Holding

The Special Tribunal’s order granting the appellant title was set aside; the allottees and the Custodian General have locus standi, Section 8 is now redundant and cannot be entertained after 12 years, and a will or probate does not confer title over property vested in the Custodian.

Summary

The case concerned Ghulam Qadir's claim to a property that had been declared evacuee property and vested in the Custodian under the Jammu Kashmir State Evacuees (Administration of Property) Act, 1949. The original claimant, Sardar Begum, had filed a claim under Section 8, executed a will in favour of Qadir, and died; subsequent custodial orders varied, ultimately granting Qadir the whole property, which was challenged by the tenant‑allottees and the Custodian General. The High Court held that the allottees and the Custodian had locus standi to challenge the Special Tribunal’s order, that Section 8 had out‑lived its utility and could not be entertained after 12 years, and that a will or probate did not confer title over property vested in the Custodian. The Court affirmed the Division Bench’s view that the Special Tribunal’s order was unsustainable and dismissed the appeals.

Issues considered

The appellant’s entitlement to the disputed property under the will and probate.
Whether the tenant‑allottees and the Custodian General have locus standi to challenge the Special Tribunal’s order.
The scope of revisional powers under Section 30 of the Act.
The applicability and limitation period of Section 8 of the Act.
The distinction between claims under Section 8 and Section 14 of the Act.

Subjects

evacuee propertylocus standirevision jurisdictionSection 8Section 14limitation periodwill and probatecustodianquasi‑permanent allotteestatutory interpretation

Judgment

A GHULAM QADIR
v.
SPECIAL TRIBUNAL AND ORS.

OCTOBER3, 2001

B [M.B. SHAH AND R.P. SETHI, JJ.]

Jammu Kashmir State Evacuees (Adminstration of Property) Act, 2006
(1949 A.D.). -

Sections 2, 8, 14 and 30:
c
Evacuee-Meaning of-Claim in evacuee properties-Custodian rejected
the prayer-Jn appeal, Custodian General remanded the case for fresh order on
certain points-During pendency of matter; Will executed by the claimant in
favour of ihe appellant-Grant of Probate-Custodian held, Probate Court
.D does not establish more than the factun~ of 'Will'-Not amount to conferment
of Title-Appeal dismissed-Appellant preferred another Application-Rejected
on the ground that appellant not related to original owner and claimant could
not will away the property not devolved upon her but vested in Custodian.-
Another Custodian accepted the claim but allowed I/4th share-Appeal before
Custodian General-Remand to Custodian-Custodian held Appellant entitled
E to whole disputed property-Tenant!allottee preferred revision petition-
Custodia!l General set aside the order of Custodian-Appellant filed revision
petition before Janmzu & Kashmir Special Tribunal-Revision allowed-Writ
Petition by the tenants-allottees-Single Judge dismissed the Writ Petition
holding that Petitioner had no locus standi-Division Bench held : Appellant
F not entitled to claim the property which continue to vest in Custodian-Tenants
entitled to remain in possession-On appeal, held: Tenant's rights and interests
affected adversely-Hence, they are necessary Parties and have Locus standi-
On merits, appellant's claim rejected.

Sections 8 and 14 :
G
DistinCtion between-Discussed-Held, Section 8 outlived its. utility-
Application qfter 12 years cannot be entertained under Section 8-However;
such application could be entertained 'under Section 14 as and when the
evacuee returns back.

H Section 30 :
504
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL 505
Scope of power of revision-Held, the power is not hedged or A
circumscribed-Wuie amplitude to set right any illegal, unfair unjust or untenable
order passed under the Act-Will-Probating of-Probate Court does not
establish more than the factum of Will-Does not confer any title.

One S claiming to be the daughter of an evacuee preferred her claim in
terms of Section 8 of the J&K State Evacuees (Administration of Property)
B
Act in respect of properties situated in Jammu. The Custodian rejected the
prayer for restoration of property as huge amount was spent on
reconstruction of the property. However, he granted maintenance allowance.
Applicant preferred an appeal before Custodian General, who remanded
the case back to Custodian for fresh orders. In the meanwhile applicant c
executed and registered a 'Will' in favour of appellant to inherit her property
after her death. The application was dismissed for default and applicant
died thereafter. The appellant in continuation of earlier application of S
preferrec' another application claiming his right over the disputed property.
The Custodian, while disposing of the application, held that the property in
D
dispute belonged to someone else, which was taken over by the Evacuee
Property Department, as there was no claimant to the property and the
same was reconstructed. The appellant was having no relation with the
Original Owner of the property and S could not will away the property
which had not devolved upon her, but vested in the Custodian at the time of
execution of 'Will'. E

Despite disposal of the application, another Custodian again dealt with
the matter under Section 8 of the Act and accepted the claim of S, and held
that appellant was entitled to 1/4th share of the property of S. The appellant ,
was also appointed manager for remaining 3/4th share of Evacuee property
F
and to render accounts. Not fully satisfied with the Order, Appellant preferred
an appeal before Custodian General, who remaned the case back to Custodian
for fresh enquiry. Again, the Custodian allowed the claim of the appellant to
the whole of the disputed property. Tenants on the disputed property preferred
a Revision Petition under Section 30 of the Act before the Custodian General
- who set aside the order of Custodian. The appellant approached the Jammu G
and Kashmir Special Tribunal for revision of the said order. Tribunal set
aside the order of Custodian General and restored the order of 'Custodian'.
The tenant-allottee preferred Writ Petition, which was dismissed by Single
Judge holding that petitioners had no locus standi to file the Writ Petition.
The tenant-allottee filed L.P.A. and Custodian of evacuee property filed a H
506 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A Writ Petition. Division Bench of the High Court disposed of both L.P.A. and
W.P. by a common order holding that appellant was not entitled to claim the
property which continue to vest in the Custodian. The Tenants were held
entitled to remain in possession of the property. Hence this appeal.

It was contended for the appellant that neither the Custodian nor the
B allottee had any locus standi to challenge the order of the Tribunal; that the
High Court was not justified to go into the question of sufficiency of proof
with regard to succession and execution of 'Will', and committed a mistake
oflaw in not relying upon the probate issued by a competent Court; that the ·
Custodian General erred in going into the question of fact while exercising
c revisionaljurisdiction; and that the High Court under writjurisdiction could
not adjudicate question of facts based on rival contentions of parties.

It was contended for respondents that application filed by S was nof
entertainable being barred by limitation; that she could not establish her
relationship with the evacuee, the owner of the property; and that she had
D
been taking contradictory stands with respect to her claim over the property
under Section 8 and under Section 14 of the AcLwhich deals with different
situations.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court ' ''
E
HELD: 1.1. The orthodox rule of interpretation regarding locus standi
has undergone a sea-change with the development of Constitutional law.
The Constitutional Courts have been adopting a liberal approach in dealing
with the cases or dislodging .the claim ofa litigant merely on hyper-technical
grounds, if a person could satisfy that impugned action is likely to adversely
F
affect his right in terms of statutory provision. The petition filed by such a
person cannot be rejected on the ground of having no locus standi.
[524-H; 525-A-B]

1.2. The scheme of the Jammu and Kashmir State Evacuees (Protection
,G and Administration) Act and the rules made thereunder, would establish
that an allottee of an evacuee property in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
is a quasi-permanent allottee who cannot be evicted from the premises unless
the conditions specified under the Act and the Rules are shown in existence
and has a legal right to remain in possession unless evicted by the Custodian
H under the Jaw; and entitled to protection of the constituted authorities. Having
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL 507
acquired Statutory rights, the allottee cannot be said to be stranger having A
no locus standi to challenge an order which if not prevented would affect his
quasi-permanent right. [525-C-D-F; 526-C; D]

1.3. The Division Bench of the High Court rightly held the allottees
being aggrieved persons by the order of the Tribunal were entitled to maintain
the writ petition, and the order of the Single Judge holding that the allottees B
had no locus standi to file such a Petition, was bereft of any legal basis, was
correctly held to be not sustainable. [532-E]

State of Punjab v. Suraj Prakash Kapur etc., AIR, (1963) SC 507 and
Udit Narayan Singh v. Additional Member, Board of Revenue, Bihar and Am:,
AIR, (1963) SC 786, relied on. c
Tej Ram v. Custodian General and Ors., AIR (1967) J&K 8 and Matwal
Singh and Ors. v. Hon 'ble Minister Incharge, Evacuee Property Deptt. and Ors.,
(1990) J&K Law Reporter 303, approved.

2. Further, as per the scheme of the Act and rules made thereunder, the D
Custodian has been conferred with the right to hold and manage the property
of evacuee and any order passed by the authority under the Act, can be
challenged by the Custodian before an appropriate authority for protection
of rights and interests of the evacuee of which he is the Pmtector and
Custodian, till the property is restored to evacuee and the Custodian General E
has a right to challenge the order of the Tribunal as he is administrator of the
Property. Hence, Division Bench of the High Court was right in holding that
Petition filed by both allottees and Custodians were maintainable and none
of the petitioners could be held to have no locus standi to challenge the order
of the Tribunal, adversely affecting their rights and interests.
[533-H; 534-A; 535-A-B] F
3. The power to condone the delay, as contemplated under the proviso
to Section 8(2) of the Act, cannot be held to mean to condone any delay at any
time without recording sufficient reasons. In no case such a period can be
extended beyond 12 years, the time provided under Section 28 of the
Limitation Act. Thus, there is no jurisdiction for entertaining any application G
from a person in the State of Jammu & Kashmir under Section 8(2) of..the
Act, after a lapse of 12 years from the date when the property was declared
as evacuee property and vested in the custodian. Section 8(2) outlived its utility
and the authorities under the Act are directed not to entertain any application .
under this Section hereafter and any pending application shall be Jiable to be H
508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A dismissed. In the instant case, S had filed her claim within the period of
limitation and no objection regarding the maintainability of her claim on
the ground of limitation was raised. Hence, there is no need to non-suit her
and the appellant on the ground of limitation. (536-B-C; E-G; 537-B]

4.1. The revisional power.conferred upon tht Custodian General and
B Custodian u~der the Act are of wider amplitude which cannot be restricted,
debarring the revisional authority on satisfying themselves as to the legality
· or propriety of the orders passed by the sub-ordinate authority in complete
disregard to the provision of the A'.tt and the relevant facts. Any conclusion
arrived without reference to reliable, cogent and admissible evidence cannot
be termed to be decision arrived on facts. Permitting the revisional authority
c to pass such order in relation thereto as he thinks fit, clearly indicates the
extent of power conferred upon it, which cannot be limited or circumscribed.
, (539-D-E]

4.2. In the instant case, while exercising the revisional jurisdiction, the
Custodian-General had not committed any error' of law by looking into the
D facts for the purpose of ascertaining as to whether appellant had acquired
any interest on the basis of the Will executed by S or Probate issued in his
favour. The questions of title with respect to the evacuee property cannot be
adjudicated under the Act for which appropriate proceedings are required L
to be initiated in the Civil Court. [534-H; 544-A]
E 5. Sections 8 and 14 deal with different situations ·under distinct
contingencies. Whereas heirs of the evacuee have a right to pray for restoration
under Section 14 of the Act, no such right is conferred upon the hei~ of the
claimant under Section 8 of the Act as Section 8 contemplates the preferring
of claim within 30 days of the date of the vesting of the evacuee property in the
Custodian which does not envisage the claim by legal heirs whereas application
F
under Section 14 can be preferred at any time when the evacuee returns back
to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. [542-E; 543-A-B]

6. The executant of the Will had no right or authority to bequeath a
property which did not belong to her. In the 'Will' executant had nowhere
stated that the appellant would be entitled to any interest in the disputed
G
property which was vesting in the Custodian at that particular time. The
execution of the 'Will' therefore neither affected the evacuee property vesting
in the Custodia~ nor it conferred any right upon the appellant to pray for its
deletion or restoration. Thus, neither ·Will' nor Probate conferred any right
which he could enforce in Court of law or quasi-judicial authority.
H [540-D-E; 541-A] .
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL 509
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 6963-6964 of A
2001.

