Supreme Court of India
GHULAM RASOOL LONEversusSTATE OF J & K & ORS.
- Citation
- 2009 INSC 920
- Decided
- 16 July 2009
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- S B SINHA
Holding
The Supreme Court held that the Division Bench was correct in refusing to grant the petitioner’s promotion, as the claim was barred by delay and laches and granting relief would be illegal and prejudice third‑party rights.
Summary
The case concerned a petition by Ghulam Rasool Lone, a senior police employee, seeking promotion to Sub‑Inspector after a junior colleague, Hamiddulah Dar, had been illegally promoted in 1987 by relaxing the recruitment rules. Similar promotions were later granted to other employees through writ petitions, but Lone delayed filing his petition until after those decisions became final. The Supreme Court examined whether Article 14 and 16 require equal treatment when the original promotion was illegal, and whether the court could deny relief on grounds of delay and laches. It held that equality must be enforced within the bounds of legality, and that a claimant must pursue his grievance promptly; the petitioner’s long inaction amounted to delay and laches. Granting his promotion now would disturb seniority, affect third‑party rights and waste public funds, so the court dismissed the Special Leave Petition.
Issues considered
- Whether the court can grant promotion to the petitioner despite the delay and laches in filing the writ petition.
- Whether Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution require equal treatment when the original promotion was illegal.
- Whether the discretionary jurisdiction under Article 226 can be refused on the ground of delay and laches.
- Whether granting the promotion would prejudice the rights of third parties and public interest.
Subjects
Article 14Article 16EqualityDelayLachesPromotionPublic interestAdministrative lawDiscretionary jurisdictionCivil serviceIllegal promotion
Judgment
[2009] 10 S.C.R. 591
')
GHULAM RASOOL LONE A
.:;~ v.
STATE OF J & K & ORS.
(SLP ( C ) No. 14126 of 2009)
JULY 16, 2009
B
[S.B. SINHA AND DEEPAK VERMA, JJ.]
~
Constitution of India, 1950 - Articles 14 and 16 - Illegal
promotion of employee junior to petitioner upon relaxing
Rules - Similar relief sought by another employee - Grant c
of promotion and order attaining finality - Said relief sought
by petitioner after 13 years - Set aside by High Court on the
ground of delay and /aches - Interference with - Held: Not
called for~ Article 14 is a positive concept - Equality clause
> must be enforced in legality and not illegality - Person who D
claims equity must enforce his claim within a reasonable time
- Court may refuse to exercise its jurisdiction' on the ground
of delay and /aches - Employee cannot be granted promotion
out of the way as a result whereof the rights of third parties
are affected - Public interest as also general administration E
must be kept in mind - Delayllaches - Equity.
-
HR was illegally promoted to the post of sub-
' inspector upon relaxing the prescribed Rules in 1987.
Subsequently AR filed writ petition seeking similar
treatment. He was granted promotion and the writ petition F
filed by him attained finality. Meanwhile, Maharaj Krishan
and others filed writ petition for promotion to the post of
sub-inspector. Single Judge of High Court allowed the
writ petition. The said order was upheld by this Court. In
- ~
2000, the
/
instant petitioner who was senior to HR filed G
writ petition seeking similar relief and the same was
allowed. Respondent-State filed appeal which was
allowed. Hence the present SLP.
- 591 H
592 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 10 S.C.R.
A Dismissing the Special Leave Petition, the Court r
HELD: 1.1. Keeping in view the equal protection
clause contained in Article 14 as also Article 16 of the
- /
Constitution of India, all the employees should be treated
equall!'· Equality clause, however, must be enforced in
B
legality and not illegality. Article 14 is a positive concept.
The Constitution does not envisage enforcement of the
equality clause where a person has got an undue benefit
by reason of an illegal act. [Paras 11 and 12] [597-G-H; •
598-A-B]
c
1.2. The Court in a given case may be inclined to
pass similar order as has been done in the earlier case
on the basis of equality or otherwise. The discretionary
jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution may,
D however, be denied on the ground of delay and laches. •
It is now well settled that who claims equity must enforce
his claim within a reasonable time. [Paras 13 and 14] [598-
D-E]
Govt. of WB. v. Tarun K. Roy, (2004) 1 SCC 347 - relied
E
on.
