Holding

The surplus from the going‑concern sale is chargeable to tax under Section 41(2) to the extent of the excess of written‑down value over actual cost, any further excess is capital gain, and the assessee is taxed as an association of persons, not as a registered firm.

Summary

The partnership firm Artex Manufacturing sold its entire business as a going concern to a newly formed private limited company for Rs 11,50,400, paid by allotment of shares. The issue was whether the surplus arising from the difference between the re‑valued value of plant, machinery and dead‑stock (Rs 15,87,296) and their written‑down value (Rs 4,36,896) was taxable under Section 41(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, or as capital gains under Section 45, and whether the assessee should be taxed as a registered firm or as an association of persons. The Supreme Court held that Section 41(2) applies, taxing the surplus up to the excess of written‑down value over actual cost, with any further excess treated as capital gain, and that the assessee is to be taxed as a body of individuals (association of persons). The two CBIT circulars were held inapplicable. The appeal was partly allowed, setting aside the High Court on the relevant questions.

Issues considered

Whether the surplus arising from the transfer of plant, machinery and dead‑stock is taxable at all
Whether such surplus is chargeable under Section 41(2) or as capital gains under Section 45
Whether the surplus should be assessed in the status of a registered firm or an association of persons
Whether the principle of mutuality applies to exempt the surplus from tax
Whether relief under the two CBIT circulars is available
Whether a transfer of a going‑concern is liable to tax under Section 45, Section 41(2), or is a non‑taxable realisation sale

Legislation cited

Income Tax Act, 1961s. 41(2), s. 45

Subjects

Section 41(2)balancing chargegoing concern salecapital gainsassociation of personsregistered firmtaxability of surplusvaluationincome taxslump sale

Judgment

A COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, GUJARAT
v.
M/S. ARTEX MANUFACTURING COMPANY

JULY 8, 1997

B
(S.C. AGRAWAL AND G.B. PATTANAIK, JJ.]

Income Tax Act, 1961 :

Section 41(2) and Section 4!r--Balancing Charge-Sale of Business as
C a going concern-Difference between the wlitten down value of plant,
machinery and dead stock transferred and sale consideration receive<i--Held,
is chargeable to tax under Section 41(2)-Surplus, if any in excess of the said
difference taxable as capital gains under Section 45.

D The assessee, a partnership firm carrying on the business of
manufacturing artsilk cloth, sold its business as a running concern to a
private limited company which was formed with a view to take over the
business. The sale consideration of Rs. 11,50,400 was paid and satisfied by
the allotment of 11,504 fully paid-up equity shares of Rs. 100 each
according to the original shares of partners of the assessee. The assessee
E ceased to carry on its with effect from 1st April 1966 and in respect of the
Assessment year 1967-68, the assessce filed its return showing 'nil' income.
The previous return filed was revised showing 'nil' income with a note that
since the partnership firm was converted into a private limited company
as a going concern, there was no income chargeable to tax either under
F Section 41(2) or 45 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. During the assessment
proceedings, the purchase consideration was shown at Rs. 11,50,400 being
the difference between Rs. 15,87,296 the value of plaint, machinery and
dead-stock as revalued, and Rs. 4,36,896 being the written down value of
plant, machinery and dead stock, as per assessee's books.

G The Income Tax Officer was of the view that tax was payable under
Section 41(2) on the surplus amount i.e. aggregating to Rs. 12,56,020 which
was arrived at after deducting the written down value of plant, machinery
and dead stock as per income tax records aggregating to Rs. 3,32,276 from
the amount of Rs. 15,87,296, being the value of the plant, machinery and
H dead stock, as revalued.
608
C.l.T. GUJARATv. ARTEXMANUFACTURING CO. 609

However, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner on appeal held that A
(i) the surplus was assessable under the head 'Capital gains' and not under
the head 'business', (ii) the Assessee must be taxed in the status of'Associa-
tion of persons' and not in the status of a 'Registered firm'. In the cross-
appeals filed by the Assessee and the Revenue, the Income Tax Appellate
Tribunal, rejecting the contention of the assessee that_ the· principle of B
mutuality was applicable and consequently that the surplus was not liable
to tax, held (a) that the surplus was taxable as busine'ss profit under
Section 41 (2) of the 1961 Act and (b) that the assessee was assessable in
t_he status of a registered firm.

On reference, the High Court, held that - (a) Principle of mutuality C
was not applicable and_ .that the assessee was liable to be taxed; (b) the
surplus was capital gains and not business income taxable under Section
41(2); (c) Status of assessee was not a registered firm but an association of
persons; (d) Asses see was entitled to relief on the basis of the two circulars
relied on by it and (e) the ti·ansfer of a going concern is liable to tax under
Section 45 and not under Section 41(2) of the Act and it was not a realisa- D
tion sale not liable to tax. Aggrieved, the Revenue filed the present appeal.