From the Judgment and Order dated 16.2.2000 of the Jammu and Kashmir
_. High Court in LP.A. (W) No. 210/91 and O.W.P. No. 304 of 1994.

P.P. Rao, Ranjit Kumar and A.V. Gupta, Ms. Anu Mohla, Anis Suhrawar~y, B
E.C. Agrawala, Rishi Agarwal, Mahesh Agarwal and Alok Kumar Agarwal for
the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SETHI, J. Leave granted. c
Partition of India in 1947 resulted in the outbreak of communal riots
which engulfed some parts of the country, particularly the then united Province
of Punjab in Northern India. Human blood flowed in the rivers of Punjab which
-.... were the nerve centre of Province's economy and known for being responsible D
for the progress, prosperity and welfare of the people. The fire which erupted
in Punjab could not· be contained by the chilling snowing waters of rivers
Jhelam and Chenab and its flames lept ov~r Jammu and Kashmir as well. In
the name of religions, their followers and believers let loose the rein of terror,
destruction and death. Thousands of Muslims and Hindus were massacred and
millions forced to flee from their homes for safety of lives. The Hindus and
E
Sikhs who were forced to leave their birth places on account of tribal riots
followed by regular Pakistani aggression in the State were called refugees/
displaced persons in the main land of Jammu and Kashmir and the Muslims
who were forced to become the prey of the communal holocaust were termed
as evacuees. F

To protect and provide for the administration of the properties, left over
·by the evacuees in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the then Maharaja of the
State, in exercise of his powers under Section 5 of the Jammu and Kashmir
Constitution Act, 1996, promulgated the Jammu Kashmir State Evacuees
(Administration of Property) Act, 2006 (1949 A.D), (hereinafter referred to as
G
the "Act").

It is alleged that with the passage of time, some unscrupulous litigants
assisted by dishonest administrators resorted to the destruction and elimination
of. the properties statutorily entrusted to the Custodian for protection and H
510 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A safeguard. The size and the quantum of the properties is alleged to have been
squeezed and reduced leaving to a bare negligible existence. The present
appeal demonstrates the shocking and alarming situation prevalent in the State
of Jammu & Kashmir so far as the properties of the evacuees ,,are concerned. ·

The facts giving rise to the filing of the present appeal are:- one Sardar
B Begum claiming to be the daughter of an evacuee preferred her claim on
1.12.1958, in terms of Section 8 of the Act with respect to shops and buildings.
existing thereon situated in Rejinder Bazar, earlier known as Urdu Bazar in the
city of Jammu. Finding that the applicant was not entitled to the prayer made
for restoration of the property because in the intervening period department had
c spent a huge amount on the reconstruction of the shops and buildings, the
Custodian vide his order dated 26th March, 1959 declined her prayer. However,
in the ends of Justice and dictates of humanity, the custodian. thought it
appropriate to grant a sum of Rs.60/- per month to the applicant as maintenance
allowance. Not satisfied with the order of the Custodian, Sardar Begum preferred
an appeal which was disposed of by the Custodian General on 29th July, 1959
D
remanding the case back to the Custodian for fresh orders after thorough
enquiry on the following points:-

"l. Whether Ghulam Mohd. evacuee continues to be an evacuee or has
died as stated by the appellant and consequently she the appellant
E becomes the sole heir.

2. Considering the understanding by the Evacuee Deptt; with Sardar
Begum as stated in the note of the Custodian dated 30.9.1958 whether
the Evacuee Deptt; was justified in converting the property to its own
use and affecting construction on the said land without a proper and
F prior agreement with the appellant.

3. Since part of the land under shop came under road widening scheme
and compensation therefor was paid by the P.W.D., it must be ascertained
as to whether the compensation was payable to thP. appellant as the
rightful heir and claimant of the property.
G
4. In case. her absolute rights are established, it would be for the
Custodian to decide conclusively as to what amount she would be
liable to pay to the department for the property, as it stands now, before
it can be restored to her. While determining the above, it will naturally
become incumbent upon the Custodian to give her credit for the
,.
H

(
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 511
incomes received by way of rental as well as compensation for the A
period for which the property has continued to be in the possession of
management of the Custodian.

5. It would also be upto the Custodian to decide the mode of realization
of departmental expenditure in case restoration becomes legally
imperative in consistence with the provisions of the Evacuee Property B
Act."

After the remand when the matter was pending before the custodian, the
said Sardar Begum executed a 'Will' dated 4th January. 1964 registered on 9th
January, 1964 in favour of the appellant describing him as her cousin. He was c
held entitled to inherit the property of the executor after her death which was
detailed to be situated in Kucha General Samunder Khan, Mohalla Dalpatian,
and the evacuee's property in Rajinder Bazar, Jammu. The application of
Sardar Begum pending before the Custodian, after remand, was dismissed for
default of her appearance on 23rd July, 1965. It is reported that she died on
13.9.1965. The appell~nt in continuation of the earlier application, filed by
D
Sardan Begum, preferred another application claiming his right over the disputed
property. The then custodian (Bakshi Om Prakash) while disposing of the
application on 4.12.1970 noticed that the property in dispute belonged to one
Sultan Khan who had no male issue and had only one daughter namely,
Hussain Bibi. Hussain Bibi was stated to be having three issues namely, Sardar E
Begum, Shah Begum and Ghulam Mohammed. Shah Begum and Ghulam
Mohammed were stated to have migrated to Pakistan with the result that their
property being evacuee property vested in the Custodian. As there was no
claimant to the property, it was taken over by the Evacuee Property Department
and reconstructed. The appellant was held to be having no relation whatsoever F
with the original owner of the property, namely, Sultan Khan. Sardar Begum
could not Will away the property which had not devolved upon her and vested
in the Custodian under the provisions of the Act, at the time of the execution
of the 'Will' and her death. The Will was held to be not having any effect on
the property which concededly had vested in the Custodian.
G
It appears that despite the disposal of the application of the appellant on
4.12.1970, another Custodian (S.A. Qayum) again dealt with the matter and
accepted his claim. The appellant was held entitled to· l/4th share of Sardar ·
Begum in that property and to its restoration. He was further appointed as
Manager of the remaining 3/4th property of the evacuees with the direction to H
512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A render proper accounts. In his Order dated 25. 9 .1972 the Custodian specifically
stated that he was dealing with the application of Sardar Begum filed under
Section 8 of the Act. He did not notice the disposal of the application by the
Custodian, after remand, by the then Custodian vide his Order dated 4.12.1970.
The Custodian found that Hussain Bibi, the daughter of the original owner had
died before 1947. She was stated to be having one son namely, Ghularn
B
Mohammed and two daughters, namely, Sardar Begum and Shah Begum.
Ghulam Mohammed was held to have become an evacuee. The Custodian
found that there was nothing to show as to whether Ghulam Mohammed had
died or left any other heir except Sardar Begum. Fate of Shah Begum also could
not be ascertained. Sard~ Begum was held entitled to .114th share of the whole
c property under Mohammadan Law. As noticed earlier the appellant was held
entitled to the property to the extent of her share. Showing his over-enthusiastic
interest in the property, the then Custodian (S.A. Qayum) addressed a letter to
the Secretary General, Government Department on 14.10.71 (Annexure P-6)
requesting for handing over the possession of Flat No. 6 situated in Rajinder
D Bazar to the appellant because the Flat was under Government occupation
being retained for the accommodation of State-Secretariat employees who
move to Jammu during winter (the occasion popularly known as barbar Move).

Not fully satisfied with the order of the Custodian, the appellant preferred
an appeal before the Custodian General with prayer for modifying the order
E directing him to pay the cost of the construction incurred by the Custodian. The
Custodian General vide his order dated 29.9.1972 again remanded the case
back to the Custodian for fresh enquiry. It appears that after the remand, the
then Custodian (Shri N.G. Dar) dealt with the matter afresh and vide his order
dated 18.8.1987 ultimately held the appellant entitled to the whole of the
F disputed property. He further directed the deletion of the property from the
register of the properties of the Evacuee Property Department as a consequence
of the acceptance of appellant's application under Section 8 of the Act.