Panchi Devi v. State of Rajasthan (2009) 2 SCC 589;
New Delhi Municipal Council v. Pan Singh, (2007) 9 SCC
278; VirenderChaudhary v. Bharat Petroleum Corpn. (2009)
F 1 SCC 297 and S.S. Batu v. State of Kera/a (2009) 2 SCC
479, referred to.
•
-
2.1. No particulars had been placed before the High
Court either in the instant case as also in the case of
Maharaj Krishan with regard to the power of the State
G
and/or competent authority to relax the Rules. In absence
of such details, there is no other option but to proceed ~ #'
on the basis that the promotion of HR was illegal. [Para
10] [597-F-G]
H 2.2. It is one thing to say that the Letters Patent
-
GHULAM RASOOL LONE v. STATE OF J & K & 593
.
~
ORS .
, Appeal was not maintainable but it is another thing to say A
that although the same was maintainable but the Division
Bench should not have exercised its jurisdiction. [Para
16] [600-F-G]
2.3. While considering the question of delay and
B
laches on the part of the petitioner, the court must also
consider the effect thereof. Prom~tion of HR was effected
(
in the year 1987. AR filed his writ petition immediately
after the promotion was granted. He, therefore, was not
guilty of any delay in ventilating his grievances. The
petitioner waited till AR was in fact promoted. He did not
c
consider it necessary either to join him or to file a separate
- -
writ petition immediately thereafter, although even
according to him, AR was junior to him. Therefore, the
Division Bench rightly opined that the petitioner was
• sitting on the fence. [Para 18] [601-A-C] D
2.4. If at this late juncture the petitioner is directed to
be promoted to the post of sub-inspector even above AR
the seniority of those who had been promoted in the
meantime or have been directly recruited would be E
affected. The State would also have to pay the back
wages to him which would be a drainage of public funds.
Whereas an employee cannot be denied his promotion
•
-- in terms of the Rules, the same cannot be granted out of
the way as a result whereof the rights of third parties are
affected. Therefore, the aspect of public interest as also
F
the general administration must be kept in mind while
granting equitable relief. [Para 19] (601-D-F]
2.5. If those five persons, who were seniors to HR
filed writ petitions immediately, the High Court might have G
/ ~ directed cancellation of his illegal promotion. This Court
in Maharaj Krishan's case did not take into consideration
all these aspects of the matter and the binding decision
- of a three Judge Bench of this Court in Govt. of WB. v.
Tarun K. Roy. Therefore, the Division Bench of the High H
594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 10 S.C.R.
-.
A Court was right in opining that it was not necessary for ~
it to follow Maharaj Krishan's case. The judgment of the
Division Bench cannot be said either to be arbitrary or
illegal. [Paras 20 and 21) [601-G-H; 602-A]
Case Law Reference:
B
(2009) 2 sec 589 Referred to. Para 12
(2004) 1 sec 347 Relied on. Para 14 •
(2001) 9 sec 278 Referred to. Para 14
c
(2009) 1 sec 291 Referred to. · Para 14
(2009) 2 sec 479 Referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURSIDICTION : Special Leave
Para 14
-
D Petition (Civil) No. 14126 of 2009. •
From the Judgment & Order dated 19.3.2009 of the High
Court of Jammu & Kashmir at Srinagar in LPA No. 66 of 2005.
Dinesh Kumar Garg, B.S. Billowary and Dr. Bheem Pratap
E Singh for the Appellants.
The Order court was delivered by
•
ORDER
...
F S.B. SINHA, J. 1. One Hamiddulah Dar was an Assistant
Sub-Inspector of Police. He was granted promotion to the post
of Sub-Inspector illegally upon relaxing the prescribed Rules in
the year 1987. Seven persons said to be similarly situated
asked for similar treatment.
