Supreme Court of India
EMPLOYER IN RELATION TO MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL MINE PLANNING AND DESIGN INSTITUTE LTD.versusUNION OF INDIA AND ANR.
- Citation
- 2001 INSC 48
- Decided
- 25 January 2001
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- S S M QUADRI
Holding
An order of a Single Judge that determines the parties' vital rights and obligations is a judgment within the meaning of Clause 10 of the Letters Patent of Patna, making the Letters Patent Appeal maintainable.
Summary
The employer, Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., terminated 28 workmen, prompting a Central Government Industrial Tribunal to declare the terminations unjust and order reinstatement with 40% back wages. The employer challenged the award in the Patna High Court, where a Single Judge, on a Section 17‑B application, directed the employer to pay full back wages. The employer filed a Letters Patent Appeal (LPA) to the Division Bench, which dismissed the appeal on the ground that the Single Judge’s order was not a "judgment" within Clause 10 of the Patna Letters Patent. The Supreme Court held that an interlocutory order that determines vital rights and obligations qualifies as a judgment for Letters Patent purposes, thus the LPA was maintainable. Consequently, the Division Bench’s order was set aside, the LPA restored, and the matter remanded for merits determination. The appeal was allowed.
Issues considered
- Whether the order passed by a Single Judge of the High Court under Section 17‑B of the Industrial Disputes Act constitutes a "judgment" within the meaning of Clause 10 of the Letters Patent of Patna.
- Whether a Letters Patent Appeal against such an order is maintainable.
Legislation cited
Subjects
Letters Patent Appealjudgmentinterlocutory orderIndustrial Disputes ActSection 17-Breinstatementback wagesappellate jurisdictionhigh courtSupreme Court
Judgment
EMPLOYER IN RELATION TO MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL MINE A
PLANNING AND DESIGN INSTITUTE LTD.
v.
UNION OF INDIA AND ANR.
JANUARY 25, 2001
B
[S.S.M. QUADRI AND S.N. PHUKAN, JJ.]
Labour Law:
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: c
Section 17-B-Judgment under-Tests to determine-Employer terminated
the services of workmen-Tribunal directed reinstatement of the workmen with
40 per cent back wages-However, Single Judge of High Court directed the
employer to pay fir// wages to the ·workmen-Division Bench held that appeal
against the order of Single Judge not maintainable since the order was not D
'judgment" within the meaning of Cl. I 0 of the Letters Patent of Patna-
Correctness of-Held: The test to determine whether an interlocutory order
is judgment for the purposes of Letters Patent is: whether the order is a final
determination affecting vital and valuable rights and obligations of the parties
concerned-The order passed by the Single Judge determines the entitlement E
of the workmen to receive benefits and imposes an obligation on the employer
to pay such benefits-The order of the Single Judge, therefore, is a judgment'
within the meaning of Cl. IO of the Letters Patent of Patna-Hence, LPA
against the order of Single Judge maintainable-Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, S.2 (9)-Letters Patent of Patna, Cl. JO.
F
Words and Phrases:
"Judgment "-Meaning of-Jn the context of Cl. J0 of the Letters
Patent of Patna.
The appellant-employer terminated the services of the respondent- G
workmen. The Industrial Tribunal held that the termination was not justified
and ordered their reinstatement with 40 per cent back wages. The appellant
filed writ petition before the High Court challenging the aforesaid award.
The respondents claimed relief under Section 17-B of the Industrial Disputes
Act, 1947 in the writ petition. A Single Judge of the High Court allowed the
~I H
652 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 12001 I I S.CR.
A application filed by the respondents and directed the appellant to pay full
wages to them.
The appellant challenged the correctness of the aforesaid order in the
Letters Patent Appeal (LPA) before the Division Bench of the High Court
which held that against the order passed by the Single Judge in terms of
B Section 17-B of the l.D. Act, the LPA was not maintainable because that
order was not 'judgment' within the meaning of Clause 10 of the Letters
Patent of Patna. Hence this appeal.
. Allowing the appeal, the Court
C HELD: I. A close reading of Clause 15 of the Letters Patent of Calcutta
shows that it has three limbs: we are concerned with the first limb which
specifies the type of judgments of one judge of the High Court which is
appealable in that High Court and the categories of judgments/orders which
are excluded from its ambit. The analysis of Clause 15 of the Letters Parent
D of Calcutta will equally apply to Clause I 0 of the Letters Patent of Patna. It
follows that an appeal shall lie to a larger Bench of the High Court from a
Judgment of one Judge of the said High Court or one judge of any Division
Court pursuant to Article 225 of the Constitution of India. 1655-D;G-HI
2.1. The expression "judgment" is not defined in Letters Patent of
E Patna. It is now well settled that definition of 'judgment' in Section 2(9) of
the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 has no application to Letters Patent.
