Holding

A fugitive extradited to India may be tried only for the offence specified in the extradition decree, any lesser offence disclosed by the facts, or any offence with the foreign State's consent; otherwise, Indian courts lack jurisdiction.

Summary

Daya Singh Lahoria was extradited from the United States to India under an extradition decree that listed specific offences. After his return, Indian authorities sought to try him for additional offences, including those under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, which were not part of the extradition judgment. Lahoria challenged the jurisdiction of Indian criminal courts to try him for these extra charges, seeking quashing of the FIR and charge sheet. The Supreme Court examined Section 21 of the Extradition Act, 1962 (as amended in 1993) and the doctrine of speciality, holding that a fugitive may be tried only for the extradition offence, any lesser offence disclosed by the facts, or any offence for which the foreign State consents. Without such consent, the courts lack jurisdiction to try the fugitive for other offences. Consequently, the petition was dismissed and the request to try Lahoria for the additional offences was denied.

Issues considered

Whether an individual extradited under an extradition decree can be tried in India for offences not listed in that decree under Section 21 of the Extradition Act, 1962.

Legislation cited

Extradition Act, 1962s. 21, s. 2(c), s. 2(d), s. 2(e)
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987

Subjects

extraditiondoctrine of specialitySection 21jurisdictioncriminal courtsTADAdouble criminalityinternational law

Judgment

DAYA SINGH LAHORIA A
v.
UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

APRIL 17, 2001

[G.B. PATTANAIK AND U.C. BANERJEE, JJ.] B

Extradition Act, 1962 (as amended by Amending Act of 1993) :

Section 21-Scope and ambit of-Criminal courts-Jurisdiction of-To
try offences not included in extradition judgment-Fugitive criminals- C
,. Extradition of-Accused extradited from USA for trial of certain offences
included in the extradition judgment of USA Court-Accused sought to be
tried for certain offences including those under TADA-Held: A fugitive
brought into India under an Extradition Decree can be tried only for the
offences mentioned in the Extradition Decree and for no other offence-
Hence, criminal courts in India have no jurisdiction to try such fugitive for D
any other offence.

Doctrine:

Doctrine of Speciality-Applicability of
E
Words and Phrases:

"Extradition offence "-Meaning of-In the context ofS2(c) of the
Extradition Act, 1962.

The l>etitioner was extradited from USA to India for trial of ce1iain F
offences included in the judgment of the USA Court. The petitioner was
sought to be tried for certain offences, which were not included in the
extradition judgment of the USA Court.

On behalf of the petitioner it was contended that the Criminal Courts
in India have no jmisdiction to try the petitioner in respect of offences which G
do not form a part of the e:dradition .iud~'ltlent; and, therefore, the FIR and the
charge sheet against the l>etitioner which was not included in the extradition
judgment of the USA Comi should be quashed.

The following question arose before this Court :
1
H
2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 3 S.C.R.

A Whether an accused who is being tried in respect of offences under the
El.1radition Treaty can be hied for another offence which does not form a part
of the decree in view of the specific provision contained in Section 21 of the
Extradition Act, 1962?

Disposing of the 11etition, the Com1
B
HELD : 1.1. Under the 1993 amendment of Section 21 of the Extradition
Act, 1962 a fugitive could be tried for any lesser offence disclosed by the
facts proved or even for the offence in respect of which the forei!,rn State has
given its consent. It thus, enables to try the fugitive for a lesser offence,
without restoring him to the State or for any other offence, if the State
C concerned gives its consent. In other words, it may be open for the Indian
authorities to obtain the consent of the foreign State to try the fugitive for
any other offence for which the extradition decree might not have mentioned,
but without obtaining such consent, it is not 11ossihle to try him for any other
offence, other than the offence for which the extradition decree has been
D obtained. [6-D)