G
2. SWP No.519of1987 was filed by one of them, named
Abdul Rashid Rather, a Constable. It was allowed by a learned .. '•
Single Judge of the High Court by an order dated 24th
September, 1998. A Letters Patent Appeal filed thereagainst
H
was dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court by its
-
GHULAM RASOOL LONE v. STATE OF J & K & 595
ORS. [S.S. SINHA, J.]
-)
order dated 30th July, 1999. It is stated that a Special Leave A
Petition filed against the said order was also d;smissed by this
Court.
3. Another writ petition was filed by four persons, namely
- Maharaj Krishan Bhatt, Mohammad Amin, Bansilal Bhatt and
B
Mohammad Abbas Najar in the year 1997, which was
registered as SWP No.3735 of 1997, praying for their
• promotion to the post of Sub-Inspector with effect from the date
on which Hamiddulah Dar, who Was said to be junior to the
petitioners, was promoted. A learned Single Judge of the High
Court allowed the said writ petition by an order dated 30th April, c
2001. On an intra court appeal having been preferred, a
~
Division Bench of the ~aid Court by its order dated 11th
October, 2002 allowed the same. A Special Leave Petition was
J filed thereagainst by Maharaj Krishan Bhatt and Bansi Li31 Bhatt
before this Court. Special leave having granted, the m~tter was D
registered as Civil Appeal Nos. 8481-8482 of 2003. A Division
Bench of this Court allowed the said appeal by an order dated
1st August, 2008 which has since been reported. in 2008 (9)
sec 24.
E
4. Petitioner filed a writ petition which was registered as
SWP No. 742 of 2000. It was allowed by a learned Single
Judge of the High Court by his order dated 4th December,
'•- . 2003. Letters Patent Appeal filed by the State of Jamrnu and
Kashmir, however, has been allowed by reason of the F
impugned judgment and order dated 19th March, 2009.
5. Petitioner is, thus, before us.
6. Mr. D.K. Garg, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
the petitioner would contend that the Division Bench of the High G
-· ~ Court committed a serious error in passing the impugned
-(
judgment in so far as it failed to take into consideration that
delay or laches alone could be a ground for discriminating the
-- petitioner vis-a-vis five others, who were similarly situated. Our
H
596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009] 10 S.C.R.
A attention was drawn to the fact that pursuant to the judgment of
the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, the petitioner's name was
recommended by the Executive Branch of the State. Even a
draft order of promotion was placed before Hon'ble the Chief
Minister. However, the said relief had not been granted despite
B an appropriate representation having been filed by the
petitioner. Later the Letters Patent Appeal was filed by the
State, which as noticed earlier, has been allowed by the
impugned judgment. ~
7. Abdul Rashid Rather, who was said to be junior to the
c petitioner, as we have noticed heretobefore, had filed writ
petition in the year 1987. It was decided on 24th September,
1998.
Petitioner admittedly filed the writ petition in the year 2000
D a_fter the writ petition filed by Abdul Rashid Rather attained
finality, as the order passed by the Division Bench of the High
Court was given effect to on 16th December, 1999.
It is on the aforementioned premise the effect of the
impugned judgment may have to be considered.
E
8. The Division Bench by its impugned judgment framed
the following question:-
"Was the petitioner-respondent sitting on the fence and ••
F sought to obtain success on the basis of success of
another?
It was found that he did.
The Division Bench opined :-
G
"He having not expressed grievance as regard special ~
treatment meted out to Hamiddulah Dar for a long period ....
of time, in law, cannot be permitted to leap forward for the
H
first time, on the basis of success of another who had been
-
GHULAM RASOOL LONE v. STATE OF J & K & 597
ORS. [S.B. SINHA, J.]
" -; pursuing his grievance right from the date when the subject A
unwarranted favour was shown to Hamidulla:1 Dar.
While considering the case of Mahaaraj Krishan
Bhatt and others the Hon'ble Supreme Court had no
occasion to go into the question whether by reason of
B
success of Abdul Rashid Rather, who had been pursuing
his claim to be treated· in the same fashion as that of
;, Hamiddulah Dar since 1987, anyone else, who is also
similarly situated to that of Abdul Rashid Rather, despite
not expressing any grievance since 1987 about dissimilar
treatment, can come up to the Court and seek similar relief
c
as has been granted to Abdul Rashid Rather.