Partly allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1.1. The High Court was not right in holding that Section
41(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 was not applicable. The Transfer of a E
going concern is liable lo tax under Section 41 (2) and not under Section 45
(•f the Act. [624-H]

1.2. In the instant case a cannot be said that the price attributed to
the items transferred is not indicated and hence Section 41 (2) of the 1961
Act could not be applied. Although in the agreement there was no reference F
to the value of plant, machinery and dead-stock, but on the basis of the
information furnished by the assessee before the Income Tax Officer, it
became evident that the figure of Rs.11,50,400 had been arrived at by taking
into consideration the value of plant, machinery and dead-stock as as-
sessed by the valuer at Rs. 15,87,296. [624-C-E] G
1.3. Surplus amount resulting from the transfer of plant, machinery
and dead stock is taxable under Section 41 (2) of the Act. Liability under
Section 41 (2) is however limited to the amount of surplus to the extent of
difference between the written down value and the actual cost of plant,
machinery and dead-stock transferred. [625-A-C] H
610 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. l S.C.R.

A 1.4. If the amount of surplus exceeds the difference between the
written down value and the actual cost, then the surplus amount to the
extent of such excess is to be treated as capital gains for the purpose of
taxation. [625-C]

2. The High Court was right in holding that the assesste cannot be
B taxed as a 'registered firm' and has to be taxed in the status of a 'body of
individuals'. [625-E]

3. The two circulars of Central Board of Direct Taxes relied on by the
Asses see for claiming relief has no application in the instant case. [625-F]
c CIT v. B.M. Kharwar, (1969) 72 ITR 603 SC followed and CIT v.
Mugneeram Bangur & Co. (Land Department), (1965) 57 AIR 299 SC,
- dbtinguished.

Pandit Lakshmikant !ha v. CIT, (1970) 75 ITR 790 SC; CIT v. Ajaz
D Products Ltd., (1965) 55 .ITR 741 SC; Doughty v. Commr. of Taxes, (1927)
AC 327 PC; Associated Clothiers Ltd. v. CIT, (1967) 63 ITR 224 SC; CIT v.
Bipinchandra Magan/al & Co. Ltd., (1961) 41 ITR 290 SC; Sarabhai M.
Chemical P. Ltd. v. P.N. Mittal, (1980) 126 ITR (Guj.); CIT v. Sir Homi
Mehta's Executors, (1955) 28 ITR 928 (Born.); Rogers & Co. v. CIT, (1958)
34 ITR 336 (Born.); CIT v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co., (1963) 47 ITR 565
E (Cal.) and CIT v. West Coast Chemicals & Industries Ltd., (1962) 46 ITR
135 SC, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 2276
(NT) of 1981.
F From the Judgment and Order dated 28.8.80 of the Gujarat High
Court in I.T.R. No. 250 of 1975.

T.L.V. Iyer, G.C. Sharma, B.K. Prasad, S. Rajappa, C. Radha Krish-
na, S. Ganesh and Mrs. AK. Verma for JBD & Co. P.H. Parekh and R.
G Deepamala for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.C. AGGRAWAL, J. This appeal by certificate granted by the
Gujarat High Court under Section 261 of Income Tax Act, 1961
H (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1961 Act') involves the question whether
C.I.T. GUJARAT v. ARTEX MANUFACilJRING CO. [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.] 611

the surplus as a result of difference between the written down value and A
the sale consideration for the Plant, machinery and dead stock transferred
· ·by the assessee is under Section 41(2) of 1961 Act. The appeal relates to
the assessment year 1967-68.