1.2. The doctrine of speciality is yet another established rule of
international law relating to extradition. Thus, when a 11erson is extradited
for a 11articular c1ime, he can be tried for only that crime. If the requesting
State deems it desirable to try the extradited fugitive for some other crime
E committed before his el.iradition, the fugitive has to be brought to the ~1atus
quo ante, in the sense that he has to be returned first to the State which
granted the extradition and a fresh extradition has to he requested for the
latter crime. The Extradition Act, 1962 makes a s11ecifie 1irovision to that
effect. In view of Section 21 of the Extradition Act an extrndited fugitive
F cannot be tried in India for any offence other than the one for which he has
been extradited unless he has been restored to or has had an 011110rtunity to ).·
return to the State which surrendered him. [8-G-H]

1.3. The doctrine of s11eciality is in fact a corollary to the principles of
double criminality, and the aforesaid docttine is premised on the assum11tion
G that whenever a State uses its formal 1n·ocess to surrender a person to another
State for a specific charge, the requesting State shall carry out its intended
1mr110se of 11rosecuting or 1mnishing the offender for the offence charged in
its request for extradition and none other. [9-A]

United States v. Rauscher 1019 US 407, M Chief Bassiouni, referred
H to.
D.S. LAHORIA v. U.O.l. [PATTANAIK, J.] 3

International Extradition and World Public Order, 0 'Connell A
International Law and Oppenhiem : International Law, referred to.

2. In view of the aforesaid position in law, both on international law as

-- well as the relevant statute in India, these cases are disposed of with the
conclusion that a fugitive brought into India under an El.1radition Decree can
be tried only for the offences mentioned in the Extradition Decree and for no B
other offence and Criminal Comis in India will have no .imisdiction to try
such fuf,,ritive for any other offence. [9-G]

CRIMINAL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Crl.) No.
256 of 2000.
c
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India)

WITH

Special Leave Petition (Crl.) Nos. 2697-2698 of2000.
D
Mukul Rohtagi, Additional Solicitor General, M.C. Bhandare, Debasis ·
Misra, Shanif Ahmad, Ch. Shamsuddin Khan, Satya Prakash Sharma, Hemant
Shanna, Rajeev Sharma, B. V Balram Dass, P. Parmeshwaran, Jayshree Anand,
+ Addi. General for State of Punjab, G. Sivabalamurugan for Rajeev Kumar
Sharma, R.S. Suri and Sushil Kumar Jain for the appearing parties.
E
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

- PATTANAIK, J. The Writ Petition and the Special Leave Petitions
· raised the common question, and as such were heard together and are disposed
of by this common judgment. The grievance of the petitioner Daya Singh
Lahoria, in the Writ Petition is, that the Criminal Courts in the country have F
no jurisdiction to try in respect of offences which do not form a part of the
extradition judgment by virtue of which the petitioner has been brought to
this country and he can be tried only for the offences mentioned in the
fa."tradition Decree. The petitioner has also prayed for quashing of the FIR and
charge sheet against him which are not included in the extradition judgment G
of the USA Court. It appears, that the United States District of Texas Fort
Worth Division issued the judgment of certification of e::\.1raditability and the
said decree certifies to sustain under Extradition Treaty between the United
States and the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland with the Government of
Republic of India and specifies the offences for which the accused, mentioned
in the extradition order could be tried. It is the contention of the petitioner H
4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 3 S.C.R.

