GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTAversusINSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS AND ANOTHER

                            [2016] 5 S.C.R. 204



A                        GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTA
                                         v.
                 INSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS AND ANOTHER
                     (Criminal Appeal Nos. I 020-1021 of2009)
B                             SEPTEMBER 07 , 2016
            [C. NAGAPPAN AND ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.)
          Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985:
           s. 15 rlw. s. 8(c), s. 67 - Unauthorized sale of contraband -
c   Opium poppy straw allegedly sold by appellant-accused without
    any bills and authorization - Co-accused was apprehended with
    30 Kg. of poppy straw on raid by PWJ- Inspector of Customs and
    PW5 - Co-accused stated poppy straw was purchased by him from
    appellant without any bill - Positive test for presence of opium by
    field testing kit in sample collected - Appellant gave statement u/
D
    s.67 that he had sold 30 Kg. of poppy straw powder to co-accused
    without receipt and medical prescription - Conviction of appellant
    - Propriety - Held: No serious inflr111ity in the findings recorded by
    the courts below in convicting and sentencing the appellant -
    Prosecution version based not only on the state111ent u/s.67 but
E   also on evidence of recovery of the contraband immediately after
    sale and circumstances showing that the contraband was sold by
    the appellant to the co-accused, without any authorization -
    Maharashtra Narcotic Drugs and P!>ychotropic Substances Rules,
    1985.
F         ss. 42 and 43 - Applicability of - Discussed - s.42 applies
    when the contraband recovered from a building, conveyance or
    enclosed place and whereas s.43 applies where recovery is from a
    public place.
          Dismissing the appeals, the Court
G         HELD: 1. Both the courts below had concurrently held that
    the appellant was found to have sold the contraband to the co-
    accused without any licence. The said finding, inter (l/i(I, was based
    on the evidence of PWl, Inspector of Customs who seized the
    contraband from the co-accused. The evidence in the form of
    statement of the appellant himself (Ex.-20) u/s. 67 of the Narcotic
H
                                   204
 GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTA v. INSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS                       205
                 AND ANOTHER

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 before his arrest         A
clearly shows that the appellant had sold the contraband to the
co-accused who did not have any licence to put·chase thereof.
The connection of contraband with the appellant was clearly
established after which the burden was on appellant to show that
he had effected sale to an authorized person. Recovery from the
                                                                       B
co-accused was from an open place to which Section 42 of the Act
was not attracted. At the time of production of gunny bag no
objection was raised on behalf of the appellant that the bag did
not carry any label or sign of identity. The absence of label and
sign of identity could not be presumed. The samples were duly
tested by the chemical analyzer and were found to be intact. There     c
was no serious infirmity in the findings recorded by the courts
below in convicting and sentencing the appellant. [Para 9][210-
A-D)
      State of Rajasthan v. Jag Raj Singh (2016) 6 SCALE
      32; Tofan Singh 1( S1a1e of Tamil Nadu (2013) 16 SCC             D
      31 : 2013 (9) SCR 962; Union of India v. Bal Mukund
      (2009) 12 SCC 161 : 2009 (5) SCR 205; Raju Premji
      v. Customs NER Shillong Unit (2009) 16 SCC 496 :
      2009 (7) SCR 839; Noor Aga v. State of Punjab (2008)
       16 SCC 417 : 2008 (10) SCR 379 - referred to.
                                                                       E
        2.1 There can be no doubt that the Court had to satisfy
itself that the statement u/s.67 was made voluntarily and at a time
when the person making such statement had not been made an
accused. Whether the statement was voluntary and free from
encumbrance had to be judged from the facts and circumstances
of each case. [Para 11)(211-A-B]                                       F
      2.2 However, in the present case, it is not necessary to go
into this aspect as there was adequate evidence to prove the
sale of the contraband by the appellant for which co-accused had
been convicted and sentenced. The prosecution version was
based not only on the statement u/s. 67 but also on the evidence       G
of recovery of the contraband immediately after sale and the
circumstances showing that the contraband was sold by the
appellant to the co-accused, without any authorization. [Para
11)(211-C-D)

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206            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2016] 5 S.C.R.