The assessee is a partnership firm which was carrying on the business
of manufacturing artsilk cloth. A private Ltd. Company by the name of B
Artex Manufacturing Company Private Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as 'the
company') was formed with a a view to take over the business of the
assessee as a running. On March 31, 1966 the assessee and the company
entered into an agreement whereunder the assessee agreed to sell to the
company the business hitherto carried on by the assessee as a whole going C
concern. The consideration for the said sale was Rs. 11,50,400 which was
paid and satisfied by allotment of 11,504 fully paid up equity shares of Rs.
100 each according to original shares of partners of the assessee. In
pursuance of the said agreement, the assessee ceased to carry on the
business with effect from April 1, 1966 and the said business stood trans-
ferred to the company. In respect of the assessment year 1967-68, the D
assessee filed its return showing 'nil' income. On January 9, 1970, a revised
return was filed showing 'nil' income with a. note that since the partnership
firm was converted into a private limited company as a going concern there
was no income chargeable to tax either under Section 41(2) or under
Section 45 of the 1961 Act. During the course of the assessment proceed- E
ings before the Income Tax Officer, for the purpose of determination of
purchase consideration, the assets were shown at Rs. 41,73,973, out of
which the machinery and dead-stock, as revalued by M/s. Hargovandas
Girdharlal, was Rs. 15,87,296. The liabilities were shown at Rs. 30,23,573
and the balance amount of Rs. 11,50,400 was shown as the purchase
consideration. The Written Down Value of Plant, machinery and dead- F
stock as per assessee's books, was Rs. 4,36,896. The difference between Rs.
15,87,296, the value of Plant, machinery and dead-stock as revalued, and
Rs. 4,36,896, the written down value of Plant, machinery and dead-stock as
per assessee's books, came to Rs. 11,50,400. Relying upon the decision of
this Court in Commissioner of Income Tax, Gujarat II v. B.M. Khar.var, G
[1969] 72 ITR 603, the Income Tax Officer held that tax was payable under
Section 41(2) on the surplus amount, i.e., difference between the written
down value of Plant, machinery and dead-stock as per assess's books and
the value of the same as revalued by M/s. Hargovandas Girdharlal. The
Income Tax officer held that the written down value of Plant, machinery
and dead-stock as per Income Tax records was Rs. 3,32,276 and after H
612 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A deducting the same from the amount of Rs. 15,87,296 for which. Plant,
machinery and dead-stock were transferred to the company, the Income
Tax Officer held that tax was payable under Section 41(2) on the income
of Rs. 12,56,020. The Appellate Asstt. Commissioner, on appeal, has held
that the surplus was assessable under the head 'Capital Gains' and not
under the head 'Business'. As regards the status of the assessee it was held
B that the assessee must be taxed in the status of 'Association of Persons'
and not in the status of a 'Registered Firm'. The assessee as well as the
Revenue filed appeals against the said decision of the Appellate Asstt.
Commissioner before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (hereinafter
referred to as 'the Tribunal'). The Tribunal framed the following questions
C for consideration :
(i) whether the surplus is taxable at all?

(ii) If the surplus is found to be taxable, whether it should be
taxed under Section 41(2) or under the head 'Capital gains'?
D
(iii) Whether the surplus is assessable in the status of 'Association
of Persons' or 'Registered Firm'?

On the first question the contention urged on behalf of the assessee
was that the principle of mutuality was applicable and consequently the
E surplus was not liable to tax. The said contention was rejected by the
Tribunal on the basis of the decision of this Court in Pandit Lakshmikant
!ha v. Commissioner of Income Tax., [1970] 75 ITR 790. On the second
question regarding applicability of Section 41(2), the Tribunal held that the
language of Section 41(2) was wider than the language of Section 10(2)(vii)
F of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter referred to as 'the 1922
Act') and, therefore, the surplus was taxable under Section 41(2) of the
1961 Act. As regards the third question, the Tribunal held that the surplus
was taxable as business profit under Section 41(2) and that the assessee
was assessable in the status of a registered firm. At the instance of the
G assessee, the Tribunal referred the following questions for the opinion of
the High Court :

1. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
the Tribunal was right in holding that the principle of
mutuality will not apply and, therefore, the assessee was liable
H to be taxed?
C.I.T. GUJARAT v. ART.EX MANUFACTURING CO. (S.C. AGRAWAL, J.] 613

2. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, A
Section 41(2) was applicable?

3. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
the Tribunal was right in holding that the surplus was not
capital gains, but was business income? B /

4. Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
the Tribunal was right in holding that the status of the
assessee was a registered firm and not that of an association
of persons?

5. Whether the Tribunal was right in holding that the assessee
c
was not entitled to any relief on the basis of the two circulars
relied on by it?

6. Whether the Transfer of a going concern is liable to tax under
Section 45 of the Income Tax Act, or under Section 41(2), or D
is it realisation sale, which is not liable to tax?"

By the impugned judgment, the High Court has answered Question
No. 1 in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee. Question Nos. 2,
3, 4 and 5 has been answered in favour of the assessee and against the E
Revenue. The first part of question No. 6, relating to applicability of
Section 45 has been answered in the affirmative and the second part
relating to applicability of Section 41(2) in the negative and as regards the
third part it has been observed that in view of the answer to the first part
and the second part of the question, the third part of the question does
not arise. The High Court has held that the decision of this Court in B.M. F
Kharwar (supra) is not applicable and that the present case is governed by
the decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income Tax (Central),
Calcutta "'.· Mugneeram Bangur & Co. (Land Department), [1965] 57 ITR
299. Feeling aggrieved by the said decision of the High Court, the Revenue
has filed this appeal on the basis of the certificate of fitness granted by the G
High Court.

Since question No. 1 was answered in favour of the Revenue by the
High Court this appeal is confined to questions Nos. 2 to 6 which were
answered against the revenue. The main question that falls for
consideration is whether Section 41(2) can be held to be applicable in the H
614 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
A present case.