A that he cannot be tried for the offences other than the offences mentioned
in the e>..iradition order as that would be a contravention of Section 21 of the
Extradition Act as well as the. contravention of the provisions of the
International Law and the very Cha_rter of Extradition Treaty. ...
The Special Leave Applications are directed against the order of
B Rajasthan High Court wherein the High Court refused to entertain a Habeas
Corpus Petition and decide the question as to the jurisdiction of the Designated
Court under the provisions of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) Act, 1987, on the ground that an objection to the said jurisdiction
could be made under Section 18 of the Act before the very Designated Court
C and an application for issuance of a Writ of Habeas Corpus would not lie. The
question for consideration in the said Special Leave Petitions, therefore, is
whether an accused, who is being tried in respect of offences under the
Extraditi11n Treaty can be tried for any other offence which does not form a
part of the decree in view of the specific provision contained in Section 21
of the Extradition Act, 1962.
D
To consolidate and amend the law relating to the extradition of fugitive
criminals and to provide for matters connected therewith, or incidental thereto,
the Extradition Act of 1962 has been enacted. Prior to the enactment of the
aforesaid law of extradition applicable to India was found scattered in the
E United Kingd0111 Extradition Act of 1870, the Fugitive Offenders Act, 1881 and
the Indian Extradition Act, 1903. The expression 'e>..iradition' means, surrender
· by one State to another of a person desired to be dealt with for crimes of
which he has been accused and which are justiciable in the Courts of the
other States. The rights of a citizen 1'.ot to be sent out to foreign jurisdiction
without strict compliance with Jaw relating to extradition is a valuable right.
F This Extradition Act is a special law dealing with criminals and accused of >-·
certain crimes and it prescribes the procedure for trial as well as the embargo
in certain contingencies. The expression 'e>..iradition offence' has been defined
in Section 2 (c) of the Act to mean, in relation to a foreign State, being a treaty
s"tate, an offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be
G less than one year under the laws of India 0r of a foreign State and includes
a composite offence. The expression 'Extradition Treaty' has been defined in
Section 2(d) to mean, a treaty (agreement or arrangement) made by India with
a foreign State relating to the e>..iradition of fugitive criminals and includes any
treaty relating to the extradition of fugitive criminals made before the 15th day
of August, 1947, which extends to, and is binding on, India. The expression
H 'foreign State' is defined in Section 2(e) includes "any State outside India and
D.S. LAHORIA v. U.O.I. [PATTANAIK, J.) 5
includes every constituent part, colony or dependency of such State. Section A
21 of the Extradition Act is relevant for our purpose. Section 21, as it stood
in the Extradition Act of 1962 is extracted hereinbelow in extenso:
.. "Section 21: Accused or convicted person surrendered or returned
by.foreign State or Commonwealth country not to be tried for previous
offence:- Whenever any person accused or convicted of an offence, B
which if committed in India, would be an extradition offence, is
surrendered or returned by a foreign State or Commonwealth country,
that person shall not, until he has been restored or has had an
opportunity of returning to that State or country, be tried in India for
an offence committed prior to the surrender or return, other than the C
extradition offence proved by the facts on which the surrender or

.. return is bas<.,d."

This section is based on Section 19 of the United Kingdom Extradition Act,
1870. The original Act of 1962 was amended by Act 66of1993. Under the
1962 Act, a distinction had been maintained between Commonwealth countries D
and foreign States and the foreign States were considered as treaty States.
The extradition with Commonwealth countries were separately governed by
the Second Schedule of the Act and the Central Government was given power
under Chapter III to conclude special extradition arrangements \vith respect
to Commonwealth countries only. The amended Act of 1993 enables India to
conclude Extradition Treaty with foreign State, including the Commonwealth E
countries, without treating them structurally different. It provides for e:i..ira-
territorial jurisdiction over foreigners for crimes committed by them outside
India and it incorporates composite offences in the definition of e:\.iradition
offence. It excludes political offences as a defence in cases of offences of a
serious nature and it covers extradition requests on the basis of international F
convention. It also enables tl1e Central Government to make and receive
requests for provisional arrest of fugitives in urgent cases pending the receipt
of the formal extradition request. Section 21 of 1962 ·Act was substituted by
Act 66of1993, as follows:

"Section 21 - Accused or convicted person surrendered or returned G
by foreign -State not to be tried for certain offences. - Whenever any
person accused or convicted of an offence, which, if committed in
India would be an extraditfon offence, is surrendered or returned by
a foreign State, such person shall not, until he has been restored or
has had an opportunity of returning to that State, be tried in India for
an offence other than ..: H
6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) 3 S.C.R.

A (a) the extradition offence in relation to which he was surrendered
or returned; or
(b) any lesser offence disclosed by the facts proved for the purposes
of securing his surrender or return other than an offence in
relation to which an order for his surrender or return could not
B be lawfully made; or
(c) the offence in respect of which the foreign State has given its
consent."