Feeling aggrieved by the restoration of the whole of the property, the
tenants, who were put in possession of the property by the Custodian preferred
G a revision petition under Section 30 of the Act before the Custodian General
of the State. The then Custodian General (G.M. Parra) elaborately dealt with
various aspects of the disputes and ultimately set aside the order of the Custodian
dated 18. 8.1987. The Custodian General, while going through the record referred
to a number of applications and statements of Sardar Begum made by her
H before her death. He found that the property for the return of which the daim
. GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 513
was preferred before the Custodian, was the self-acquired property of the A
maternal grand-father of Sardar Begum, who did not have any dependant.
Sardar Begum in her Statement recorded by the Custodian had mentioned that
her grand-father had died when she was a child. She was brought up by her
grand-mother who also died long ago when her statement was recorded by
Commission appointed by the Custodian on 26.8.1965. She claimed that being B
. the only heir of the deceased, her mother namely, Hussain Bibi remained in
possession of the property. She further stated:

"In disturbances of 1947 when we were fleeing to Sialkot we were
attacked. In the attack my brother was separated from me and I was
kidnapped and taken to Hira Nagar. From Hira Nagar I was recovered C
from the house of Dr. Prithvi Raj and brought to Janunu. My brother
is missing even since then. Ever since then I have neither heard about
him not has any body toid me that he is alive in Pakistan. Even since
disturbances I am in possession of one house,. three shops - property
aforesaid, as owner. After that Custodian built shops and flats and I was D
promised that after its constructions and keeping it for recovery of cost
of construction, the property shall be returned to me. But instead of
doing so, the property was included in list of Evacuees property. I have
.applied for the return of possession which is till undet consideration.
I as sole owner of the property am entitled to it.s return to me. My two
shops which were demolished - Sic - were not" E

The Custodian General did not believe the statement of the witnesses
produced by the appellant holding that they had no knowledge about the
property or its owner. The will executed by Sardar Begum was found to be
shrouded with doubts. The Custodian General further found that there was no F
reliable evidence with regard to the other owners of the property, namely
Ghulam Mohammed and Shah Begum, who were found to have migrated to
Pakistan in the disturbances of 1947. He concluded:-

"I, therefore, find strong grounds for setting aside the impugned order
dated 18.8.1987 of the Custodian and accept the revision petition filed G
by the applicants. It may also be pointed out he.e that non-applicant
Ghulam Qadir has not compiled with the orders of the Custodian and
even those of the Additional Session Judge who granting the probate
as he has not rendered any accounts so far for property which had
remained in his managership. In view of the malafi.de attitude of H
514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A Ghulam Qadir, I see no reason to allow continuance of managership
with him, which is hereby cancelled. The file be consigned to records
after due completion".

Being deprived of the whole of the property the appellant approached the
Jammu and Kashmir Special Tribunal under Section 30~A of the Act. It may
B ' . -
be noticed that th~ Cu~todian General and the allottee tenants pf the property
were arrayed as respondents in the Revision Petition filed by the appellant. His
..:.
revision was accepted by setting aside the orde~ of the Custodian General and
by restoration of the order of the Custodian which was termed to be well
reasoned and based upon evidence led by the appellant.
c The Writ Petition filed by the tenant allottees was dismissed on 21.8.1991
by the learned Single J~dge(S.S. K~ng, C.J) of the High Court holding that the
'.
pe\itioners had no locus standi to file the writ petition. Findipg that the order
of thelearned Single Judge was against law, as earlier settled by the Jammu
and Kashmir High O;mrt, the tenants-allottees filed LPA No: 210 of 1991 in
·D the High Court. Realising that the Custodian being , deprived of the valuable
property and that the rights of the evacuees were jeopardised by the order
passed by the Tribunal, the Custodian General and the Custodian of the evacuees _
property also filed a Writ Petition No. 304 of 1994. Bothe the LPA and Writ
Petition have been disposed of by the impugned common judgment. The
E Division Bench of the High Court held that ~he appellant is not entitled to claim
the property which shall continue to vest in the Custodian. The tenants were
held entitled to remain. in possession of the property subject to terms and
conditions which may be fixed by the Custodian General.

Assailing the judgment impugned, Shri P.P. Rao, Senior Advocate,
F appearing for t_he appellant has submitted that the said judgment is not sustainable
and liable tu be set aside on the following grounds:-

(i) That neither the Custodian nor the allottee had any locus standi to
challenge the order of Jammu and Kashmir Special Tribunal passed in exercise
G of the powers vested in it uncfer Section 30-A of the Evacuee Property Act;

(ii) Accordingly, the learned Single Judge had rightly dismissed the writ
petition filed by the alloitee holding that they had no locus standi to challenge
th~ order of the authorities under the act;

(iii) That the High Court was not justified to go into the questions of
H I
I
\
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 515

sufficiency of proof with regard to succession of a family and w1ith regard to A
execution of a 'Will', or the rights of the survivor and the successor in interest
of its executor;

(iv) The High Court committed a mistake of law in not relying upon the
probate issued by a competent court of Jurisdiction in accordance with law
applicable on the point and that the appellant had proved the execution of B
'Will' beyond any shadow of doubt;

(v) That the Custodian General committed an error of law by going into
the questions of fact while exercising revisional jurisdiction under the Act.

(vi) That the questions of facts based upon rival claims of the parties
c
could not be adjudicated by the High Court in exercise of its Writ Jurisdiction.
The Act does not supercede the law of succession by which the parties are
governed. If the evacuee died any time after. the commencement of the Act,
succession to his property, though declared as evacuees property, would devolved
upon his legal heirs who are residing and are available in the State of Jammu D
& Kashmir. Alternatively, it has been argued that in no case Sardar Begum
could be held not even entitled to at least 1/4th share in the disputed property.

- (vii) That the Custodian, the appropriate authority under the Act, had on
facts rightly held Sardar Begum and the appellant entitled to the property both
under Section 8 as well as Section 14 of the Act. The principle underlying E
Section 14 is deemed to be applicable to the proceedings under Section 8 of
the Act as well.

Supporting ihe judgment of the High Court and the Order of the Custodian
General (G.M. Parra) Mr. E.C. Agrawala, the learned counsel, who appeared for F
- the allottees in occupation of the property submitted that: (i) the application
filed by Sardar Begum was not entertainable being barred by limitation; (ii)
Sardar Begum failed to show that she had any interest in the evacuees property
as she could not establish her relation with the evacuee who was the owner of
the property at the time of disturbances and partition of the country in the year
1947; and (iii) that Sardar Begum had been taking contradictory stands with
G
respect to her claim over the property. She had preferred her claim both under
Section 8 as well as Section 14 of the Act which are mutually contradictory
as they deal with different situations. Referring to the prevalent situation in the
State, the learned counsel has submitted that Section 8 is being resorted to by
dishonest and unscrupulous litigants with the object of destroying evacuees H
516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A property and thereby tiling away the rights of those for whose benefit the Act
was enacted and the Custodian entrusted with the job of protecting their
properties. Such persons' modus operandi is that they procure one or two
casual/chance witnesses to prove their false claim for establishing relationship
with the evacuee, without placing any document on record to show that the
....
B evacuee had died issueless and heirless, while in Pakistan. Sardar Begum and
the appellant are alleged to have procured some orders in their favour by
misrepresentation of facts and by production of hired witnesses. They are
further alleged to have hidden.their claim und~r the veil of secrecy so that the
persons who knew the facts could not resist their unfounded claim.
' • I '

C Mr. Anis Suhrawardy, who appeared for the Custodian General vehemently
argued that the scheme of the Act clearly shows that the au.thorities under the
Act were performing dual duties i.e. (i) they deal with the responsibility of
maintaining, managing and protecting the property left over by the evacuee;
and (ii) exc;:rcising quasijudicial powers conferred upon them for achieving the
D objects for which the law was enacted. He has conceded that frequent resort
to Section 8 .of the Act is being availed ·by persons not really entitled to it.

To appreciate the rival contentions of the parties, it would be profitable
to refer to the scheme and the rel.evant provisions of the Act, necessary for the
disposal of the controversy in this appeal.
E
As noticed earlier the Act was promulgated by the State under the then
prevalent constitution with· the object to provide for the administration of
evacuees property in the State of Jammu & Kashmir by providing mechanism
and procedure for its preservation, protection and restoration whenever and
wherever neede1. Section 2 (c) o~ the Act defines the Evacuee to mean :-
F
(c) "evacuee" means any person, -

(i) who, on account of the setting up of the Dominions of India
-
and Pakistan or on account of civil disturbances or the fear of such
disturbances, leaves or has, on or after the lstday of March, 1947, left,
G any place in the State for any place outside the territories now forming
part of India, or

(ii) who is resident in any place now f?rming part of Pakistan or in any
s1,1ch part of the territory of the Jammu and Kashmir State as is under
the operational control of the Pakistan armed forces, and who for that
H
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL {SETHI, J.] 517
reason is unable to occupy, supervise or manage in person his property A
in the State or whose property in the State has ceased to be occupied,
supervised or managed by any person or is being occupied, supervised
or managed by an unauthorised person, or

(iii) who has, after the 14th day of August, 1947 acquired by way of
allotment or lease or by means of unlawful occupation or lease or other B
illegal means, any right to, interest in or benefit from any property
which is treated as evacuee or abandoned property under any law for
the time being in force in Pakistan or any such part of the territories
of the Jammu and Kashmir State as is under the operational control of
the Pakistan Armed Forces." c
Section 2(d) defines the Evacuee Property is as :-

"evacuee property" means any property in which an evacuee has any
right or interest (whether personally or has a trustee or as a beneficiary
or in any other capacity), and includes any property which has been D
obtained by any person from an evacuee after the 14th day of August,
1947, by any mode of transfer unless such transfer has been confirmed
by the Custodian, but does not include-

(i) any ornaments, any wearing apparel, cooking vessels or other
household effects in the immediate physical possession of an evacuee, E

(ii) any property belonging to a Joint Stock Company, the registered
office of which was situated before the 15th day of August, 1947, in
any place now forming part of Pakistan or any such part of the
territories of the Jammu and Kashmir State as is under the operational
control of the Pakistan Armed Forces and continues to be so situated
F
after the said date;

Section 3 provides that the Act, the Rules and Orders made thereunder
shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in
any other law for the time being in force or in any instrument having effect by G
virtue of any such law.

Chapter II deals with the Evacuee Property and vesting thereof in the
Custodian. Section 4 provides that the Government may, by Notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint Custodian General and as many as Dy. Custodian
General, Additional, Deputy or Assistant Custodians as may be necessary for H
518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A the purposes of discharging the duties imposed upon the Custodian General and
Deputy Custodian General by or under the Act.

Section 5 deals with the vesting of the ~vacuee property in the Custodian
and provides :-

B " Subject to the provisions of this Act, all evacuee property situate in
the State shall be deemed to have vested in the Custodian/-

(a) in the case of the property of an evacuee as defined in sub-clause
(I) of clause (c) of section 2, from the date on which he leaves or left
any place in the State for any place outside the territories now forming
c part of India;

(b) in the case of the property of an evacuee as defined in sub-clause
(ii) of clause (c) o~ section 2, from the 15th day of August, 1947; and

(c) in the case of any other property, from the date it has been registered
D as evacuee property

(2) Where immediately before the commencement of this Act, any
property in the State had vested as evacuee property in any person
exercising the powers of a Custodian under any corresponding law in
force in the State immediately before such commencement, the property
E
shall, on the commencement of this Act, be deemed to be evacuee
property declared as such within the meani~g of this Act and shall be
deemed to have vested in. the Custodian appointed under this Act, and
shall continue to so vest.

F (3) Where any property belonging to a joint stock company had vested
in any person exercising the powers of a Custodian immediately before
the commencement of this Act, then, nothing contained in clause (d)
of Section 2 shall affect the operation of sub-section (2) but the
Government may, by notification in the Government Gazette, direct
that the Custodian shall be divested of any such property in such
G manner and after such period, as may be specified in the notification."