Before we refer to the decisions of this Court in B.M. Khaiwar
(supra) and Mugneeram Bangur (supra), we may briefly refer to the
legislative history of the provision contained in Section 41(2) of the 1961
Act. In the 1922 act provision relating to the 'balancing charge' was
B contained in clause (vii) of sub-section (2) of Section 10 which originally
read as follows :

"Section 10(2) - Such profits or gains shall be computed after
making the following allowances, namely :-
c (vii) : In respect of any machinery or plant which has been sold or
discarded, the amount by which the written down value of the
machinery or plant exceeds the amount for which the machinery
or plaint is actually sold or its scrap value :

D Provided that such amount is actually written of in the books
of the assessee :

Provided further that where the amount for which any
machinery or plant is sold exceeds the written down value, the
excess shall be deemed to be profits of the previous year in which
E the sale took place."

Clause (vii) and the second proviso were amended by Act 9 of 1946
and Act 67 of 1949. After the amendment the said clause and the second
proviso read as under :
F
"(vii) In respect of any such building, machinery or plant which has
been sold or discarded or demolished or destroyed, the amount
by which the written down value thereof exceeds the amount for
which the building, machinery or plant, as the case may be, is
actually sold or its scrap value :
G
Provided further that where the amount for which any such build-
ing, machinery or plant is sold, whether during the continuance of
the business or after the cessation thereof, exceeds the written
down value, so much of the excess as does not exceed the dif-
H ference between the original cost and the written down value shall

''
C.J.T.GUJARATv. ARTEXMANUFACTURJNGCO. [S.C.AGRAWAL,J.] 615

iJe deemed to be profits of the previous year in which the sale took A
place."

In Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City v. Bipinchandra
Magan/al & Co. Ltd., [1961] 41 ITR 290, this Court has thus explained the
reason for introducing the fiction in the second proviso to Section B
10(2)(vii) :

"The reason for introducing this fiction appears to be this.
Where in the previous years, by the depreciation allowance, the
taxable income is reduced for those years and ultimately the
asset fetches on sale an amount exceeding the written down C
value, i.e., the original cost less depreciation allowance, the
Revenue is justified in taking back what it had allowed in
recoupment against wear and tear, because in fact the deprecia-
tion did not result. But the reason of the rule does not alter the
real character of the receipt. Again, it is the accumulated D
depreciation over a number of years which is regarded as in-
come of the year in which the asset is sold. The difference
between the written down value of an asset and the price realized
by sale thereof though not profit earned in the conduct of the
business of the assessee is notionally regarded as profit in the year E
in which the asset is sold, for the purpose of taking back what had
been allowed in the earlier years."
[pp.295-296]
Prior to the amendment introduced by Act 67 of 1949, for the
purpose of applicability of Section 10(2)(vii), the following three conditions F
were required to be satisfied :

(i) During the entire previous year or part thereof, the business
should have been carried on by the assessee;

(ii) The building, machinery or plant should have been used in
G
the business; and

(iii) The building, machinery or plant should have been sold when
the business was being carried on and not for the purpose of
closing it down or winding it up. H
616 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 1 s.c.R.

A After the insertion of the words "whether during the continuance of
the business or after the cessation thereof' in the second proviso by Act 67
of 1949, the third condition for the eligibility of the excess to tax was
removed. If during the entire previous year or a part thereof, the business
was carried on by the assessee and the building, machinery or plant was
B used in the business, the excess over the written down value was liable to
tax by virtue of the second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) even though the
sale took place in the year of account after the closure of the business.
(See : Commissioner of income Tax v. Ajaz Products Ltd.,(1965) 55 ITR
741.

c At the relevant time Section 41(2) of the 1961 Act provided as
under:

"41(2) Where any building, machinery or plant which is owned by
the assessee and which was or has been used for the purposes of
business or profession is sold, discarded, demolished, or destroyed
D and the moneys payable in respect of such building, macqinery,
plant or furniture, as the case may be, together with the amount
of scrap value, if any, exceed the written down value, so much of
the excess as does not exceed the difference between the actual
cost and the written down value shall be chargeable to income tax
as income of the business or profession of the previous year in
E
which the moneys payable for the building, machinery, plant or
furniture became due :

Provided that where the building sold, discarded, demolished,
or destroyed is a building to which Explanation 5 to section 43
F applies, and the moneys payable in respect of such building,
. together with th.e amount of scrap value, if any, exceed the actual
cost as determined under that Explanation, so much of the excess
as does not exceed the difference between the actual cost so
determined and the written down value shall be chargeable to
income tax as income of the business or profession of such previous
G
year.

