Supreme Court of India

JAGDISH NEGI, PRESIDENT, UTIARAKHAND JAN MORCHA AND ANR.versusSTATE OF U.P. AND ANR.

Citation: 1997 INSC 613
Decided: 21 August 1997
Disposal: Case Partly allowed
Bench: S B MAJMUDAR

Holding

The State may treat Uttarakhand hill residents as socially and educationally backward but may review the reservation policy from time to time; the reservation need not be perpetual.

Summary

The Supreme Court heard a public‑interest writ petition filed by Uttarakhand Jan Morcha on behalf of residents of nine hill districts of Uttar Pradesh (Uttarakhand) seeking enforcement of the 27% reservation for socially and educationally backward classes under the U.P. Public Services (Reservation for SC, ST and OBC) Act, 1994. The petitioners claimed that the state arbitrarily limited the reservation in medical colleges to a year‑by‑year basis, denied it in agricultural colleges, and failed to provide it in government services. The State argued that reservation for this class must be reviewed periodically and that the benefit in government services is already proportionate to the region’s population. The Court held that while the State may continue to treat Uttarakhand residents as socially and educationally backward, it is free to review the situation from time to time and is not bound to make the reservation perpetual. The Court directed the State to give advance notice, publish decisions, and apply the policy uniformly for future years, especially for agricultural courses, but dismissed the other contentions. The petition was partly allowed.

Issues considered

The reservation for Uttarakhand hill residents under the 27% OBC quota must be perpetual or may be reviewed by the State.
Whether denial of reservation to Uttarakhand residents in agricultural colleges is arbitrary and unconstitutional.
Whether the 27% reservation in government services is denied to Uttarakhand residents.

Subjects

reservationsocially and educationally backward classesUttarakhandhill districtsArticle 15(4)Article 16(4)OBCmedical collegesagricultural collegesgovernment servicesperiodic reviewpublic interest litigation

Judgment

JAGDISH NEGI, PRESIDENT, UTIARAKHAND A
JAN MORCHA AND ANR.
v.
STATE OF U.P. AND ANR.

AUGUST 21, 1997
B
[S.B. MAJMUDAR AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.)

Constitution of Indici-A1ticle 32-PIL-residents of Uttarakhand and
hill area:.~Judicially recognised as socially and educationally backward class
citizens-Claim of pennanent rese1vatio11 in medical colleges-Held, State en- C
titled to review the situation from time to time.

U.P. Public Service (Rese1vation for Schedule Caste, Scheduled Tribe
and Other Backward Classes) Act, 1994-Claim of reservation in agricultural
colleges-Directions issued to State for future admissions-Prompt decision
to be taken, well before time. D

Claim of Rese1vation in Govemment Services-State showing propor-
tionate represelltation of Uttarakhand region as compared to other areas in
State---Claim of the Petitioners not factually made out-Contention rejected
as benefit is already made available. E

The Petitioners moved a writ petition on behalf of the people of nine
hill district comprising of Almora, Pithoragarh, Pauri Garhwal, Chamoli,
Tehri, Uttarkashi, Nainital, Dehradun and Haridwar in the Uttarakhand
region seeking the benefit of enforcement of the reservation policy adopted
by the Respondent- U.P. Government. F
The Petitioners contended that despite the fact that they were treated
as socially and educationally backward citizens entitled to 27% reservation
under the· U.P. Public services (Reservation For Schedule Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes) Act, 1994, the reservations G
in medical colleges in State of U.P. were continued from year to year and
that the said action of the State is totally arbitrary and unconstitutional,
that the first respondent should be directed to make available the scheme
of reservation without any time limit so long as the Reservation Act
continues to operate in the State, that Delhi though the benefit of reserva-
tion is available in medical courses from year to year, it is not available in H
477
478 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A admissions relating to agricultural courses which is discriminatory, m:-
reasonable and unconstitutional, and that the benefit of 27% reservation
is not made available to the Petitioners in the Government services and it
amounts to denial of equal opportunity to these class of citizens and that
it is unconstitutional.