Section 6 provides that the Custodian may, from time to time, notify,
either by publication in the Jammu & Kashmir Government Gazette or in such
other manner as may be prescribed, Evacuee properties which have vested in
H him under the Act.
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.]° 519

Section 8, with which we are concerned in the present appeals, provides:- A
"Any person claiming any right to, or interest in, any property, which
has been notified urtder section 6 as evacuee property, or in respect of
which a demand requiring surrender of possession has been made by
the Custodian, may prefer a claim to the Custodian on the ground -
B
(a) the property is not evacuee property; or

(b) his interest in the property has not been affected by the provision
of this Act.

(2) Any claim under sub-section ( l) shall be preferred by an application C
made within thirty days from the date on which the notification was
issued or the demand requiring surrender of possession was made by
the Custodian:

Provided that the Custodian may, for sufficient reasons to be recorded,
entertain the application even if it is made after the expiry of the D
aforesaid period:

(3) On receiving an application under sub-section (2) the Custodian
shall hold a summary inquiry in the prescribed manner take such
evidence as may be produced and pass an order, stating the reasons
E
therefor, either rejecting the application or allowing it wholly or in
part.

(4) For the purposes ofthis section Custodian means the Custodian
appointed under Section 4 for any Province of the State."
F
Section 9 deals with the powers and duties of the Custodian General and
provides that without prejudice to the generality of the provisions, the Custodian
may, for any of the purposes:-

"(a) carry on the business of the evacuee;
G
(b) appoint a manager for the property of the evacuee or for carrying
on any business or undertaking of the evacuee and authorise the
manager to exercise any of the powers of the Custodian under this
section;

(c) enter or authorise any other person to enter on any \and or premises H
·SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A to inspect any evacuee property; ·

(d) take all such measures as may be necessary to keep any evacuee
property in good repair;

(e) complete any building which has vested in him and which requires
B to be completed'

(ee) improve with the previous sanction of the Government any evacuee
property;"

Under Section 10 of the Act, the Custodian further has the power to
c cancel any allotment or terminate any lease or amend the terms of any such
lease or of any agreement on which any evacuee property is held or occupied
by any person, whether such allotment, lease or agreement was granted or
entered into before or after the commencement of the Act. However, no allotment
can be cancelled except as provided for in the Rules framed by the Government
D in that behalf.

Sub Rule 3 of Rule 14 of the Rules framed under the Act authorises the
Custodian to cancel the allotment and evict the allottee, if he is satisfed that:-

"(if the allottee has secured the allotment by misrepresentation or
E fraud; or ·

(ii) the allottee is in possession of more than one evacuee property of·
the same kind, that is, to say, more than one residential premises, or
more than one business premises or more than one industriai premises;
or
F
(iii) the allottee is in occupation of accommodation which, in the
opinion of the Custodian, is in excess of the requirement of the allottee
either in the State or outside; or

(iv) the allottee or any person normally residing with him or dependant
G
on him, has been granted by the Government a plot of land for
constructing a house thereon; or

(v) the allottee or any person normally residing with, him or dependant
on him, has built a house or otherwise acquired residential
H accommodation; or
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 521
(vi) the allottee has sub-let or permitted any other person to occupy the A
property allotted or leased out to him ; or

(vii) the allottee has obtained g:llnful employment in a place other than
the place where the evacuee property allotted to him is situate; or

(viii) the property is required for any public purpose; or B

(ix) the allottee has kept arrears of rent of any three months unpaid;
or

(x) the allottee is using the property for a purpose other than the one
for which it was allotted or leased or\eeping the property in disuse:" C
· Chapter III of the Act deals with the Consequences of the property
vesting in the Custodian.

Section 25 of the Act provides that no transfer of any right or interest
in any evacuee property, made in any manner whatsoever by or on behalf of D
an evacuee shall be effective so as to confer any right or remedies on the parties
to such transfer or on any person claiming under them unless it is confirmed
by the Custodian General. Under Section 25-A no property to which claim is
established under Sections 8 or 14, whether possession thereof has been taken
or not by the claimant, can be sold or disposed of in any manner whatsoever E
without the previous permission of the Government.

Section 27 of the Act provides:-

"Where in pursuance of the provisions of this Act the Custodian has
taken possession of any evacuee property, such possession shall not be F
deemed to be wrongful nor shall anything done in consequence thereof
be deemed to be invalid or affected by reason only that at the material
time the evacuee who had a right or interest in the property had died
or had ceased to be an evacuee"
G·
Section 30 of the Act deals with the rights of appeal, review and revision.
Under this Section, any person aggrieved by an order made under Section 8,
Section 14, Section 25 or Section 29-A may prefer an appeal to the Custodian,
where the original order has been passed by the Deputy or an Assistant Custodian
and to the Custodian General, where the original or the appellate order has been
passed by the Custodian, an Additional Custodian or an Authorised Deputy H
522 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A Custodian. An appeal is also provided to the High Court against the Order of
the Custodian General. However, no appeal is maintainable in the High Court
against the concurrent finding of the Custodian and Custodian General.

Sub~section 4 of Section 30 provides that the Custodian General or the
Custodian may, at any time, either on his own motion or on application made
B to him in that behalf, call .for the record of any proceeding under the Act which
is pending befor~, or has been disposed of, by an officer subordinate to him,
for the purposes of satisfying himself as to the legality or propriety of his Order
passed in the said proceeding and is empowered to pass such order in relation
·thereto as he thinks fit. However, no order under this sub-section can be passed
c by revising or modifying any order which affects any person without giving
such person a reasonable opportunity of bei~g he~d. Section 30-A empowers
the Minister IIicharge of the Evacuee's Property Department to call for the
record of any proceeding in which any Custodian or Custodian General has
passed an order under the Provisions of the Act for the purposes of satisfying
D himself as to the legality or propriety of any such order and is authorised to
pass such orders in relation ther~to as he thinks fit. It may be noticed at this
stage that the powers of the Minister Incharge under this Section are presently
bei~g exercised by the Jammu & Kashmir Special Tribunal.

In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 39 of the Act, the
E Government has made the Jammu & Kashmir State E".acuee (Administration
of Property) Rules 2008, (hereinafter referred to as "Rules"). Rule 15 deals
with the procedure in relation to claims under Section 8 of the Act and
provides:

F "Procedure in relation to claims under section 8 -(1) An application
under section 8 shall contain full particulars of the property, the nature
of the interest or rights which the clai~ant has in that property and the
f-acts upon which the same is based and the names of the persons, if
any, who are interested in the property. The application shall be
accompanied by two copies thereof. It shall be stamped with a court-
G fee stamp of three rupees and ~hal.I be verified in the manner prescribed
for the verification of pleadings in rule 15 of ~rderVI of the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1977. The application shall be presented i.n person or
by a duly authorised agent or pleader to the Deputy or Assistant
Custodian having jurisdiction or any person authorised by him in
H writing to receive such applications : ·
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 523
A
(2) Notice of the application may be given by the Deputy or Assistant
Custodian to any person who in his opinion is interested in the
proceedings.

(3) If a party making an application fails to appear on the date fixed B
when the case is called for hearing the Deputy or Assistant Custodian
may dismiss the application for default or proceed to decide the
application on the materials before him in the absence of the party.

(4) Where the application is dismissed under sut-rule (3), the applicant
shall be precluded from making a fresh application on the same facts C
with respect to the same property. But he may apply within 30 days
from the date of the order of dismissal or of the knowledge of such
dismissal for an order to set aside the order of dismissal and if he
satisfies the Deputy or Assistant Custodian that there was sufficient
cause for his non-appearance when the case was called for hearing the D ...,_
Deputy or Assistant Custodian shall make an order setting aside the
orders of dismissal upon such terms as he thinks fit and shall appoint
a day for proceeding with the application.

E
Rule 16 provides the procedure for restoration of property under Section
14 of the Act. It says:-

"(1) Subject to the provision of this rule, an application under section
14 for restoration of property and inquiry into the claim shall be made
in accordance with the provision of rule 15 in so far as they are F
applicable.

(2) A public notice of such application shall be made in a local daily
newspaper at the expense of the applicant:

G
(3) The applicant shall before any ".:lrder for restoration is made produce
a "No Demand Certificate" from the relevant branches of the office of
the Custodian:

(4) A certificate under the proviso to sub-section (1) of section 14 shall H
524 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A be granted by the Government when it is satisfied that the evacuee has
returned to his original place of residence for peaceful and permanent
rehabilitation and that he is not engaged in any subversive activities:"

Rule 27 provides that all appeals under the Act shall, when they lie to
the Custodian, be filed within thirty days o! the date of the order appealed
B against and when they li.e to the Custodian General or the High Court, within
sixty days of such date. Sub-rul.e 7 of Rule 27 provides that the provisions of
Section 4, 5 ,and 12 of thefammu and Kashmir Limitation Act, 1995 shall, so
far as they are applicable, apply in computing the period of limitation provided
in this rufo.
C • J I
Rule 29 mandates that all immovable property, taken possession of by
the Custodian, shall be recorded in registers in Form Nos. 9 and 10. The
aforesaid forms specifically provide a column relating to, "Name of the owner
with. parentage and previous address"

D Cabinet Order No. 578 (c) of 1954 deals with Rules relating to allotment
of land to displaced persons, mentioned in the opening part of this judgment
as refugees:

Regarding locus standi of the respondents to file the writ petition against
the order of the Tribunal, Shri Rao has launched a two-pronged attack submitting
E that the respondent-tenants being not the aggrieved parties had no right to
challenge the order passed against them as they claimed through the custodian
and did not have any independent right in themselves. So far as the authorities
under the Act are concerned, it is submitted that they could not have preferred
a writ petition being a quasi-judicial authority entrusted with the powers of
F adjudication of rights of the claimants over the property vesting in such
authorities. In support of his submissions he has referred to various provisions
of the Act and relied upon some pronouncements of this Court.

There is no dispute regarding the legal proposition that the rights under
Article 226 of the Constitution of India can be enforced only by an aggrieved
G person except in the case where the writ prayed is for habeas corpus or quo
warranto. Another exception in the general rule is the filing of a writ petition
in public interest. The existence of the legal right of the petitioner which is
alleged to have been violated is the foundation for invoking the jurisdiction of
the High Court under the aforesaid Article. The orthodox rule of interpretation
H regarding the locus standi of a person to reach the court has undergone a sea-
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 525
change with the development of constitutional law in our country and the A
constitutional courts have been adopting a liberal approach in dealing with the
cases or dis-lodging the claim of a litigant merely on hyper-technical grounds.
If a person approaching the court can satisfy that the impugned action is likely
to adversely affect" his right which is shown to be having source in some
statutory provision, the petition filed by such a person cannot be rejected on B
the ground of his having not the locus standi. In other words, if the person is
found to be not merely a stranger having no right whatsoever to any post or
property, tie cannot be non-suited on the ground of his not having the locus
standi.