Explanation. - Where the moneys payable in respect of the
building, machinery, plant or furniture referred to in this
sub-section become due in a previous year in which the business
H or profession for the purpose of which the building, machinery,
C.I.T.GUJARATv. ARTEXMANUFACTURINGCO. [S.C.AGRAWAL,J.] 617

plant or furniture was being used is no longer in existence, the A
provisions of this sub-section shall apply as if the business or
profession is in existence in that previous year."

While dealing with the question as to whether Section 41(2) would
be attracted where there is slump sale in the sense that the entire business B
is transferred for a lump sum amount it would be useful to take note of
the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Doughty v.
Commissioner of Taxes, (1927) AC 327 (PC). In that case, two partners
carrying on business as general merchants and drapers sold the partnership
business to a limited company in which they became the only shereholders.
The sale was of the entire assets, including goodwill, the consideration C
being fully paid shares, and an agreement by the company to discharge all
the liabilities. The nomina1 value of the shares being more than the sum to
the credit of the capital account of the partnership in its last balance-sheet,
a new balance-sheet was prepared showing a larger value for the
stock-in-trade. The increase in value so shown was treated as profit on the D
sale of the stock-in-trade by the Commissioner of Taxes and the appellant
was assessed upon it for income tail: under the Land and Income Tax Act,
1916 of New Zealand, which imposed the tax on all profits or gains derived
from any business. The Privy Council decided the case in favour of the
appellant. It was held that if the transaction is to be treated as a sale, there
was no separate sale of the stock, and no valuation of the stock as an item E
forming part of the aggregate which was sold. It was observed that income
tax being a tax upon income, it is well established that the sale of a whole
concern which can be shown to be a sale at a profit as compared with the
price given for the business, or at which it stands in the books does not
given rise to a yrofit taxable to income tax, Lord Phillimore, speaking for F
the Judicial Committee, said :

"Where, however, the business· consists, as in the present case,
entirely in buying and selling, it is more difficult to distinguish
between an ordinary and a realization sale, the object in either G
case being to dispose of goods at a higher price than that given
for them, and thus to make a profit out of the business. The fact
,
/
that large blocks of stock are sold does not render the profit
obtained anything different in kind from the profit obtained by a
series of gradual and smaller sales. This might even be the case if
the whole stock was sold out in one sale. Even in the case of a H
618 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A realization sale, if there were an item which could be traced as
representing the stock sold, the profit obtained by that sale, though
made in conjunction with a sale of the whole concern, might
conceivably be treated as taxable income."
[emphasis supplied]

B In Commissioner of Income Tax, Kerala v. West Coast Chemicals &
Industries Ltd., [1962] 66 ITR 135, after referring to the decision in Doughty
(supra), this Court has observed :

"This case shows that where a slump price is paid and no portion

c
Iis attributable to the stock-in-trade, it may not be possible to hold
that there is a profit other than what results from the appreciation -
of capital. The essence of the matter, however, is not that an extra
amount has been gained by the selling out or the exchange but
whether it can fairly be said that there was a trading from which
alone profits can arise in business."
D
[p. 142]

In Mugneeram Bangur (supra), after referring to the above quoted
observations in Doughty (supra) and Commissioner of Income Tax, Kera/a
v. West Coast Chemicals & Industries Ltd., [supra), this Court has said :
E
"It follows from the above that once it is accepted that there was
a slump transaction in this case, i.e., that the business was sold as
a going concern, the only question that remains is whether any
portion of the slump price is attributable to the stock-in-trade."

F [p. 305]

In Mugneeram Bangur (supra) the assessee, a firm, which carried on
the business of buying land, developing it and then selling it, pursuant to
an agreement sold the business as a going concern with its goodwill and
all stock-in-trade, etc., to a company promoted by the partners of the firm,
G the company undertaking to discharge all debts and liabilities, development
expenses, and liability in respect of deposits made by intending purchasers.
The consideration was paid by the allotment of shares of the face value of
the amount of consideration to the partners or their nominees. The sale
consideration included a sum of Rs. 2,50,000 towards goodwill. The Income
H Tax Appellate Tribunal held that the firm had no goodwill and that the
.
C.l.T. GUJARATv. ARTEX MANUFACTURING CO. [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.] 619

sum of Rs. 2,50,000, although shown as the value of the goodwill, was really A
the excess value of the land, which was its stock-in-trade, and that although
the sale was that of a business as a going concern the value of its
stock-in-trade could be traced. This Court held that the sale was the sale
of a whole concerned and no part of the price was attributable to the cost
of the land and no part of the price was taxable. It was also held that the B
fact that in the schedule to the agreement the price of the land was stated
did not lead to the conclusion that part of the slump price was necessarily
attributable to the land sold and that what was given in the schedule was
the cost price of the land as it stood in the books of the vendor and even
if the sum of Rs. 2,50,000 attributed to goodwill could be added to the cost
of the land, there was nothing to show that this represented the market C
value of the land. In this context, Sikri J. (as the learned Chief Justice then
was) has said :