That being the substantial question of law, the
judgment and order rendered by the Hon'ble Supreme
. ' Court in the case of Maharaj Krishan and others is of no D
help to the petitioner-respondent."
9. Was the Division Bench wrong in its approach so as to
warrant interference therewith by this Court in exercise of its
extra ordinary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution
_., E
of India, is the question.
10. It is not disputed before us that Hamiddulah Dar was
illegally promoted. Recruitment Rules required to be followed
~
for promotion to the post of Sub-Inspector were relaxed.
F
No particulars had been placed before the High Court
either in the present case as also in the case of Maharaj
Krishan with regard to the power of the State and/or competent
authority to relax the Rules. In absence of such details, we have
no other option but to proceed on the basis that the promotion G
of said Hamidullah Dar was illegal.
" 11. There cannot be any doubt whatsoever that keeping
in view the equal protection clause contained in Articles 14 of
the Constitution of India as also Article 16 thereof, all the
H
598 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 10 S.C.R.
A employees should be treated equally. Equality clause, however,
must be enforced in legality and not illegality.
12. There cannot furthermore be any doubt that Article 14
is a positive concept. The Constitution does not envisage
enforcement of the equality clause where a person has got an
B
undue benefit by reason of an illegal act.
In Panchi Devi v. State of Rajasthan [(2009) 2 SCC 589],
this Court held:
•
c "... Article 14 of the Constitution of India has a
positive concept. Equality, it is trite, cannot be claimed in
illegality. Even otherwise the writ petition as also the
review petition have rightly not been entertained on the
ground of delay and !aches on the part of the appellant."
D •
13. The Court in a given case may be inclined to pass
similar order as has been done in the earlier case on the basis
of equality or otherwise.
14. The discretionary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the
E Constitution may, however, be denied on the ground of delay
and laches. It is now well settled that who claims equity must
enforce his claim within a reasonable time.
F
For the said proposition, amongst others, we may notice
a decision of a three Judge Bench of this Court in Govt. of WB.
v. Tarun K. Roy, [(2004) 1 SCC 347], wherein it has been
-
opined:-
"34. The respondents furthermore are not even entitled to
any relief on the ground of gross delay and !aches on their
G part in filing the writ petition. The first two writ petitions
were filed in the year 1976 wherein the respondents herein .,
approached the High Court in 1992. In between 1976 and
1992 not only two writ petitions had been decided, but one
way or the other, even the matter had been considered by
H
GHULAM RASOOL LONE v. STATE OF J & K & 599
ORS. [S.B. SINHA, J.]
this Court in Debdas Kumar. The plea of delay, which Mr A
Krishnamani states, should be a ground for denying the
relief to the other persons similarly situated would
operate against the respondents. Furthermore, the other
employees not being before this Court although they are
ventilating their grievances before appropriate courts of B
law, no order should be passed which would prejudice their
cause. In such a situation, we are not prepared to make
• any observation only for the purpose of grant of some relief
to the respondents to which they are not legally entitled to
so as to deprive others therefrom who may be found to be c
entitled thereto by a court of law."
(Emphasis supplied)
The question yet again came up for consideration before
... this Court in New Delhi Municipal Council v. Pan Singh, [ D
(2007) 9 sec 278 ], wherein it has been observed :-
"16. There is another aspect of the matter which cannot
be lost sight of. The respondents herein filed a writ petition
after 17 years. They did not agitate their grievances for a E
long time. They, as noticed herein, did not claim parity with
the 17 workmen at the earliest possible opportunity. They
did not implead themselves as parties even in the
reference made by the State before the Industrial Tribunal.
It is not their case that after 1982, those employees who
were employed or who were recruited after the cut-off date
F
have been granted the said scale of pay. After't!uch a long
time, therefore, the writ petitions could not have been
entertained even if they are similarly situated. It. is trite
that the discretionary jurisdiction may nolbe exercised in
favour of those who approach the court after a lo0g time. G
Delay and laches are relevant factors for exercise of
equitable jurisdiction.