The allottee of a property, under the Act, cannot be held to be having c
· no right enforceable under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The scheme
of the Act and the rules made thereunder, as noticed hereinabove, would
establish that an allottee of an evacuee property in the State of Jammu &
Kashmir is a quasi-permanent allottee who cannot be evieted from the premises

- unless the conditions specified under the Act and the Rules are shown in
existence and has a legal right to remain in possession unless evicted by the
D
custodian under the Jaw. Any action initiated by a person other than the
custodian would give such allottee a legal right to defend his possession as an
allottee by opposing the claim of the person intending to dispossess him by
obtaining orders under the Act which are likely .to adversely affect his possessery
interests in the said property.. Such allottees of the' property in the State of E
Jammu & Kashmir have acquired quasi-permanent rights and are entitled to
protection of the constituted authorities and the courts. Even though such an
allottee does not have a right to the evacuee property as contemplated under
Article 31 of the Constitution, yet it cannot be disputed that he has a legal right
to remain in possession under the Act. F
Section 9 of the Act gives the custodian power to take such measures as
he considers necessary or expedient for the purposes of administering, imposing
or preserving and managing the evacuee property. Section 10 provides that an
allotment made by the custodian or a lease granted by him can be cancelled,
a~ended or terminated by him subject to the condition that th~ custodian shall G
not cancel any allotment except as provided under the rules framed by the
Government in that behalf. Sub-rule (3) of Rule 14 empowers the custodian to
cancel the alloiment and evict an allottee only if he is satisfied that the allottee
has secured the allotment by misrepresentation or fraud or such allottee is in
possession of more than one evacuee prop~rty of the same kind or the allottee H
' 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A was in occupation of accommodation which is in excess of his requirement oi;
the allottee or any person normally residing with him or dependent on him has
..been granted by the Government .a plot of land for constructing a house thereon
or the allottee or any person residing with him has built a house or the allottee
. has sub-let the property to some other person or the allotee has obtained gainful
employment in a place 'Other than the place where the evacuee property is
B
situated or the property is required for any public purpose or the allottee has
kept arrears of rent of any three months unpaid or. the allottee is using the
property for the purposes other than the one for which it was allotted or leased
or is keeping the property in dis-use. Even despite the existence of any of the
grounds justifying the eviction, the allottee has a right to be served with a notice
c for a period· of not less than six months and afforded reasonable opportunity
to show cause. The allottee of an evacuee property, therefore, cannot be
'·· equated with a contractual lessee. Having acquired statutory rights, the allottee
of the evacuee property cannot be said to be a stranger having no locus standi

-
to challenge an order which, if not prevented, is sure to affect his quashi-
D permanent rights. The scheme of the Act and the Rules made thereunder clearly
show that if allotment of a lessee under the Act is cancelled by a statutory
authority without complying with the conditions of the Act or the Rules made
thereunder, there is a direct invasion of his legal rights conferred upon him by
the Act entitling him to approach the High Court for correcting the error of law
committed by any authority. under the Act in order to. keep it within the bounds
E of law. In such a situation, the allottee cannot be held to be asking the court
to enforce any fundamental right but only seeking protection of his legal rights
which are alleged to be violated without jurisdiction or in direct contravention
of statutory provisions of law.

F In State of Punjab v. Suraj Prakash Kapur etc., AIR (1963) SC 507 this
Court dealt with the cases of the evacuees from Pakistan who were allotted
some land on quasi-permanent tenure. After the allotment, the State Government
issued a notification under Section 14 of the East Punjab Holdings (Consolidation
and Prevention of Fragmentation) Act, 1948 declaring its intention t0 make a
scheme for the consolidation of the holdings and in 1955 the Consolidation
G Officer proposed substitution of some other lands oflesser value for the lands
allotted to .the petitioners. Another notification was issued by the Central
Government acquiring all the evacuee properties. Feeling aggrieved, the allottees
filed a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India for the issuance
, of appropriate writ to quash the scheme of consolidation and the notification
H issued under Section 12 of the Act. The writ petition was resisted by the State

,.._
'
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 527
on the ground that the allottees had no legal right to maintain the petition under A
~~ .
Article 226 of the Constitution of India. Repelling such a contention this Court
.

"(4) The existence of a right and the infringement thereof are the
foundation of the exercise of the jurisdiction of the court under Article
226 of the Constitution. The right that can be enforced under Art. 226 B
of the Constitution shall ordinarily be the personal or individual right
of the applicant. It may be first considered whether the respondents had
such a.right on the date when they filed the petition under Art. 226 of
.the Constitution. They filed the petition on November 9, 1955, i.e.,
after the Central.Government issued the notification acquiring all the c
evacuee properties and before it issued the sanad conferring proprietary
rights on the respondents in respect of the land allotted to them. The
nature of the interest of a displaced person in the properties allotted to
him under the evacuee law has been authoritatively decided by this
Court in Amar Singh v. Custodian, Evacuee Property, Punjab, 1957
Subhash Chand Rai (A2) 801: [(S) AIR 1957 SC 599]. There,
D
Jagannadhadas, J. speaking for the court after an elaborate survey of
the law on the subject came to the conclusion that the interest of a quasi
permanent allottee was not property within the meaning of Art.19( 1)( f)
and Art. 31(2) of the Constitution. But the learned Judge made it clear
that, notwithstanding the said conclusion an allottee had a valuable E
right in the said interest. The learned Judge stated the legal position in
the following words at p.836: (at p. 612 of AIR):

"In holding that quasi-permanent allotment does not carry with it
a fundament right to property under the Constitution we are not
to be supposed as denying or weakening the scope of the rights F
of the allottee. These rights as recognised in the statutory rules
are important and constitute the essential basis of a satisfactory
rehabilitation and settlement of displaced land-holders. _Until such
time as these land-holders obtain sanads to the lands, these rights
are entitled to zealous protection of the constituted authorities G
according to administrative rules and instructions binding on them,
and of the courts by appropriate proceedings .where there is
usurpation of jurisdiction or abuse of exercise of statutory powers."

It may be mentioned that the learned Judge in coming to the conclusion
noticed all the relevant Acts on the subject, including the Displaced· H
528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A . Persons (Compensation and Rehabilitation) Act, ·1954 (44 of 1954)
and particularly S.12 thereof. The observations o[ this Court indicate
that notwithstanding such notificatfon an evacuee has a valuable right
in the property allotted to him, and that the said right is entitled to the
prote~tion of the constituted authorities and the courts. A perusal of the
relevant provisions of A~! 44 of 1954 demons~rates the correctness of
B
the said observations.
.!

(5) Section 10: Where· an immovable property has been leased or
allotted to a.displaced person by the Custodian under the conditions
published -
c (a) by the notification of the Government of Punjab in the Department
of Rehabilitation No. 4891-S or 4892-S, under the 8th iuly, 1949;
or

(b) by the notification of the Government of Patiala and East Punjab
States Union in the Department of Rehabilitation No. 8R or 9R,
D
dated the 23rd July, 1949, and publish~d in the Official Gazette
of that State, dated the 7th August; 1949, and such property is
acquired under the provisions of this Act and forms part of the
compensation pool, the displaced persons shall, so long as the
property remains vested in the Central Government; continue in
E possession of .such property on the same conditions on which he
held the property immediately before the date of the acquisition,
and the Central Government may, for the p~rpose of payment of
compensation to such displaced person, transfer to him such
pi:operty on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed.
F . Section.12( 1) If the Central Government is of opinfon that it is necessary
to acqufre any evacuee property f0r a public purpose, being a
.i purpose connected with the relief and rehabilitation of displaced

persons, including payment of compensation to such persons, the
Central Government may at any time acquire such evacuee
G property by publishing in the Official Gazette a notification to .
·the effect that the Central Govemme~t has decided to acquire
such evacuee property in pursuance of this section.

A reference to R. 14(6) of ~he rules made under the Administration of
Evacuee Property Act, 1950, will also be .useful in this context.
H Under that .rule the custodian has no power to make any order ·
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 529
after July 22, 1952 cancelling or varying the allotments made, A
subject to certain exceptions with which we are not concerned
here. The result of these provisions is that under the Administration
of Evacuee Property Act, the respondents became quasi-permanent
allottees in respect of land allotted to them in 1950. After July
22, 1952, the Custodian ceased to· have any authority to cancel
B
or modify the said allotment. After the notification issued by the
Government under S.12 of the Act, so fong as the property
remained vested in the Central Government, the respondents .
continued to be in possession of the property on the same
conditions on which t~ey held the property immediately before
the date of acquisition, that is, under a quasi-permanent tenure. c
The contention that on the issue of the said notification, the
respondents ceased to have any interest in the said land is without
any foundation. It is, therefore, clear that on the date when the
respondents filed the petition in the High Court they had a very
valuable right in the properties allotted to them which entitled D
them to ask the High Court to give them relief under Art. 226 of
the Constitution.

(6) That apart, on Februfil.y 23, 1956, the Central Government issued
a sanad to the respol).dents conferring an absolute right on them in
n•spect of the said properties. Though the sanad was issued subsequent E
to the filing of the petition, it_ was before. the petition came to be
.disposed of by the High Court. At the time the High Court disposed
of the petition, the limited right of the respondents had blossomed into
a full-fledged "property right. In the circumstances of the case, the High
Court was fully justified in taking note of that fact. From whatever F
perspective this case is looked at, it is obvious that the respondents
have sufficient interest in the property to sustain their petition under
Art.226 of the Constitution."