"It seems to us that in the case of a concern carrying on the
business of buying land, developing it and then selling it, it is D
easy to distinguish a realisation sale from an ordinary sale, and
it is very difficult to attribute part of the slump sale to the cost
of land sold in the realisation sale. The mere fact that in the
schedule the price of the land is stated does not lead to the
conclusion that part of the slump price is necessarily attributable
to the land sold. There is no evidence that any attempt was made E
to evaluate the land on the date of sale. As the vendors ·were
transferring the concern to a company, constituted by the vendors
themselves no effort would ordinarily have been made to evaluate
the land as on the date of sale. What was put in the schedule
was the cost price, as it stood in the books of the vendors. F
Even if the sum of Rs. 2,50,000 attributed to goodwill is added
to the cost of the land, there is nobody's case that this
represented the market value of the land." (emphasis supplied)

[pp.305-306] G

In B.M. Kharwar (supra) the assessee was a firm carrying on the
business of manufacturing, purchasing and selling cloth. It closed its
manufacturing side of the business and transferred its machinery to a
private limited company in the share capital of which the partners of the
firm had the same interest as they had in the assets and profits of the H
620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A partnership. The excess amount realised over the written down value of the
machinery was brought to tax by the Income Tax Officer under Section
10(2)(vii), proviso (ii), of the 1922 Act, as a~ended by Act 8 of 1946 and
Act 17 of 1949. On the basis of the decision of this Court in Commissioner
of Income Tax v. Sir Homi Mehta's Executors, (1955) 28 ITR 928, and the
B decisions of the High Courts of Bombay and Calcutta in Rogers & Co. v.
Commissioner of Income Tax, (1958) 34 ITR 336 and Commissioner of
Income Tax v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co., (1963) 47 ITR 565, respectively
the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal as well as the High Court held that no
profit in a business sense could be deemed to have resulted to the firm by
the said transfer and, therefore, second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of the
C 1922 Act was not applicable. The said view was reversed by this Court and
it was held that "the taxing authority is entitled, and is indeed bound, to
determine the true legal relation resulting from a transaction". It was
observed:

"In the present case the machinery of the factory belonging to the
D firm was transferred to the private limited company. Assuming that
thereby readjustment of the business relationship was intended the
liability to be taxed in respect of the readjustment had to be
determined according to the strict legal form of the transaction.
The company was a legal entity distinct from the partnership under
E the general law. Transfer of the machinery was by the firm to the
company; and the legal effect of the transaction was to convey for
consideration the rights of the firm in the machinery to the
company. The transaction resulted in excess realization over the
written down value of the machinery to the firm, and the liability
to tax, if any, arising under the Act could not be avoided merely
F
because in consequence of the transfer the interest of the partners
in the machinery was substituted by an interest in the shares of the
company which owned the machinery." [pp. 608-609]

After referring to the observations in West Coast Chemicals &
G Industries Ltd. (supra) that where business is sold as a going concern and
the sale of the assets is a realisation sale, the difference between the written
down value and the price attributable to the assets which were admitted to
depreciation is not taxable under Section 10(2)(vii), proviso (ii), as it stood
enacted before it was amended by Act 67 of 1949, Shah J, (asthe learned
H Chief Justice then was) said :
C.l.T. GUJARATv. ARTEX MANUFACTURING CO. (S.C. AGRAWAL,J.) 621

"In our judgment, by virtue of the amendment made in Section A
10(2)(vii), proviso (ii), of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, by
section 11 of the Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States
and Amendment) Act, 67of1949, even under a 'realisation sale'
excess over the written down value not exceeding the difference
between the original cost and the written down value is liable B
to be brought to tax."
[p. 609]
Afts:r taking note of the second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of the
1922 Act, as amended by Act 67 of 1949, the learned Judge, while rejecting
the contention urged on behalf of the assessee that where a transfer of the C
assets is effected with a view to close down the business no taxable profits
result because the transfer is not in the course of business of the assessee,
has observed :

"If, since the amendment of the proviso, liability to pay tax on the D
excess over the written down value arises, whether the sale of
building, machinery or plant is before or after the closure of the
business, it would be illogical to say th~t the excess is not taxable
if the sale is for the closing down or in the course of winding up
of the business."
E
[p. 610]
In B.M. Kharwar (supra) this Court has mentioned that the
observations made by the revenue authorities suggested that only the
manufacturing side of the business was closed and· not the business of
purchasing and selling the cloth and that the Tribunal had recorded no F
finding that the transfer was 'a realisation sale' or in the coµrse of winding
up of the business while the High Court had observed th11t it was not
possible to say that the entire business carried on by the firm at Surat,
namely, the manufacturing of art silk cloth and the sale thereof, was not
taken over by the company. This Court has observed that it did not propose G
to express any opinion on the correctness of that view and has examined
and rejected, on merits, the contention urged on behalf of the assessee that
.....
; the sale was in the course of realisation of assets of the business and on
·.•
that account the excess over the written down value was not taxable.