A           Abdul Rashid Ibrahim Mansuri v. State of Gujarat
            (2000) 2 SCC 513: 2000 (1) SCR 542; Sukhdev_Singh
            v. State of Haryana (2013) 2 SCC 212: 2012 (11) SCR
            964; SajanAbraham " State of Kera/a (2001) 6 SCC
            692 : 2001 (l) Suppl. SCR 335 - referred to.
B                               Case Law Reference
            2000 (1) SCR 542                  referred to      Paras 7, 10
            (2016) 6 SCALE 32                 referred to      Para 7
            2012 (11) SCR 964                 referred to      Para 7
c           2013 (9) SCR 962                  referred 'to     Para 7
            2009 (5) SCR 205                  referred to      Para7
            2009 (7) SCR 839                  referred to      Para7
            2008 (10) SCR 379                 referred to      Para 10
D           2001 (1) Suppl. SCR 335           referred to      Para 10
             CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
      Nos. I 020-1021 of2009.
            From the Judgment and Order dated 12.09.2007 in Criminal Appeal
E     No. 732 of2006 with Criminal Application No. 1355 of 2006 passed by
      the High Court of Judicature at Bombay.
          Anand Grover, Sr. Adv., Purushottam Sharma Tripathi, Mukesh
      Kumar Singh, Luv Kumar, Ms. Tripti Tandon, Advs. for the Appellant.
            Yashank Adhyaru, Sr. Adv., Ms. Sushma Manchanda, Shankar
 F    Divate, B. K. Prasad, Mahaling Pandarge, Addi. Govt. Adv., Nishant
      Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, Advs. forRespondent.
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
             ADARSH Kl.JMAR GOEL, J. I. These appeals have been
      preferred by the appellant against his conviction under Section 15 read
G     with Section 8(c) of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
      Act, 1985 (for short "the Act") and sentence•to undergo rigorous
      imprisonment for four years and to pay fine of Rs.20,000/-, to further
      undergo rigorous imprisonment for six months, in default of payment of
      fine, for illegal sale of30 Kgs. of poppy straw to the co-accused-A-2,
H
  GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTA v. INSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS                             207
        AND ANOTHER [ADARSH KUMAR-GOEL, J.]


 who did not have valid licence as per the Maharashtra NDPS Rules,           A
 1985.
        2. Case of the prosecution is that the Inspector of Customs, NCCP
 Customs, Mumbai received intelligence information on 26'h February,
 2004 that the appellant was selling crushed opium poppy straw without
 any bills on cash basis from his premises at 6, Pravin Chambers, Keshvji    B
 Naik Road, Mumbai. Co-accused- Karim Patel was to purchase 30
 kgs. of poppy straw. A raid was organized and -Karim Patel was
 apprehended with 30 Kgs. of poppy straw. The raid was conducted by
 PW 1- Bhaskar Shetty, Inspector of Customs, along with others including
 PW5- Canute Menezes. The said accused stated that he had purchased           c
 the poppy straw without any bill on cash payment of Rs.5400/-. On
·search of the premises belonging to the appellant, some documents were
 recovered. Appellant was found in the shop and stated that he was
 proprietor and a lady present there was the manager of the firrp.     Co-
 accused- Karim Patel, who was also brought by the raiding party with it,
 opened the bag which had colored powder in a polythene bag. A small          D
 quantity was tested on the Field Testing Kit and result was positive for
 the presence of opium. The powder was weighed and found to be 30
 Kgs. Three samples of 24 grams each were collected and sealed.
 Remaining powder was sealed and kept in the same bag. The .label with
 signatures of panchas and the investigating officer PW I- Bhaskar Shetty     E
 was affixed on the bag. Co-accused- Karim Patel identified the appellant
 as the person who had sold the powder to him without bill on cash
 payment. It, is not relevant to mention about the rest of stock of opium
 kept in the shop and thereafter recovery of cash amount from the house
 of the appellant as conviction of the appellant has been upheld only for
 the charge mentioned earlier. Co-accused- Karim Patel also stated that       F
 he had purchased poppy straw powder on several. occasipns from the
 appellant and sold the same.
        3. Statement of the appellant was recorded under Section 67 of
  the Act on 271h February, 2004 to the effect that he had sold 30 Kgs.
  powder to A-2 without receipt and without medical prescription. A-2         G
~.did not have valid permit. After completion of investigation, both the
  accused were sent up for trial.
       4. The prosecution_ examined 11 witnesses which included
 investigating officer who effected recovery of the contraband,
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208            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          (2016) 5 S.C.R.