1656-EI
Asrumati Debi v. Kumar Rupendra Deb Rajkot, I 19531 SCR 1159; Shah
Badulal Khimji v. Jayaben D. Kania, 1198114 SCC 8; Justices of the Peace
F for Calcutta v. Oriental Gas Co. 8 Beng. LR 433; Dayabhai v. Murugappa -f-
Chelliar ILR 13 Rang. 457; Tuljaram v. Alagappa, ILR 35 Mad. I and Sonebai
v. Ahmedbhai, 9 Born HCR 398, referred to.
2.2. To determine the question whether an interlocutory order passed
by one judge of a High Court falls within the meaning of 'judgment' for
G purposes of Letters Patent the test is: whether the order is a final
determination affecting vital and valuable rights and obligations of the parties
concerned. This has to be ascertained on the facts of each case. 1658-B-q
3. SectiOn 17-B of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 confers valuable
·rights on the workmen and correspondingly imposes onerous obligations on
H the employer. The order in question passed by the Single Judge determines
CENTRllL MINE l'L/\NNING INSTITUTE LTD.,. U.0.1. [QU/\DRI. J] 653
the entitlement of the workmen to receive benefits and imposes an obligation A
on the appellant to pay such benefits provided in the said Section. That order
cannot but be 'judgment' within the meaning of Clause IO of the Letters
Patent of Patna. The High Court is obviously in error in holding that the said
order is not judgment within the meaning of Clause IO of the Letters Patent
of Patna.1658-C-DI
B
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 880 of200 l.
From the Judgment and Order dated 9.8.99 of the Patna High Court in
L.P.A. NO. 177 of 1999.
Ajit Kumar Sinha for the Appellant. c
P.S. Mishra, S. Reddy, V. Sharma, Upendra Mishra and Himanshu Shekhar
_,.,..--- for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D
SYED SHAH MOHAMMED QUADRI, J. Leave is granted.
This appeal is from the judgment and order of a Division Bench of the
High Court of Judicature at Patna, Ranchi Bench, in L.P.A. No. 177 of 1999
(R) dated August 9, 1999. The appellant is the employer and 28 of its workmen
are represented by respondent No. 2. The pa11ies are, hereafter, referred to as E
"the employer" and "the workmen" respectively.
The facts giving rise to this appeal lie in a short compass.
The Government of India, Mini_stry of Labour, referred the following
+ question under Section IO(l)(d) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (for F
short, 'the l.D. Act') to the Central Government Industrial Tribunal (No.2) at
Dhanbad (for short, 'the Tribunal'),: "Whether the action of the management
of Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., Ranchi in terminating the
services ofShri Naresh Jha and 27 others (as per annexure) w.e.f. 1.7.1992 is
justified? If not, to what relief the workmen are entitled?" On May I, 1997 the G
-- Tribunal passed the award holding that the termination of 28 workmen was
not justified and that they were entitled to reinstatement and regularisation
with 40 per cent back wages and other benefits. The validity of that award
was assailed by the appellant before the High Court at Patna (Ranchi Bench)
in CWJC No. 2406 of I979(R). The workmen claimed relief under Section l 7B
of the l.D. Act in that CW JC. On April 26, 1999, a learned Single Judge of H
654 SUl'REMI: COURT REPORTS [2001] I S.C.R.
A the High Court allowed the application and directed the appellant to pay lo
the workmen fu II wages last drawn by them on the date of the termination of - ......
their services. The appellant challenged the correctness of that order in L.P.A.
No.177 of I999(R) before the Division Bench of the High Court which held
that against the order passed by the learned Single Judge in terms of Section
I 7B of the l.D. Act, the Letters Patent Appeal was not maintainable because
B that order was not 'judgment' within the meaning of Clause tO of the Letters
Patent. It is that judgment and order of the Division Bench, which is u11der
challenge in this appeal. ........
Mr. Ajit Kumar, the learned counsel appearing for the appellant,
C contended that the order of the learned Single Judge passed under Section
t 7B of the 1.D. Act is a judgment within the meaning of Clause I0 of the
Letters Patent so the High Court ought not to have dismissed the LPA as not
maintainable.
Mr. P.S. Mishra, the learned senior counsel appearing for respondent
D No. 2, has contended that the order passed by the learned Single Judge is
interlocutory order and is not a judgment within the meaning of Clause I0 as
explained by the dicta of this Court in Shah Babula! Khimji v. Jayaben D.
