave '-
it on hire to Jasmine Mills at an annual rent. Jasmine Mills, as bailee of ~
the machinery, insured it against fire along with its own machinery. The
insurance policy contained a reinstatement clause requiring the insurer to
pay the cost of the machinery as on the date of the fire in case of destmction
or loss. A fire did break out in the premises of Jasmine Mills causing
B
extensive damage, inter alia, to the machinery which became useless as a
result. On settlement of the insurance claim, Jasmine Mills received an
)..
amount from the insurance company. From out of it it paid Rs. 6,32,533
to the appellant on the account of the destmction of the machinery. The
Income-tax Officer brought to tax the sum of Rs. 3,50, 792, being the dif-
c ference between the insurance amount received by the appellant for the
machinery and the original cost thereof, as a capital gain. The Appellate
Tribunal held that the insurance amount was not received by the appellant
on the transfer of a capital asset but on account of the damage to its machinery
and that Section 45 of the Act was not attracted. On a reference, the High
Court reversed the decision of the Tribunal. This Court held in appeal d1erefrom
D
that when an asset was destroyed, there was no question of transferring it
to others. The destruction or loss brought about the destruction of the right
of the owner of the asset in it, but it was not on account of a transfer but
on account of the disappearance of the asset. The extinguishment of the right
in an asset on account of the extinguishment of the asset was not a transfer
~
E of the right but its destmction. The destmction of the right on account of
the destruction of the asset could not be equated with the extinguishment
of the right on accounts of its transfer. Section 45 of the Act was, therefore,
not attracted. The fact that while paying for the total Joss or damage to the
property the insurance company took over such property or whatever was
F left of it did not change the nature of the insurance claim, which was an
indemnity or compensation for the loss. The payment of the insurance claim
was not in consideration of the property taken over by the insurance com-
parry, for one was not consideration for the other. This Court then, having
so very rightly held that Section 45 was not attracted, went on to consider
the definition of 'transfer' and it said:
G
"It is true that the definition of "transfer" in section 2(47) of the Act
is an "inclusive" definition and therefore, extends to events and -;...
transactions which may not otherwise be "transfer" according to its
ordinary, popular and natural sense. It is this aspect of the definition
H which has weighed with the High Court and, therefore, the High
C.l.T. v. MRS. GRACE COLLIS [BHARUCHA, J.] 105
Court has argued that, if the words "extinguishment of any rights A
therein" are substituted for the word "transfer" in section 45, the
claim or compensation received from the insurance company would
attract the said section. The High Court has, however, missed the fact
that the definition also mentions such transactions as sale, exchange,
etc., to which the word "transfer" would properly apply in its popular
B
and natural import. Since those associated words and expressions
imply the existence of the asset and of the transferee, according to
the rule of noscitur a s?ciis, the expression "extinguishment of any
right therein" would take colour from the said associated words and
expressions and will have to be restricted to the sense analogous to
them. If the Legislature intended to extend the definition to any C
extinguishment of right, it would not have included the obvious
instances of transfer, viz., sale, exchange, etc. Hence, the expression
"extinguishment of any rights therein" will have to be confined to the
extinguishment of rights on account of transfer and cannot be ex-
tended to mean any extinguishment of right independent of or oth- D
erwise than on account of transfer."

Learned counsel for the assessees relied upon this decision to contend,
again, that there had been no transfer by the assessees of their shares in the
amalgamating company and that, therefore, the case would still not fall within
the meaning of the expression "extinguishment of any rights therein" in E -
Section 2(47) .. By reason of the decision, the expression "extinguishment of
any rights therein" had to be confined to the extinguishment of rights on
account of a transfer and could not be extended to refer to the extinguishment
of rights independent of or otherwise than on account of transfer.
F
Learned counsel for the Revenue submitted that having held that the
payment in settlement of the insurance claim was not in consideration of the
transfer to the insurer of the damaged machinery and that, tl1erefore, there was
no transfer within the meaning of Section 45, it was unnecessary for this Court
in Vania's case to go on to consider the defmition in Section 2(47) and the
meaning to be attached to tlle expression "extinguishment of any rights G
therein". In his submission, the decision in Vania's case was to this extent
obiter dicta. The definition in Section 2(47) of 'transfer' included sale and
exchange. In each of those cases there was an extinguishment of the right of
the seller or exchanger in the capital asset. To restrict the extinguishment of
rights to extinguishment on account of transfer was, in learned counsel's H
106 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 2 S.C.R.
A submission, to render the expression "extinguishment of any rights therein"
.-
otiose and to nullify the effect of their use in the definition.

We have given careful thonght to the definition of 'transfer' in Section
2(47) and to the decision of this Court in Vania's case. In our view, the
definition clearly contemplates the extinguishment of rights in a capital asset
B distinct and independent of such extinguishment consequent upon the transfer
thereof. We do not approve, respectfully, of the limitation of the expression
"extinguishmel)t of any rights therein" to such extinguishment on account of
transfers or to the view that the expression "extinguishment of any rights
therein" cannot be extended to mean the extinguishment of rights independent
c of or otherwise than on account of transfer. To so read the expression is to
render it ineffective and its use meaningless. As we read it, therefore, the
expression does include the extinguishment of rights in a capital asset inde-
pendent of and otherwise than on account of transfer.

Tiris being so, the rights of the assessees in the capital asset, being their
D shares in the amalgamating company, stood extinguished upon the amalga-
mation of the amalgamating company with the amalgamated company. There
was, therefore, a transfer of the shares in the amalgamating company within
the meaning of Section 2(47). It was, therefore, a transaction to which Section
47(vii) applied and, consequently, the cost to the assessees of the acquisition '
of the shares of the amalgamated company had to be determined in accord-
E
ance with the provision of Section 49(2), that is to say, the cost was deemed
to be the cost of the acquisition by the assessees of their shares in the
amalgamating company.

Upon this reading of the law, our answers to the questions are:
F
(!) In the affirmative and in favour of the assessee.

(2) Does not arise.

(3) In the affirmative and in favour of the Revenue.

G We have already set out how the Income Tax Officer computed the
capital gain and see no reason to take another view, having regard to the fact
that the JlSSessees could have disclosed, without prejudice to their contentions,
the cost at which they had acquired their shares in the amalgamated company.
We are at a loss to understand the reasoning of the High Court in giving to
H the Revenue the liberty to consider taxing the assessees on the basis that it was
+
C.I.T. v. MRS. GRACE COLLIS [BHARUCHA, J.] 107
"a transaction by itself whereunder a share of Rs.100.00 each was sold as a A
share of Rs.107.50".

We are obliged to learned counsel for their assistance. The appeals are
allowed.

The judgment and order under appeal is set aside. The questions are B
answered as already indicated.

There shall be no order as t~ costs.

B.S. Appeals allowed.