In this context, reference may also be made to the decisions of this H
622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Court in Associated Clothiers ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Calcutta,
[1967] 63 ITR 224, and Pandit Lakshmikanta Iha v. Commissioner of
Income Tax, Bihar& Orissa, (1970) 75 ITR 790. In Associated Clothiers Ltd.
(supra) the appellant company, which was originally registered as Phelps
& Co. Ltd., altered its name to Associated Clothiers Ltd. on March 21,
B 1952. On the same day another company was incorporated in the name of
Phelps and Co. Ltd. and by a written agreement of the same date the
appellant company agreed to transfer its assets and liabilities to the new
company, viz., Phelps & Co. Ltd., in consideration of the allotment of
shares a.nd some cash, the latter taking over the liabilities of the
appellant-company. Under the terms of the agreement the
C appellant-company purported to transfer seven items of property described
in the schedules annexed to the deed. No deed of conveyance was
executed. The new company took possession of the property agreed to be
sold on July 1, 1952. In the agreement the properties sold were allotted
specific values and no attempt was made to prove that the values so allotted
D were not true. The consideration for a building transferred was in excess
of its original cost and the question was whether the difference between
the original cost of the building and its written down value would be
deemed profits under the second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of the 1922
Act. This Court held that since the appellant-company has sold the
property for a stated consideration which was not shown to be notional
E and that consideration was in excess of the original cost of the building,
the difference between its original cost and its written down value was
profit within the meaning of the second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of
the 1922 Act. On behalf of the appellant-company, it was submitted that
the transfer was a slump sale of the assets and that there being no
p separate sale of the property described in the second schedule the
difference between the written down value and the cost price was not
liable to be included as income in the process of assessment and
reliance was placed upon the decision of the Privy Council in Doughty
(supra) and on the decision of this Court in Mugneeram Bangur (supra).
Rejecting the said contention it was observed :
G
"That principle has however no application here. In the present
case it is true that the entire assets of the appellant-company were
sold to Messrs. Phelps & Co. Ltd. There was no separate sale of
different items, but the consideration of each item of property sold
H was expressly mentioned in the agreement of sale." (p. 231)
C.l.T. GUJARATv. ARTEX MANUFACTURJNG CO. [S.C. AGRAWAL,J.] 623