A     Superintendent of Customs who received information, Assistant Chemical
      Examiner, the landlord of the premises in possession of the appellant as
      a licensee/ tenant and the PSI of the State Excise.
             5. The trial court convicted and sentenced the appellant not only
      for the offence mentioned above but also for illegal possession of
B.    commercial quantity of poppy straw powder.
             6. On appeal, the High Court partly allowed the appeal, quashed
      and set aside the conviction and sentence for illegal possession of
      commercial quantity of poppy straw powder but upheld the conviction
      and sentence for illegal sale transaction of30 kgs. ofpoppy straw powder.
c     The High Court also upheld the conviction of co-accused for abetment
      of the said offence by purchasing 30 kgs. of poppy straw powder from
      the appellant without any valid licence and permit The co-accused has
      not preferred any appeal as stated by the learned· counsel. The appellant
      has undergone the sentence during pend ency of the proceedings.

D            7. Learned counsel for the appellant has taken the Court through
      the evidence on record and submitted that conviction and sentence
      awarded to the appellant was unsustainable. There are discrepancies in
      recording of prior information, resulting in violation of mandatory
      requirement of Section 42 of the Act. Reference was made to intelligence
      note, Ex.-47, a~d statement of PW4 to submit that information was
E     received one or two days prior to 26th February, 2004 during investigation
      of an earlier case while it was recorded only on 26'h February, 2004 and
      not immediately. There are contradictions in time and manner of recording
      of informatfon, Ex.18, while there is anothernote which is contradictory.
      Reliance has been placed on Abdul Rashid lbmltim Mansuri v. State
F     of Gujarat 1, State of Rajastltan v. Jag Raj Singlt 1 and Suklulev
      Sing/1 v. State of Haryana-'. It was further submitted that the gunny
      bag produced in Court did not carry the label and the signatures. The
      same could not be linked to the appellant. PW2 was unable to say
      whether the bag produced had seal or label or not. He also submitted
      that record of the samples was not maintained. Panchas were not
G     examined. Same Panchas were used for several occasions. He also
      submitted that the statement of the accused under Section 67 amounted
      to confession before police and was no.t admissible as held in To/an
      1
        (2000) 2 sec 513
      '(2016) 6 SCALE 32
H     '(2013) 2 sec 212
 GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTA v. INSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS                                 209
       AND ANOTHER [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

Sinf(lt v. State of Tamil Nadu', Union of India v. Bal Mukund-', Raju           A
Premii v. Customs NER Sltillonf( Unit 6 and Noor Aga v. State of
Punjab'. Even ifthe statement of the appellant under Section 67 was
admissible, it was a weak piece of evidence and had only corroborative
value. No independent witness was joined whi.le recording the statement.
The appellant was in custody at the time of recording the statement.
                                                                                B
The statement was not voluntary. Its contents were not read over to
him. A-2 was also in custody and his statement was also not voluntary.
Statement of co-accused could not be taken as substantive .evidence.
The same could not be relied upon in view of the decision in Bal Mukund
and Raju Premji (supra).
        8. Learned counsel for the State supports the conviction and             c
 sentence of the appellant. He submitted that concurqmt finding of the
 courts below is based on evidence and the same is not liabie't6 be disturbed
.in an appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. It was pointed out
 that the contentions advanced by the learned counsel for the appellant
 are not shown to have been raised before the High Court. He next                D
 submitted that Section 42 applies only when recovery is to be effected
 from a building, conveyance or enclosed place. Present case is covered
 by Section 43 as recovery is from a public place. As regards the plea of
 absence oflabel, neither any question was raised at the time of production
 of the bag nor the fact of recovery of the contraband from co-accused
 is in dispute. Recovery was proved by independent direct evidence.              E
 Co-accused from whom recovery was effected has not even cha! lenged
 his conviction. As regards the record of samples, it is pointed out that
 the evidence of the chemical examiner-PW8 is categoric that all the
 samples were in sealed condition. The appellant never retracted his
 statement under Section 67 to the effect that the contraband recovered          F
 from co-accused was sold by the appellant and that the said co-accused
 had no licence to purchase the contraband and thereby the appellant
 contravened the conditions of his licence. He was not in custody when
 his statement was recorded as is clear from the statement of PW2-
 Gerard Joseph, who recorded the statement.
                                                                                 G
       9. After due consideration, we do not find .any merit in the

 '(2013) 16SCC31
 '<2009) 12 sec 161
 0
   <2009) 16 sec 496
 1
   <2008) 16 sec 417                                                             H
210            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2016] 5 S.C.R.