KaniaandAnr., [1981] 4 SCC 8.
The short question that arises in this appeal is: whether LPA 177 of 1999
E (R). against the order of the learned Single Judge passed on an application
under Section I 7B of the l.D. Act. under Clause to of the Letters Patent of
Patna, before the Division Bench of the High Court, is maintainable?
We may mention here that Clause 15 of the Letters Patent of Calcutta.
Bomaby and Madras is in iisdem terminis Clause I0 of the Letters Patent of
F Allahabad, Patna, Punjab and Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. It will be useful +
to read it here :
"t 5. Appeal fi"om the Courts of original jurisdidction lo the High
Court in its appeffate jurisdiction.-And we do further ordain that
an appeal shall lie to the said High Court of Judicature at Madras,
G
Bombay, Fort William in Bengal from the judgment (not being a
judgment passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of
a decree or order made in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction by a
Court subject to the superintendence of the said High Court and not
--
being an order made in the exercise of a revisional jurisdiction, and
H not being a sentence or order passed or made in exercise of the power
·y-
CENTRAL MINE PLANNING INSTITUTE LTD. r. U.0.1. [QUADRI. J.j 655
_,, of superintendence under the provisions of section 107 of the A
Government of India Act, or in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction) of
~
one Judge of the said High Court or one Judge of any Division Court,
pursuant to section 108 of the Government of India Act, and that
notwithstanding anything hereinbefore provided, an appeal shall lie to
the said High Court from a judgment of one Judge of the said High
Court or one Judge of any Division Court, pursuant to section 108 of
B
the Government of India Act, on or after the first day of February 1929
-> in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of a decree or order
made in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction by a Court subject to the
superintendence of the said High Court where the Judge who passed
the judgment declares that the case is a fit one for appeal; but that c
·the right of appeal from other judgments of Judges of the said High
Court or of such Division Court shall be to Us. Our heirs or successors
in Our or Their Privy Council, as hereinafter provided."
·---- A close reading of the provision, quoted above, shows that it has three
limbs: the first limb specifies the type of judgments of one judge of the Higli D
Court which is appealable in that High Court and the categories of judgments/
· orders which are excluded from its ambit; the second limb provides that
notwithstanding anything provided in the first limb, an appeal shall lie to that
High Court from judgement of one judge of the High Court or one judge of
any Division Court, pursuant to Section I 08 of the Government of India Act
(now Article 225 of the Constitution of India), on or after February I, 1929, E
passed in exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect of a decree or order
made in exercise of appellate jurisdiction by a court subject to the
superintendence of the said High Court where the judge who passed the
judgment declares that the case is a fit one for appeal; and the third limb says
+ that the right of appeal fromother judgments of judges of the said High Court F
or such Division Court shall be to "us, our heirs or successors in our or their
Privy Council, as hereinafter provided".
Here, we are concerned with the type of judgments mentioned in the
first limb.
G
--- a
The above analysis of Clause 15 of the Letters Patent will equally apply
to Clause 10 of the Letters Patent of Patna. It follows that an appeal shall lie
to larger Bench of the High Court of Judicature at Patna from a judgment
of one judge of the said High Court or one judge of any Division Court
pursuant to Article 225 of the Constitution of India. The following categories
of judgment are excluded from the appealable judgments under the first limb H
656 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2lllll J I S.C.R.
A of Clause I 0 of the Letters Patent :
-~
(i) a judgment passed in exercise of appellate jurisdiction in respect
of a decree or order made in exercise of appellate jurisdiction by
a court subject to superintendence of the said High Court; in
other words no letters patent appeal lies to the High Court from
B a judgment of one judge of the High Court passed in second
appeal;
(ii) an order made by one judge of the High Court in exercise of
revisional jurisdiction; and
(iii) a sentence or order passed or made in exercise of power under
c the provisions of Section I07 of Government of India Act, 1915
(now Article 227 of the Constitution of India) or in exercise of
criminal jurisdiction.
From the above discussion, it is clear that from all judgments except
D those falling under the excluded categories, an appeal lies to the same High
Court.
The next question which needs to be considered is, what does the
expression 'judgment' mean? That expression is not defined in Letters Patent.
It is now well-settled that definition of 'judgment' in Section 2(9) of Code of
E Civil Procedure, has no application to Letters Patent. That expression was
interpreted by different High Courts of India for purposes of Letters Patent.