The provision of the aforesaid Section places restrictions on the trial of the
C person extradited and it operates as a bar to the trial of the fugitive criminal
for any other offence until the condition of restoration or opportunity to
return is satisfied. Under the amended Act of 1993, therefore, a fugitive could
be tried for any lesser offence, disclosed by the facts proved or even for the
offence in respect of which the foreign State has given its consent. It thus,
enables to try the fugitive for a lesser offence, without restoring him to the
D State or for any other offence, if the State concerned gives its consent. In
other words, it may be open for our authorities to obtain consent of the
foreign State to try the fugitive for any other offence for which the extradition
decree might not have mentioned, but without obtaining such consent, it is
not possible to try for any other offence, other than the offence for which
E the extradition decree has been obtained. The Extradition Treaty contains
several articles of which Article 7 is rather significant for oµr purpose, which
may be quoted hereinbelow in extenso:-

"Article 7. A person surrendered can in no case be kept in custody
or be brought to trial in the territories of the High Contracting Party
F to whom the surrender has been made for any other crime or offence,
or on account of any other matters, than those for which the extradition
shall have taken place, until he has been restored, or has had an
opportunity of returning, to the territories of the High Contracting
Party by whom he has been surrendered."

G This stipulation does not apply to crimes or offences committed
after the extradition.

The aforesaid Article unequivocally indicates that the person concerned
cannot be tried for any other crime or offence than those for which the
extradition shall have taken place until he has been restored or has had the
H opportunity of returning to the territories of the High Contracting Party by
'f

D.S. LAHORIA v. U.O.I. [PATTANAIK, J.] 7
whom he has been surrendered. The provisions of Section 21 of the fa.1radition A
Act is in consonance with the aforesaid Article of the Extradition Treaty. In
~ ~
the modern world interdependence of States is natural and essential and
, consequently the importance of extradition and problems of extradition would
arise. It has become so easy of a fugitive to escape from the law of the land
and if law has to take its course and pursue the offender, extradition proceedings
are a necessary instrument to secure the return of the offender to the altar B
of law. Laxity in the extradition efforts would only increase the offender's
appetite to commit crimes with impunity by fleeing to a foreign territory where
he cannot be touched except through extradition. There is a natural tendency
on the part of the State of asylum to facilitate the surrender of the fugitive.
But extradition of a fugitive is not that smooth as one thinks. The liberty of c
an individual being an inalienable right, many States, particularly the United
States of America and the United Kingdom, prescribe that no fugitive will be
ex.tradited in the absence of an Extradition Treaty between the two countries.
But extradition is always necessary and no fugitive should be given the
impression that he cart commit an offence and flee from the country by taking
shelter in a foreign country. At the same time surrender must be preceded by D
proper precautions to the effect that nobody is denied the due process of law
and nobody is being made a victim of political vindictiveness. Extradition is
t- practised among nations essentiaily for two reasons. Firstly, to warn criminals
that they cannot escape punishment by fleeing to a foreign territory and
secondly, it is in the interest of the territorial State that a criminal who has E
fled from another territory after having committed crime, and taken refuge
within its territory, should not be left free, because he may again commit a
crime and run away to some other State. Extradition is a great step towards
international cooperation in the suppression of crime. It is for this reason the
Congress of Comparative Law held at Hague in 1932, resolved that States
should treat extradition as an obligation "resulting from the international F
solidarity in the fight against crime." In Oppenhiem, International Law the
expression is defined as "Extradition is a delivery of an accused or a convicted
individual to the State on whose territory he is alleged to have committed or
to have been convicted of a crime, by the State on whose territory the alleged
criminal happens for the time to be". There is no rule of international law G
which imposes any duty on a State to surrender a fugitive in the absence of
Extradition Treaty. The law of extradition, therefore, is a dual law. It is obtensibly
a municipal law; yet it is a part of international law also, inasmuch as it
'(_
governs the relations between two sovereign States over the question of
whether or not a given person should be handed over by one sovereign State
to another sovereign State. This question is decided by national courts but H
8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) 3 S.C.R.