It may further be noticed i11 the instant case, that aggrieved by the order
of the custodian deleting· the property in favour of the. appellant herein, the
allottees had filed a revision petition before the Custodian General in which the
appellant and the Custodian, Evacuee Property had b.een arrayed as party-
respondents which was accepted vide orders of the Custodian General dated
1i.2.1989 (Annexure P-11). Before the Custodian General, ttie appellant herein
had raised an objection regarding the locus standi of the allottee. The objection H
530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A was over-ruled by the Revisional Authority vide its order dated 9.4.1988. The
Custodian General further invoked suo moto jurisdiction vesting in him under
Section 30 of the Act and ailowed the allottees an opportunity to argue the case.
The counsel of the allottees was further directed to assist the authority for
proper adjudication of the claim preferred by the appellant keeping in view the
interests of the evacuees. After the revision petition was allowed, the appellant
B
herein prefe~ a further revision before the Jammu & Kashmir Special Tribunal
wherein besides Custodian General, all the tenants were impleaded as party-
responclents. In his revision petition, the appellant never objected to the right
of the allottees to invoke the revisional jurisdiction of the Custodian General.
When, ultimately, the order of the Custodian General; passed in favour of the
c allottee was set aside by the Tribunal, the allottees filed the writ petition in the
High Court which was di~missed by the learned Single Judge holding that the
allottees had no locus standi to file such a petition. It appears that the learned
Single Judge ignored earlier judgments of the same High Court in Tej Ram v.
Custodian General and Ors., AIR (1967) J & K 8 and Matwal Singh & Ors.
D v. Hon,'ble Minister lncharge Evacuee Property Deptt. & Ors.; (1990) J&K
Law Reporter 303. Rejecting such an objection, the High Court in Matwal
Singh s case (Supra) dealt with the scheme of the Act and Rules made thereunder
and had held:

E
. "The Act was enacted to provide for the administration of the evacuees'
property in the State and to protect it from being wasted or destroy.
----
Chapter II of the Act deals with the appointment of the authorities
under the Act, the evacuees property and vesting thereof in the custodian.
Sec. 8 pr~vides that any person claiming any right to, or interest in, any
property wh.ich has become notified under Sec. 6 as evacuee property,
or in respect of which a demand requiring surrender of possession has

-
F
been made, may prefer a claim to ihe Custodian on the ground that the
property was not the evacuee property or that his intei:est in the
property has not been affected by the provisions of the Act. Under sub-
sec. (2) of Sec.8 of the Act, the application has to be preferred within
30 days from the date on which the notification was issued or the
G demand requiring surrender ofpossessio~ was made by the Custodian;
On receiving the application under sub-sec. (2), the Custodian is
required to hold an enquiry to take such evidence as may be produced
.~nd pass an order stating the reasons therein either rejecting the
application or allowing it wholly or in part. The rules have been framed
H under the Act regulating the procedure for restoration or deletion of
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 531

the property under Sec. 14 and Sec. 8 of the Act besides the issuance A
of guidelines by the appropriate authority in that behalf. According to
the procedure, admittedly, prevalent, a notification is ·issued to the
general public for filing objections to the claim made with respect to
the evacuee property within the time specified. The objection; as and
when raised, is required to be decided by the Custodian after holding
B
enquiry in terms of sub-sec. (2) of Sec. 8 of the Act. The issuance of
the notice to the general public for raising objections and resisting the
claims is intended mainly to protect the evacuee property from being
wasted, destroyed or wrongfully taken away on false pretext, pleas and
concocted evidence. The nature of the proceedings intended to be held
while disposing of the claim petition are basically of quasi judicial c
nature requiring proper determination on the basis of the objections
raised by any person. The authorities under the Act must be happy and
satisfied if some prudent citizens comes forward to resist the false pleas
and claims preferred. The property of the evacuee has to be protected
till the Act remains in force and the normalcy restored in the State. The D
person in possession of the property, therefore, has a right to resist the
claim with respect to the property in his occupation preferred by any
other person either under Sec. 8 or Sec. 14 of the Act. Once the person

- in occupation is held to be having a right to oppose the proposed action
resulting in his eviction, it cannot be said that he has no locus standi
to file the petitioner in this Court, if ultimately the order is passed E
against him by the authorities under the Act. In this case also it is not
disputed that the advertisement notice was issued in the DAILY UJALA
inviting objections from all and not debarring the petitioners herein
from raising such objections. When the authorities under the Act
themselves gave the option to all persons including the petitioners to F
- raise objections it does not lie in their mouth subsequently to say that
the petitioners have no locus standi to challenge the order passed to
their prejudice. The petitioner in the absence of the order of restoration
or deletion have a statutory right to remain in occupation of the leased
property .md cannot be evicted unless the existence of any of the
grounds specified under rule 14 framed under the Act, is proved. It G
may further be pointed out that despite restoration of the property, an
evacuee is not entitled to possession in all cases, Sec.14-A being one
of the exceptions. The judgment of the !)ivision Bench reported in
1984 KLJ 107 was, therefore, passed without reference to the judgment
of the Supreme Court and the earlier judgment of this Court and cannot H
532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A be held to he:a good law: The said judgment being in conflict with the
judgment of the Supreme Court, is non-existent and has no effect on
the present petition. The petitioners are, therefore, held eittit{ed to file
the present petition bein~ lessees in possession of the evacuee proPf;rty.
The authorities under the Act are held under a.ri obligation to issue
notices to the lessees-in-possession. of the evacuee property, .of the.
B
.
applications filed either. under Sec. 8 or Sec.14 of .the.
Act."

. This Court has, in Udit !;Jarain Singh Malpaharia v. Additional Member
Board of Revenue, Bihar & Am:, AIR (19~3) SC 786 held· that in t~e absence
of a necessary party· the writ petition itself is incompetent: It further held that
c a necessary party is one without whom no order can be made effectively and
a· proper party is one in whose absence an effective order can be made but
whose presence is necessary for complete and final decision on the question
involved in the proceedings. On the basis of various judicial pronouncements,
the Court concluded that in a writ of certiorari not only the Tribunal or authority
D
whose order is sought to be quashed but also parties in whose favour the said ...
order is issued, are necessary parties. .·
Relying upon the judgment of thi_s Court in Udit Narain 's case (supra),
the Division Bench of the High Court, vide the judgment impugned, righily
held the allottees being aggrieved persons by the order of the .Tribunal were
E entitled to maintain the writ petition. Th~ order of the learJ!ed Single· Judge
which was bereft of any legal basis was correctly. held to be nor sustainable.

We also find no ·substance ·in the submission of the counsel for the
appellant that the Custodian General had no authority to challenge the order
of the Tribunal by filing a writ petition against the order of the Tribunal merely
F
on the ground that it was also exercising the judicial powers under the Act. In
support of his contention. he. has relied upon a judgment of this Court. in
Md. Sha1:fuddin v. R.P. Singh & Ors., [1962) 1 SCR 239 wherein it was held
that the Custodian under "the Central Act No.31 o( 1950 was not a person
aggrieved. Looking at the schemes of the Central Act and the State Act we find
G that the reliance of the learned counsel on Md. S~w:fuddin's case (supra) is
misplaced. In that case an Assistant Custodian had passed an order holding that
the properties of the appellant were not evacuee properties. The Custodian,
exercising his powers under Se~tion 26(1) of the Central Act No. 31 of 1950,
called for the records of the case and after hearing the appellant dropped the
H proceedings. Subsequently, . the Assistant Custodian (Headquarters) filed an
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 533
appeal before the Custodian under Section 24(1)(a) of the said Act against the A
order of the Assistant Custodian. In appeal, the Custodian declared share of the
brothers of the appellant in the property to be evacuee property and refef(ed
the matter for separation of their shares. In the circumstances of the.case, the
Court held:

"Though for the purpose of convenience of management or judicial:
B
determinatiOn of disputes .the Ac.t provides different categories of
Custodians, all of them fall within the definition of "Custodian" in the
Act. The Act further provides a hierarchy of tribunals under the
superintendence and control of the Custodian-General. It would be
anomalous were it to be held that a Custodian would prefer an appeal c
against the order of a Custodian. The Act does not contemplate one
officer preferring appeals against the orders of another officer. If an
Assistant Custodian or a Custodian went wrong in the matter of
declaring a property to be an evacuee property, the Act provides that
the Custodian or the Custodian-General, as th~ case may be, b~fore D
1956, and the Custodian-General thereafter, may set right the wrong.
In the premises the words "any person aggrieved" in S. 24 of the Act
can only mean ·a person whose properties have been declared to be
evacuee properties by the Custodian, or a person who moved the
Custodian to get the properties so declared or any other such aggrieved
person. The words "any person aggrieved" in the context of the Act E
cannot include any Custodian as defined in the Act." .

The position under the Act is totally different as is evident froni .its
scheme .. The Special Tribunal is the creation of a statute and thus is an
independent statutory .authority. Orders passed by the Special Tribunal, though F
· affecting the evacuee property or the powers of the custodian under the Act,
cannot be rectified or corrected by any authority under the Act. Finality attached
to the orders passed by the Special Tribunal thus directly affects the evacuee
prope1ty and the powers of the authorities under the Act. If any order passed

- by the Special Tribunal is, on the face of it, illegal, erroneous, contrary to the
provisions of the Act or the Rules made thereunder and adversely affects the
interests of the evacuee, the custodian has statutory obligation and legal right
G

to challenge such order before the appropriate forum.

As already noticed, the scheme of the State Act and the Rules made
thereunder confer upon the Custodian, the right to hold and manage the property H
534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A of the evacuee in accordance with the provisions of law. Any order passed by
an authority, though under the Act, can be challenged by the Custodian before
an appropriate authority for protection of the rights and interests qf the evacuee
of which he is the protector and custodian, till the property is restored to the
evacuee under the Act. The custodian under the Act does not perform only
judicial or quasi-judicial powers but is also entrusted with the administration
B
of the property having the rights to deal with it as authorised by Sections 9,
9A and 10 of the Act besides the rules regulating the exercise of such powers.
Similarly, we feel that the reliance of the appellant in the case of Syed Yakoob
v. K.S. Radhakrishnan & Ors., [1964] 5 SCR 64, is of no help to him. In that
case this Court held that a writ of certiorari can be issued for correcting errors
c of jurisdiction committed by the inferior courts or tribunals where the orders
are passed without jurisdiction or in excess of it or as a result of failure of
jurisdiction. A writ can also be issued where in exercise of the powers, conferred
upon it, the court or tribunal acts illegally or improperly. The jurisdiction to
issue a writ of certiorari is a supervisory jurisdiction and the findings of fact
D reached by the inferior court or tribunal as a result of the appreciation of
evidence should not be reopened or questioned in writ proceedings. An error
~.;;·\F'
of law which is apparent on the face of the record can be corrected by a writ
but not an error of fact however grave it may appear to' be. The court further
held that it was not easy to define or adequately describe what an error of law,
apparent on the face of the record meant. Where it is manifest or clear that the
E
conclusions of law recorded by an inferior court or tribunal are based on an
obvious misrepresentation of relevant stat~tory provisions or sometimes in
ignorance of it or may be even in disregard of it or is expressly founded on
reasons which are wrong in law, the said conclusions can be corrected by a writ
of certiorari. It was further held that whether or not:an impugned order is an
F ' · error of law which is apparent on the face of the record, must always
depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case and upon the nature and
scope of the legal provision which is. alleged to have been misconstrued or
contravened.