In Asrumati Debi v. Kumar Rupendra Deb Raikot & Ors., (1953) SCR 1159,
a four-Judge Bench of this Court considered the pronouncements of the High
Court of Calcutta in Justices of the Peace for Calcutta v. Oriental Gas Co.,
8 Beng. L.R. 433, the High Court of Rangoon in Dayabhai v. Murugappa
F Chettiar, l.L.R. 13 Rang. 457, the High Court of Madras in Tuljaram v. Alagappa
l.L.R. 35 Mad. I, the High Court at Bomaby in Sonebai v. Ahmedbhai 9
Bombay H.C.R. 398, as also the High Court at Nagpur, the High Court at
Allahabad and Lahore High Court and observed as follows:
"In view of this wide divergence of judicial opinion, it may be
G
necessary for this Court at some time or other to examine carefully
the principles upon which the different views mentioned above
purport to be based and attempt to determine with as much
definiteness as possible the true meaning and scope of the word
'judgment' as it ocrnrs in clause 15 of the Lef/ers Patent of the
H Calcutta High Court and in the corresponding clauses of the Letters
CENTRAL MINE PLANNING ll"ST!TlJTE LTD. 1· lJ0.1. fQUADRI, J] 657
Patent of the othei· High Courts.''
Such an exercise was unde11aken by a three-Judge Bench of this Court
in Shah Babula/ Khim.Ji v. Jayaben D. Kania and Anr., (1981] 4 SCC 8 Fazal
Ali, J. speaking for himself and Varadarajan, J. after analysing the views of
different High Courts, referred to above, observed as follows :
B
·'The intention, therefore, of the givers of the Letters Patent was that
the word 'judgment' should receive a much wider and more liberal
interpretation than the word 'judgment' used in the Code of Civil
Procedure. At the same time, it cannot be said that any order passed
by a Trial Judge would amount to a judgment; otherwise there will be C
no end to the number of orders which would be appealable under the
Letters Patent. It seems to us that the word 'judgment' has undoubtedly
....r a concept of finality in a broader and not a narrower sense.''
It was pointed out that 'judgment' could be of three kinds:
D
(l) A final judgment. - in this category falls a judgment by which
suit or action brought by the plaintiff is dismissed or decreed in
part or full;
(2) A preliminary judgment.- this category is sub-divided into two
classes : E
(a) where the Trial Judge by an order dismisses the suit, without
going into the merits of the suit, only on a preliminary
objection raised by the defendant/respondent on the ground
of maintainability;
-+ (b) where maintainability of the suit is objected on the ground F
of bar of jurisdiction, e.g., res judicata, a manifest defect
in the suit, absence of notice under Section 80 and the like;
and
(3) Intermediary or interlocutotJ' judgment.- in this category fall
orders referred to in clauses (a) to (w) of Order 43 Rule I and G
-~ also such other orders which possess the characteristic and
trappings of finality and may adversely affect a valuable right of
the party or decide an important aspect of the trial in an ancillary
proceeding.
Elucidating the third category, it is observed : · H
658 SUPREME COURT REPORTS j20UI] I S.C.R.
A "Every interlocutory order cannot be regarded as a judgment but only ·
those orders would be judgments which decide matters of moment or"'
affect vital and valuable rights of the parties and which work serious
injustice to the party concerned."
In the instant case, we are concerned with the last mentioned category.
B From the above discussion, it follows that to determine the question whether
an interlocutory order passed by one judge of a High Court falls within the
meaning of 'judgment' for purposes of Letters Patent the test is: whether the
order is a final determination affecting vital and valuable rights and obligations
of the parties concerned. This has to be ascertained on the facts of each case.
c Adverting to the facts of this case, Section 178 of the l.D. Act confers
valuable rights on the workmen and correspondingly imposes an onerous
obligations on the employer. The order in question passed by the learned
Single Judge determines the entitlement of the workmen to receive benefits
and imposes an obligation on the appellant to pay such benefits provided in
D the said section. That order cannot but be 'judgment' within the meaning of
Clause I0 of Letters Patent, Patna. The High Court is obviously in error in
holding that the said order is not judgment within the meaning of Clause I 0
of the Letters Patent of Patna.
For the above reasons, we hold that the order of the learned Single
E Judge passed on application under Section 178 of the I.D. Act on April 26,
1999 is judgment within the meaning of Clause I0 of the Letters Patent of
Patna and is, therefore, appealable. The order of the High Court is accordingly
set aside, the Letters Patent appeal is restored to the file of the High Court
and the case is remanded to the High Court for deciding the LPA on merits
in accNdance with law.
F
The appeal is accordingly allowed. In the circumstances of the case, the
parties are directed to bear their own costs.
V.S.S. Appeal allowed.
----....-
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