A     submissions on behalf of the appellant. Both the courts below have
      concurrently held that the appellant was found to have sold the contraband
      to the co-accused without any licence. The said finding, inter alia, is
      based on the evidence of PW 1- Bhaskar Shetty, Inspector of Customs
      who seized the contraband from the co-accused- Karim Patel. Further,
      the evidence in the fonn of statement of the appellant himself(Ex.-20)
8
      under Section 67 of the Act before his arrest-clearly shows that the
      appellant had sold the contraband to the co-accused- Karim Patel who
      did not have any licence to purchase thereof. Even otherwise, the
      connection of contraband with the appellant was clearly established after
      which the burden was on appellant to show that he had effected sale to
c     an authorized person. Recovery from the co-accused was from an
      open place to which Section 42 of the Act is not attracted. At the time
      of production of gunny bag no objection was raised on behalf of the
      appellant that the bag did not carry any label or sign of identity. Thus,
      the absence of label and sign of identity could not be presumeC!. The
      samples were duly tested by the chemical analyzer and were found to
D
      be intact. There is, thus, no serious infirmity in the findings recorded by
      the courts below in convicting and sentencing the appellant.
              I 0. The contention raised on behalf of the appellant on the basis
      of judgments of this Court in Abdul Ras/ti</ lbraltim Mansuri, Jag
      Raj Singh and Suk/1</ev Singlt (supra) cannot be accepted. As already
E     noticed, Section 42 of the Act has no application to the fact situation of
      the present case. The said section applies when the contraband recovered
      from a building, conveyance or enclosed place. Where recovery is from
      a public place, Section 43 applies. This Court reconciled the view taken
      in Abdul Ras/ti</ lbraltim Mansuri (supra) and Sajan Abra/tam v.
F     State of Kera/«9 in larger bench judgment in Suktlev SingIt (supra). It
      was held that in view of technological advancements, it may not be
      possible to record information as per the requirement of Section 42.
      Strict compliance by the investigating agency should not be required in
      an emergency situation so as to avoid misuse by wrongdoers/ offenders/
      drug peddlers9 • Whether there is adequate substantial compliance is a
G     question of fact in each case. Apart from the finding that present case
      is governed by Section 43, there is no ground to interfere with the
      concurrent finding of the Courts below that there is adequate compliance

      • 12001) 6 sec 692
      • (2009) s sec 539 - Para 34
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 GIRISH RAGHUNATH MEHTA v. INSPECTOR OF CUSTOMS                                 211
       AND ANOTHER [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

of Section 43 of the Act.                                                       A·
       11. Similarly, the contention on the basis of the judgments in To/an
Singll, Raju Premji and Noor Aga (supra) also cannot be accepted.
There can be no doubt that the Court has to satisfy itself that the statement
under Section 67 was made voluntarily and at a time when the person
making such statement had not been made an accused. Whether the                  B
statement is voluntary and free from encumbrance has to be judged
from the facts and circumstances of each case. In To/an SingIt (supra),
the question whether the investigating officer investigating the matter
under the Act is a po lice officer and whether the statement recorded by
the investigating officer under Section 67 of the Act can be treated as a
confessional statement has been referred to the larger Bench. It is not          c
necessary to go into this aspect in the present case as there is adequate
evidence to prove the sale of the contraband by the appellant for which
co-accused has been convicted and septenced. The prosecution version
is based not only on the statement under Section 67 but also on the
evidence of recovery of the contraband immediately after sale and the            D
circumstances showing that the contraband was sold by the appellant to
the co-accused, without any authorization. Thus, we do not find any
ground to interfere with the conviction and sentence awarded to the
appellant.
       12. The appeals are dismissed.                                            E

AnkitGyan                                                  Appeals dismissed.