Looking at the scheme of the Act, the Rules made thereunder and the
G powers conferred upon the custodian and the fact that Custodian-General was
impleaded as a party-respondent before the Tribunal, we have come to the
conclusion that the Custodian General had a right to challenge the order of the
Tribunal by way of a writ petition as he was administrator of the properties and
is required to protect the same particularly when various comments were made
H about the Custodian General and its powers curtailed by the order passed by
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 535
the Tribunal. A

No fault, therefore, can be found with the impugned judgment of the
Division Bench holding that the writ petition filed both by the allottees and the
Custodians were maintainable and none of the writ petitioners could be held
to have no locus standi to challenge the order of the Tribunal, adversely
affecting their rights and interests.
B

At this stage we deem it appropriate to deal with the objection of Shri
E.C. Agarwala regarding the application of Sardar Begum being barred by
time.
c
During the arguments, the learned counsel appearing for the parties
conceded that Section 8 of the Act has, at present, out-lived its utility and has
become redundant. However, Mr. Rao, learned Senior Advocate submitted that
as the plea of limitation was not raised earlier, his client cannot be non-suited
on that ground at this belated stage.
D
Let us examine the legal aspect of the matter and thereafter its effect on
the claitn preferred by Sardar Begum. It is not disputed that the Act was enacted
to provide for the administration of evacuee properties left over ~y the evacuees
who, on account of outburst of communal riots, were forced to migrate either
to Pakistan or to Pakistan Occupied area of the Jammu & Kashmir. The Act E
envisaged that because of disturbances and holocaust of communal riots some
properties may have wrongly been declared as evacuee properties under the
Act. Realising such a situation, Section 8 was incorporated entitling persons
claiming any right to or interest in any notified evacuee property to prefer claim
to the Custodian on the ground that property was not an evacuee property or
F
the applicant's interested in property had not been affected by the provisions
of the Act. Under sub-section (2) of Section 8 of the Act such a claim was
required to be preferred by an application within 30 days from the date on
which the notification was issued or demand requiring surrender of possession
was made by the custodian. The words "claim shall be preferred by an application
within 30 days" unequivocally indicate that the provision was mandatory so far G
as the period of limitation for prefemng the claim was concerned. However,
the proviso to the aforesaid sub-section authorised the custodian to entertain
the application after the expiry of the period but only for sufficient reasons
required to be recorded (Emphasis supplied). In the instant case sµch an
application was filed by Sardar Begum only in the month of December, 1958, H
536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A admittedly, after about 9 years of the promulgation of the Act. It does not
appear as to whether Sardar Begum had also filed an application for condoning ~
the delay or the custodian had recorded sufficient reasons thereof as mandated
by the first proviso to Section 8(2) of the Act. Otherwise also the power to
·condone the delay contemplated under the prov_iso to sub-section (2) of Sectiori
. 8 cannot he ~eld to mean to condone any_delay at any time without recording
B
sufficient reasons. The extended period for entertainment of an application
under the Section would be a reasonable period depending upon the facts and
circumstances of each case. In no case such a period can be extended beyond
12 years, the time provided under S~ction 28 of the Limitation Act totally
extinguishing the rights 9f the owner in the property and debarring him from
--~
seeking a relief with respect to that property including its possession in view
()f ArtiCle 142 of the Schedule of Jammu & Kashmir Limitation Act totally
forbidding the enforcement of claim and the remedy, if any.

D
Learned counsel appearing for the respondents have submitted, which
we have noticed with distress, that vested interests and unscrupulous litigants ,_
are usurping the evacuee properties in the Stat~ by filing frivolous and belated
applications preferring stale claims under Section 8 of the .Act, which are
entertained by the authorities without reference to any period of limitation. We
ho~d that there is no justification for entertaining any application from a person
in the State of Jammu & Ka8hmir under Section 8 of the Act after the lapse '-----
1
E of 12 years from thi:: date when the property was declared as evacuee property
and vested in the custodian. We_ further hold that Section 8 of the Act has out-
lived its utility and is presently a redundant piece of legislation, still existing
on the statute book. The authonties under the Act are directed not to entertain
any application under Section 8 of the Act hereafter as it cannot be_ conceived
that a person whose property was allegedly wrongly declared or vested in the
F
custodian would keep silent for a period spread over five decades. Any such
claim preferred hereafter should be deemed to be fictitious, concocted and
malafide, intended to destroy and eliminat~ the evacuee property io the detriment
of the evacuee who may ultimately be restored such property if and when he
returns to the State under .a valid law in existence, enacted for the -
purposes.
G We further hold that the applications under SectiOn 8 which were entertained
by the custodian after the period of 12 years and_are stiU pending shall be liable
to b~ dismissed on the ground of limitation. We may, however, clarify that any
right or claim preferred and settled under Section 8, though on application filed
after 12 ye~s. shall not be re-opened on the basis of this judgment. This
H judgment shall only be applicable to _the pending claims -of the claimants and
GHULAM QADIR v.. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 537
not finally adjudicated by the authorities under the Act. A
As Sardar Begum is shown to haye filed her claim under Section s· .,f
the Act within the outer limit of 12 y~ars and no objection regarding the
maintainability of her claim on the ground of limitation was raised, despite
laying down the law, we decline to non-suit her and the appellant on the ground
of limitation. B

· The arguments of Mr. Rao that the Custodian General committed an error .
of law by going into the. questions of fact while exercising the revisional
jurisdiction can be examined and decided in the light of the provisions of the
Act conferring the r~visional power upon the custodian and i~s extent. · c
The revisional powers under the Act cannot be equated ~ith the revisfonal
power of the High Court under Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedu;e.
A perusal of Sub-section (4) of Section 30 of the Act would show that the
Custodian General has the power either on his own motion or application made
to him in that behalf to call for the record of the proceedings under the Act, D
for the purposes of satisfying himself as to the legality and propriety of any
order passed in the said proceedings and may pass such order in relation thereto
as he thinks fit. Sub-section (4) of Section 30 of the Act, therefore, confors a
wider power of revision on the Custodian General. The power is not hedged
o.r circumscribed. Such power of revision appears to be of wide plenitude to . E
set right any illegal, unfair, unjust or untenable order passed in any proceedings
under the Act.

In Rajbir Kaur &Anr. v. Mis. S. Chokesiri & Co., [1989] 1SCC19, this
Court held.that the scope of revisional jurisdiction depends on the language of
statute conferring revisional powers. Revisional jurisdiCtion is only a part of F
the appellate jurisdiction though cannot be equated with that of a full-fledged
appeal. Having regard to the language of Section. 15(5) of the East Punjab
Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949, it was held.that the revisional power under
t.he said Act conferred powers. ·.vhich included the examination of the legality
and propriety of the order under revision, and for that the High Court can,. in G
appropriate cases, re-appreciate the evidence and interfere with the findings of
fact. ·

Dealing with another case under the Karnataka Rent Control Act, 1961,
where the power of revision under Section 50 of the Act was pari materia the
same as in Section ~O of the Act, this Court in Bhoolchand & Anr. v. Kay Pee H
538 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A Cee Investments & Am:; [1991] 1 SCC 343, held:

" ....The power of revision is not narrow as in section 115 CPC but
wider requiring the High Court to examine the impugned order 'for the
purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality or correctness of such
order or proceeding' which enables the High Court 'to pass such order
B in reference thereto as it thinks fit'. It is clear that the High Court in
a revision under. Section 50 of the Act is required to satisfy itself not
, only as to the legality of the impugned order or proceeding but also
of its correctness. The power of the High Court, therefore, extends to
correcting not merely errors of law but also errors of fact. In· other
c words, the High Court in a revision under Section 50 of the Act is
required to examine the correctness of not only findings on questions
·of law but also on questions of fact."

However, the court observed that the revisional powers, even though
wide under the Act, must fall short of the appellate court's power of interference.
D In that case the credibility of the oral evidence was assessed in the background
of undisputed facts and circumstances and the conclusions of the High Court,
clear on facts, was held to be within the revisional scope under the Karnataka
Act:

To the same effect are the judgments of this Court in Ram Dass v. Ishwar
E
Chander & Ors., AIR (1988) SC 1422, Shiv Sarup Gupt~ v. Mahesh Chand
Gupta, AIR ( 1999) SC 2507 an9 Mam mu v. Hari Mohan & Am:, [2000] 2 SCC
32.

Dealing with a case under the Delhi Control Act this Court in Ram
F Narain Arora v. Asha Rani & Ors., [1999] 1SCC141 approved the proposition•
for power of revision in correction of errors of law which on occasions would
include interference of findings of fact where the right of a party is involved
and is intended to be taken away by suppression of certain facts or by
misrepresentation of facts. The Court observed:

G "It is no doubt true that the scope of a revision petition under Section
25-B(8) proviso of the Delhi Rent Control Act is a very limited one,
but even so in examining the legality or propriety of the proceedings
before the Rent Controller, the High Court could examine the facts
available in order to find out whether he had correctly or on a firm legal
H basis approached the matters on record to decide the case. Pure findings
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 539
of fact may not be open to be interfered with, but (sic if) in a given A
case, the finding of fact is given on a wrong premise of law, certainly
it woul~ be open to the revisional court to interfere with such a matter.
In this case, the Rent Controller proceeded to analyse the matter that
non-disclosure of a particular information was fatal and, therefore,
dismissed the claim made by the landlord. It is in these circumstances
B
that it became necessary for the High Court to re-examine the matter
and then decide the entire question. We do not think that any of the
decisions referred to by the learned counsel decides the question of the
same nature with which we are concerned. Therefore, detailed reference
to them is not required."
c
Accepting the narrow interpretation sought to be placed on Section 30(4) of
the Act would deprive the revisional authority to give the intended effect of
the provisions of the Act. No interpretation can be accepted which defeats the
object sought to be achieved by the statute and no litigant can be permitted to
take the advantage of a wrong order obtained even on facts by misrepresentation
D
or by suppression of material facts. The revisional powers conferred upon the
Custodian General and the custodian under the Act are of wider amplitude
which cannot be restricted debarring the revisional authorities from satisfying
themselves as to the legality or propriety of the orders passed by a subordinate
authority in complete disregard to the provisions of the Act and the relevant
facts. Any conclusion arrived without reference to reliable, cogent and admissible E
evidence, cannot be termed to be a decision arrived on facts. Permitting the
revisional authority to "pass such order in relation thereto as he thinks fit"
clearly indicates the extent of the power conferred upon it which cannot be
limited or circumscribed as urged on behalf of the appellant.