A on the basis of international commitments as well as the rules of International
Law relating to the subject. A number of attempts have been made, to
~
conclude a convention governing extradition requests among nations. The
Pan American Conference of 1902 produced a Treaty of Extradition signed by
twelve States but it was not ratified. In 1933 the Seventh Pan American
'
Conference concluded an Extradition Convention which was ratified by a
B number of States, including United States of America but the League
Codification· Committee had doubted the feasibility of the general convention
on extradition. In 1935, the Harvard Law Schoolbrought out a draft convention
on the subject. The International L:aw Association has also considered legal
problems reiating to extradition in the conference held at Warsaw. In 1928 the
c draft convention on extradition was approved but nothing has materialised in
concluding a universal convention on extradition. Notwithstanding the fact
that most States earnestly believe in the efficacy and usefulness of e"'tradition
proceedings which each State has to resort to at one time or the other. The
Asian-African Legal Consultative Body also prepared a draft convention on
extradition at its meeting in Colombo in 1960. In September 1965, the
D Commonwealth Conference of Law Ministers and Chief Justices expressed the
desire for a Commonwealth Convention on Extradition. In March 1966, the
Commonwealth Law Ministers reached an agreement iri London for the speedy
extradition of fugitives between Commonwealth Countries. But in the absence ~

of any extradition convention, nations have resorted to bilateral extradition
E treaties by which they have agreed between themselves to surrender the
accused or convict to the requesting State in case such a person comes under
the purview of the given treaty. Bilateral treaties at the international level are
supplemented by national laws or legislation at the municipal level. Extradition
Treaties between nations, draft conventions and national laws and practices
have revealed that some customary rules of International Law have developed
F in the process. The doctrine of speciality is yet another established rule of >-
International Law relating to e"'tradition. Thus, when a person is extradited for
a particular crime, he can be tried for only that crime. If the requesting State
deems it desirable to try the extradited fugitive for some other crime comn.1itted ,
before his extradition, the fugitive has to be brought to the status quo ante, '·
G in the sense that he has to be returned first to the State which granted the
extradition and a fresh extradition has to be requested for the latter crime. The
r-·
Indian E"'tradition Act makes a specific provision to that effect. In view of
Section 21 of the Indian Extradition Act of 1962 an extradited fugitive cannot
be tried in India for any offence other than the one for which he has been
extradited unless he has been restored to or has had an opportunity to return
H to the State which surrendered him. The doctrine of speciality is in fact a
D.S. LAHORIA v. U.O.I. [PATTANAIK, J.] 9
corollary to the principles of double criminality, and the aforesaid doctrine is A
premised on the assumption that whenever a State uses its formal process to
>- surrender a person to another state for a specific charge, the requesting State
shall carry out its intended purpose of prosecuting or punishing the offender
for the offence charged in its request for extradition and none other. (see M.
CherifBassiouni - International Extradition and World Public Order). In the B
book International Law by D.P. O'CONNELL, the principle of Speciality has
been described thus:

"According to this principle the State to which a person has been
extradited may not, without the consent of the requisitioned State, try
a person extradited save for the offence for which he was extradite~. C
Many extradition treaties embody this rule, and the question arises
whether it is one of International Law or not."

The United States Supreme Court, while not placing the rule on the plane of
international la''" did in fact arrive at the same conclusion in the case of
United States v. Rauscher - 1019 US 407. The Supreme Court denied the D
jurisdiction of the trial court even though the Treaty did not stipulate that
there should be no trial and held :-

'The weight of authority and sound principle are in favour of the
proposition that a person who has been brought within the jurisdiction
of the court by virtue of proceedings under an extradition treaty can E
only be tried for one of the offences described in that treaty and for
the offence with which he is charged in the proceedings for his
extradition, until a reasonable time and opportunity have been given
to him, after his release or trial upon such charge, to return to the
country from whose asylum he had been forcibly taken under those
proceedings." F
In view of the aforesaid position in law, both on International Law as well as
the relevant statute in this country, we dispose of these cases with the
conclusion that a fugitive brought into this country under an Extradition
Decree.can be tried only for the offences mentioned in the fa.iradition Decree G
and for no other offence and the Criminal Courts of this country will have no
jurisdiction to try such fugitive for any other offence. This Writ Petition and
Special Leave Petitions are disposed of accordingly.

V.S.S. Petition• disposed of.