(Underlining is mine)
H
600 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 10 S.C.R.
A [See also Virender Chaudhary v. Bharat Petroleum ..
Corpn., [ (2009) 1 sec 297 ].
The said principle was reiterated in S.S. Batu v. State of
Kera/a [(2009) 2 SCC 479] in the following terms:-
B "17. It is also well-settled principle of law that "delay defeats
equity". The Government Order was issued on 15-1-2002.
The appellants did not file any writ application questioning
the legality and validity thereof. Only after the writ petitions •
filed by others were allowed and the State of Kerala
c preferred an appeal thereagainst, they impleaded
themselves as party-respondents. It is now a trite law that
where the writ petitioner approaches the High Court after
a long delay, reliefs prayed for may be denied to them on
the ground of delay and !aches irrespective of the fact that
D they are similarly situated to the other candidates who .
obtain the benefit of the judgment. It is, thus, not possible
for us to issue any direction to the State of Kerala or the
Commission to appoint the appellants at this stage."
15. Mr. Garg would, however, contend that t~e Division
E
Bench of this Court in Maharaj Krishan Bhatt (supra) has
categorically held that the Division Bench should not have
interfered with the order of the learned Single Judge as the
latter merely followed the earlier judgment. On that premise, it
is urged that in this case also the Division Bench had no
F jurisdiction to entertain the Letters Patent Appeal.
16. It is one thing to say that the Letters Patent Appeal was
not maintainable but it is another thing to say that although the
same was maintainable but the Division Bench should not have
G exercised its jurisdiction.
17. It is beyond any cavil of doubt that the remedy under
Article 226 of the Constitution of India is a discretionary one.
For sufficient or cogent reasons a cou~ may in a given case
refuse to exercise its jurisdiction ; delay and laches being one
H
GHULAM RASOOL LONE v. STATE OF J & K & 601
ORS. [S.B. SINHA, J.]
7 of them. A
18. While considering the question of delay and latches
on the part of the petitioner, the court must also consider the
effect thereof. Promotion of Hamidullah Dar was effected in the
year 1987. Abdul Rashid Rather filed his writ petition
B
immediately after the promotion was granted. He, therefore,
was not guilty of any delay in ventilating his grievances. It will
bear repetition to state that the petitioner waited till Abdul
Rashid Rather was in fact promoted. He did not consider it
necessary either to join him or to file a separate writ petition
immediately thereafter, although even according to him, Abdul
c
Rashid Rather was junior to him.
The Division Bench, therefore, in our opinion rightly opined
that the petitioner was sitting on the fence.
D
19. If at this late juncture the petitioner is directed to be
promoted to the post of Sub-Inspector even above Abdul
Rashid Rather, the seniority of those who had been promoted
in the meantime or have been directly recruited would be
affected. The State would also have to pay the back wages to
E
him which would be a drainage of public funds. Whereas an
employee cannot be denied his promotion in terms of the Rules,
the same cannot be granted out of the way as a result whereof
the rights of third parties are affected. The aspect of public
interest as also the general administration must, therefore, be
kept in mind while granting equitable relief. F
20. We understand that there would be a heart burning in
so far as the petitioner is concerned, but then he is to thank
himself therefor. If those five persons, who were seniors to
Hamiddulah Dar filed writ petitions immediately, the High Court G
might have directed cancellation of his illegal promotion. This
Court in Maharaj Krishan Bhatt (supra) did not take into
consideration all these aspects of the matter and the binding
decision of a three Judge Bench of this Court in Govt. of WB.
H
602 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 10 S.C.R.
A v. Tarun K. Roy (supra). The Division Bench of the High Court,
therefore, in our opinion was right in opining that it was not
necessary for it to follow Maharaj Krishan Bhatt (supra).
21. For the reasons aforementioned, we are of the opinion
B that the judgment of the Division Bench cannot be said either
to be arbitrary or illegal. This Special Leave Petition is
dismissed summarily.
N.J. Special Leave Petition dismissed.
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