Learned counsel appearing for the appellant referred to the judgments of F
this Court reported in Smt. Rukmani Devi & Ors. v. Narendra Lal Gupta,
[1985] 1 sec 144 and Chiranjilal Shrilal Goenka V. Jasjit Singh & Ors.,
[1993] 2 sec 507 to urge that the probate granted in favour of the appellant
by a competent court of jurisdiction is conclusive of the validity of the Will
unless it is revoked and no evidence can be admitted to impeach it except in G
proceedings taken for revoking the probate. There cannot be any dispute to the
legal proposition that the grant of probate establishes conclusively as to the
appointment of the executor and the valid execution of the Will. However, it
does not establish more than the factum of the Will as probate court does not
decide question of title or of the existence of the property mentioned therein. H
540 SUPREME. COURT REPORTS . i[2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A If despiie ·admitting the execution of the Will and issuance of the probate, a ·
question arises as to its effect on the property of another person· which is likely
to be affected, nothing prevents the authorities under the Act to examine the
Will or the probate to that extent. It is established in this case that on 4th or
. 9th January when the Wiii was executed and registered respectively, the
executant, namely, Sardar Begum had not become the owner of the disputed
B
property. The disputed property at the time of execution of the Will, admittedly,
was vesting in the custodian under the provisions of the Act. Her application
filed under Section 8 of the Act had been dismissed on-19th March, 1959 and
her appeal was allowed by the Custodian General on 29th July, 1959 by
remanding the case back to the custodian for inquiry .and order on points
-C . formulated in the remand order. Before the custodian could pass any order,
Sardar Begum executed the Will on 4.1.1964 and died on 13.9.1965. It is worth
mentiQ!ling here that before the death of Sardar Begum, her application which
was remanded to the custodian had been dismissed for default of appearance
on 23rd July, 1965. In this view of the matter, the executant of the Will had
D no dght or authority to bequeath a property which did not belong to her. It may
further be noticed that in her Will she had nowhere stated that the executor, the
appellant: would be entitled to any interest in the disputed property which was
vesting iil the custodian at that particular time. The execution of the Will,
therefore, neither affected the evacuee property vesting in the custodian nor it
conferred any right upon the appellant to pray for its deletion or restoration.
E The properties· bestowed by the Will upon its' beneficiary included a house
sitt,iated in Kucha General Samundar Khan, a single storey pacca house situated
at Mohalla Dalpatian, five pacca shops sit1,1ated in Rajinder Bazar, and two
double storey shops and one pacca shop situated in KanakMandi, Jammu. The
disputed property which vested in the Custodian, at the relevant time, comprised
F of four shops with two flats thereon situated in Rajinder Bazar, Jammu. No
. specific mention is made of such a property. She has referred only to "five
pucca shops situated in Rajinder Bazar, Jammu". Double storey shops.mentioned
by her in the Will are stated to be in Kanak Mandi, Jammu, admittedly, a
different area, though adjacl:!nt to Rajinder Bazar. Accepting the plea of the
appellant would amount lo authorising a person to execute a Will with respect
G to any property in which the executant had no right or interest including the
Government property like Secretariat or official bungalows in favour of another
person who in turn would rush to the courts for the establishment ofhis title .
in the property, o~ the basis of conferment of title upon him by way of Will. :
Such a course is neither permissible nor legal and i.n fact is agairtst .the public
policy. After perusing the Will, allegedly proved to have been executed by
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI, J.] 541
Sardar Begum and the probate issued by the Additional District Judge, Jammu, ·A
we are of the opinion that neither the Will nor probate conferred any right upon
the appellant which he could enforce in a court of law or quasi-judicial authority,
such as the custodian.

In view of such facts it cannot be said that the Custodian General or the
Divisi~n Bench of the High Court committed any inistake of law while dealing B
with the Will and the Probate, as we have found that by the said Will and the
probate, no right was conferred upon the appellant to pray for the deletion of
the disputed property from the record of the custodian in terms of Section 8
of the Act. The application filed by the appellant on 6.10.1965 cannot be held
to be an application in continuation of the application filed by Sardar Begum c
which was, admittedly, dismissed on 23rd July, 1965, obviously, in terms of
Sub-rule (3) of Rule 15 of the Rules. For the person aggrieved by such an order,
the appropriate remedy is specified under Sub-rule (4) of Rule 15 of the said
Rules which unmistakably provides that where The application is dismissed
under Sub-rule (3), the applicant is precluded from making a fresh application ·D
on the same facts with respect to the same property. He has, however, a right
to apply within 30 days from the date of order of dismissal or of the knowledge
of such dismissal for an order to set aside the order of dismissal. As no
application in terms of Sub-rule (4) of Rule 15 was filed, the Custodian did not
get the jurisdiction to deal with the matter on the application filed by the
appellant. Despite there being a bar fqr entertaining the application, the custodian E
is shown to have entertained the application of the appellant on 6.10.1965, dealt
with it for over a period of more than 5 years and.ultimately dismissed the same
holding that after the death of Sardar Begum the appellant did not acquire any
right as Sardar Begum was not the only heir of the property in dispute because
the other evacuees who were co-sharers were alive and living in Pakistan. F
_..,
It is true that the Act neither supersedes the law ofsuccession applicable
to the evacuee nor does it confer powers upon the.authorities under the Act to
adjudicate the right to succession of the claimant. If the claim of a person
approaching the custodian is undis;.Juted on admitted facts, such a claim may
' G
" be adjudicated by the authorities in accordance with the provisions of the Act
and the procedure prescribed under the rules which envisages the service of a
notice to all concerned. We have no doubt In our mind that the tenants of the
property are definitely such persons who have.interest in the property and thus
being necessary parties are required to be served a notice before adjudicating
the claini of the person approaching the custodian for the relief in terms of H
542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R ...
A Section 8 or Section 14 of the Act. It is evident from the record that when the ·
appellant preferred his claim to the property after the death of Sardar Begum,
the then custodian rightly directed him to establish his title in the civil court.
Such a. direction of the custodian was upheld by the Custodian General later
vide his o_rder dated 24.5 .1977. Despite the orders of the custodian and Custodian
General which had become final, the appellant did not get his title establish in
B
any civil court and instead he preferred claim on the basis of a probate. The
probate proceedings cannot be ·equated with the adjudication of the right to
succession by the civil court. In the absence of declaration of his right to
succession by a civil court, the appellant was· rightly held not entitled to any
right to the property (vide order of the Custodian Genetai dated 11.2.1989 -
c Annexure R-11 ). After the death of Sardar Begum, um;ler the circumstances of
the case, the appellant was not entitled to pre.fer any claim in respect of a right
or interest in the property which had been declined_ during her life. time. The .
Special Tribunal, therefore.Jell in error in allowing the claim filed by the
appellant who, on the relevant date, is proved to have no right or interest in
D the property. We further hold that even if Sardar Begum had any interest in the
property which could be established, the same cannot devolve upon the appellant
for the reasons already noticed hereinabove.

· We do not agree with the submission of the learned counsel appearing
for the appeBant that the custodian on facts had rightly held Sardar Begum and
E the appellant entitled to the property both under S~ction 8 as well as Section
14 of the Act We also do not agree that principle underlying Section 14 is also
applicable to the proceedings under Section 8 of the Act as well. Section 8 and
Section 14 deal with different situations _under distinct contingencies. Whereas,
under Section 8 the claimant to the property has to show that the property
F declared and vested in the custodian, was in fact, not ari evacuee property .or
his interest in such property had not been affected by the provisions of the Act,
the person claiming under Section 14 is such person who became an evacuee
within the meaning of Section 2(c) of the Act or was a person claiming to be
the heir of the evacuee praying for restoration of the property in his favour.
Befo~e applying, such person has to obtain a.certificate from the Government
or from any person authorised by the Government in that behalf to the effect
that the evacuee property may be restored to him if he is otherwise entitled
thereto. Further he has to submit an affidavit to 'the effect that the property
claimed is not subjudice before any court of law. He has also to produce a
certificate granted by the Government to the effect that the evacuee has returned
H to his original plac'"'. Of residence for peaceful and permanent rehabilitation and
GHULAM QADIR v. SPECIAL TRIBUNAL [SETHI,J.] 543
· is not engaged in any subversive activities. In other words whereas heirs of the A
· evacuee have a right to pray for restoratio~ under Section 14 of the Act, no such
right is conferred upon the heirs of a claimant under Section 8 of the Act. ·
Reasons are obvious, because Section 8 contemplates the preferring of claim
within 30 days of the date of the vesting of the evacuee property in the
custodian which does not envisage the claim by a legal heir whereas application B
under Section 14 can be preferred at any time when the evacuee returns back
to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. It may further be noticed that the legal heirs
contemplated under Rule 14 are such heirs which an evacuee has, meaning
thereby the heirs who had also become the evacuee or became his heir outside
the State of Jammu & Kashmir, having interest in the property by operation of
law. To simplify the position it can be said that any person who himself did C
not become an evacuee within the meaning of Section 2(c) cannot prefer a
claim on behalf of an evacuee on the ground of becoming his heir with the lapse
of time. Conferment of rights upon the persons living in the State of Jammu
& Kashmir with respect to the property of an evacuee would defeat the very
purpose of the Act, particularly the one intended to be achieved by Section 14. D
The aforesaid section was enacted to encourage such persons who were forced
to leave their homes, to come back and settle and become the part of the
mainstream of the· political life in the State of Jamtnu & Kashmir. It may not
be out of place to mention that the Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir itself has
made provision for such people reserving almost one fourth of the Legislative
Assembly seats for them which can be filled up only when they become a part E
of the mainstream of the socio-political-economic life of the people of the said
State.

In view of our findings that the allottees/lessees of the evacuee property
are necessary parties to the proceedings initiated either under Section 8 or ·
F
Section 14 and the custodian under the Act performs dual duties of administering
the property and adjudicating the claims over the evacuee properties under the
Act, we find no fault with the judgment impugned holdip.g that both the allottee
as well as the Custodian General had locus to challenge the order of the Special
Tribunal. The scope. of revisional power under the Act is wider than the powers
exercisable in revision petitions filed underthe Code of Civil Procedure or the G
·Code of Criminal Procedure and in appropriate cases the reVisional authority
can go into the questions of fact to decide the legality and propriety of the
action taken arid for the purposes of giving appropriate directions. While
exercising the revisional jurisdiction, in the present case, the Custodian General
had not committed any error of law .by lo?king into the facts for the purposes H
544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A of ascertaining as to whether appellant had acquired any interest on the basis
of the Wm executed by Sardar Begnm or the probate issued in his favour. The
questions of title with respect to the evacuee.- property cannot be adjudicated
under the Act for which appropriate proceedings are required to be instituted
in the civil court. It is further held that with the passage of time Section 8 of
the Act hac; out-lived its utility and has become redundant. No further application
B
under the said section can be entertained and .the plea of limitation with respect
to the pending disputes has to be.decided as per our directions in this judgment.
- It is hoped that the State Government and the authorities under the Act shall
take effective steps to safeguard and protect !he properties of the evacuee for
whose benefit the Act has been enacted. The judgment of the learned Single
c Judge 21.8.1991 does not lay good law and the order of the Special Tribunal
is not sustainable.

There is no merit in these appeals which are accordingiy dismissed but .
under the circumstances without any order as to .costs.

S.K.S. Appeals dismissed.