In Pandit Lakshmikanta Iha (supra) thi:; assessee sold his business A
of two newspapers as a going concern along with its assets and liabilities
to a company formed by him in consideration of the allotment of fully paid
up shares. The sale deed, executed subsequent to the transfer of posses-
sion, recited the value of the movables including machinery and plant of
the business. The Income Tax authorities sought to treat the excess over B
the written down value up to the original cost of the plant and machinery
as profit under the second proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of the 1922 Act
and it was contended on behalf of the assessee that the vendor and the
purchaser being the same, the profits arising therefrom were not taxable.
The said contention was rejected and it was held that the transaction which C
gave rise to the receipt sought to be brought to tax was of the nature of
sale and that, therefore, the excess could be assessed under the second
proviso to Section 10(2)(vii) of the 1922 Act and reliance was placed on
the de.:ision in B.M. Kharwar (supra).
D
In the impugned judgment the High Court has distinguished the
decision in B.M. Kharwar (supra) on the ground that in that case the entire
assets and liabilities of th!! partnership were not transferred to a limited
company inasmuch as the whole business of the firm was not transferred
to the limited company but only the machinery on the manufacturing side E
of the busiues& of the firm was transferred to the newly formed limited
company and the consideration was received by the partners of the firm in
the shape of the shares of the company and the shares were allotted to the
partners on the same basis as their share in the profits of the partnership
firm. According to the High Court, in B.M. Kharwar, this Court was not F
dealing with a case of transfer of a business as a whole by a firm to a limited
company. According to the High Court such type of a case is found in
Mugneeram Bangur. The High Court has also placed reliance on its
judgment in Sarabhai M. Chemicals P. Ltd. v. P.N. Mittal, (1980) 126 ITR
1. The distinction pointed out by the High Court that in B.M. Kharwar G
(supra) this Court was not dealing with a case of transfer of a business as
a whole by a firm to a limited company, is, in our opinion, not of much
significance because this Court, in B.M. Kharwar (supra), has held that by
virtue of the amendment made in Section 10(2)(vii), proviso (ii) of the 1922
Act by Act67 of 1949 even under a 'realisation sale' excess over the written H
624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A drawn value not exceeding the difference betwe~n the original cost and the
written drawn value is liable to be brought to tax. In Mugneeram Bangur
(supra) this Court has indicated that where there is a slump transaction
and the business is sold as a going concern what is to be seen is whether
any portion of the slump price is attributable to the stock-in-trade and if
B on the basis of the facts it can be found that a particular price is at-
tributable to a particular item then the excess amount would be chargeable
to tax under Section 10(2)(vii), proviso (ii) of 1922 Act (Section 41(2) of
the 1961 Act). In the far.ts of that case the Court found that it was very
difficult to attribute part of the slump price to the cost of the land sold
C in the realisation sale since there was no evidence that any attempt was
made to evaluate the land on the date of the sale. In the present case,
however, it was the admitted case of the assessee before the Income Tax
Officer that the Plant, machinery and dead-stock had been revalued by
•
Mis Hargovandas Girdharlal at the time of the agreement for sale and
D the amount of Rs. 11,50,400 was fixed after taking into account the value
of the Plant, machinery and dead-stock at Rs. 15,87,296 as per valuation
by M/s Hargovandas Girdharlal. This shows that at the time of execution
of the agreement on March 31, 1967 the value of the Plant, machinery
and dead-stock that were transferred was Rs. 15,87,296.
E
Shri Ganesh, the learned counsel appearing for the assessee, has
submitted that in the present case the value of the Plant, machinery and
dead-stock is not mentioned in the agreement and the agreement does not
indicate the value attributable to the said items. It is no doubt true that in
the agreement there is no reference to the value of the Plant, machinery
F and dead-stock. But on the basis of the information that was furnished by
the assessee before the Income Tax Officer it became evident that the
amount of Rs. 11,50,400 had been arrived at by taking into consideration
the value of the Plant, machinery and dead stock as assessed by the valuer
at Rs. 15,87,296. This is not a case in which itcan not be said that the price
G attributed to the items transferred is not indicated and hence Section 41(2)
of the 1961 Act cannot be applied. We are, therefore, unable to agree with
the view of the High Court that Section 41(;2) of the 1961 Act is not
applicable. Question No. 2 referred to the High Court is, therefore,
answered in the affirmative, i.e., in favour of the Revenue and against the
H assessee.
C.I.T.GUJARATv. ARTEXMANUFACTURINGCO. [S.C.AGRAWAL,J.] 625

Questions Nos. 2 ·and 3 are interconnected in the sense that the A
surplus amount resulting from the transfer of Plant, machinery and
dead-stock is either taxable as income under Section 41(2) or as capital
gain under Section 45. The Tribunal was of the view that it was chargeable
to income tax under Section 41(2) while the High Court has held that it
was chargeable to tax as capital gain. Since we are of the view that the B
income was chargeable to income tax under Section 41(2) the decision of
the High Court that it was chargeable to tax as capital gain cannot be
upheld. But the liability under Section 41(2) is limited to the amount of
surplus to the extent of difference between the written down value and the
actual cost. If the amount of surplus exceeds the difference between the
written down value and the actual cost then the surplus amount to the C.
extent of such excess will have to be treated as capital gain for the purpose
of taxation. The Tribunal has not considered the matter in this light and
on the basis of the record it is not possible to answer question No. 3, We,
therefore, discharge the answer recorded by the High Court on question
No. 3. It will be open to the Tribunal to rehear the parties and record clear D
findings in the light of the observations made in this judgment.

As regards Question No. 4, we are in agreement with the view of the
High Court that the a:;sessee cannot be taxed as a 'registered firm' and has
to be taxed in the status of a 'body of individuals' and the answer given by
the High Court to the said question is affirmed. E

Question No. 5 relates to the two circulars of the Central Board of
Direct Taxes. The Tribunal has stated that one of the circulars related to
the tax liability of surplus in the case of Nationalised Banks and it has no
application to the present case and that the second circular was based on F
the decision in Mugneeram Bangur (supra) and since the said case dealt
with the provisions of Section 10(2)(vii) proviso (ii) of the 1922 Act prior
to amendment, the said circular has no application and that the matter is
governed by the decision in B.M. Kharwar (supra). We are in agreement
with the said view of the Tribunal and question No. 5 is, therefore,
answered in the affirmative, i.e., in favour of the Revenue and against the G

., assessee .

In the light of the answers given to questions Nos. 2 and 3, first part
of Question No. 6 is answered in the negative and the second part of the
said question is answered in the affirmative. H
626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
A In the result the appeal is partly allowed and the impugned judgment
of the High Court insofar as questions Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 are concerned is
set aside and the said questions a~e answered as indicated above. The
judgment of the High Court regarding question No. 4 is affirmed. No order
as to costs.

B R.D. Appeal allowed.