B The Respondent-State submitted that though the statutory scheme
of 27% reservation is available to socially and educationally backward
citizens in U.P. and Uttarakhand but they cannot be so treated for all times
to come, that so long as they are so treated by the State 27% reservation
will be availabl.e to them along with their counterparts residing in the
C plains, that the policy of reservation has to be operated yearwise and not
perpetually, that for admission in the agricultural courses the State had
not yet decided as to whether that benefit should be made available to the
Uttarakhand residents, that in the case of Government services also even
though the Petitioners fall under socially and educationally backward
classes the entire 27% cannot be given and it depends upon the propor-
D tionate percentage of population residing in Uttarakhand areas as com-
pared to others living in plain and that the whole State has been taken as
one unit and on the basis of the comparative density of population in the
hiU regions vis-a-vis remaining parts of the State appropriate and propor-
tionate reservation out of 27% quota is made available to socially and
E educationally backward residents of hill areas and Uttarakhand areas.
~lowing the Petition partly, the Court

. HELD : 1. The State is bound to treat the residents of Uttarakhand
and hill areas as socially and educationally backward class of citizens from
F 1974 till date, in the light of its own policy decisions. However, it is open
. to the State to review the situation from time to time and to take its own
policy decision in the light of relevant material available to it in future.
Such an exercise is perfectly legitimate and permissible and hence it is not
possible to hold that the reservation for citizens of hill regions must be
G made available to them without any limitation of time. [492-A-C]
Indra Sawhney & Ors. v. UOI & Ors., [1992] Supp. 3 SCC 217; State
of U.P. v. Pradip Tandon & Ors., [1975] 2 SC~ 761; Anil Kumar Gupta etc.
v. State of U.P. & Ors., JT (1995) 5 SC 505, relied on.

H 2. It is obvious that when the State itselfin its wisdom has considered
JAGDISH NEG!, PRESIDENT, UITARAKHAND JANMORCl;JA v. STATE 479

residents of the Uttarakhand areas.as socially and educationally backward A·
for being inclnded for consideration towards 27% reservation available to
that class for admission in Medical Colleges since 1977, afortiori they have
to be considered eligible for being included in this said quota, for admis-
sion to agricultural colleges. The stand of the respondent-State that it is
still considering their claims for such reservation in agricultural colleges B
for 1997, to say the least; is totally inconsistent and nothing short of being
treated as arbitrary and illegal. [492-G-H]

3. If in future for the year 1998 onwards, if the State takes a decision
that residents of Uttarakhand and hill regions of the State are to be still
considered as socially and educationally backward class of citizens for the C
relevant years, then the State must take a prompt decision in this connec·
tion at least three months prior to starting of academic terms for medical
and other educational courses including agricultural education to be
imparted in the Government institutions in the State and such decision
should be properly published in newspapers having wide circulation in the D
concerned regions of the State in this connection. It is obvious that such
a decision has also to be properly and promptly conveyed to ail authorities
concerned with the imparting of education in dirt:erent colleges situated in
the State and who are required to· follow the p9licy of reservation as
. envisaged by the State. Such a decision to be taken by the State in future
years should be uniformly applied to all types of academic education E
courses not merely confined to medical courses conducted at Government
colleges and other institutions covered by the reservation scheme for
admissions. The stand taken by the Government of U.P. in its letter to the
Advocate that no final decision has been taken is unjustified. [493-8-F]
F
D.S. Nakara & Ors. v. UOI, [1983) 2 SCR 165; Superintending En-
gineer, Public Health, U. T. Chandigarh & Ors. v. Ku/deep Singh & Ors., JT
(1997) 2 SC 509; Panchayat Varga Sharmajivi Samudaik Sahakari Khedut
Co-Op. Society & Ors. v. Haribhai Mevabhai & Ors., [1996) 10 SCC 320,
referred to.

4. The Policy ofreservation of 27% in Government Service for socially
and educationally backward classes of citizens as envisaged by the Reser-
vation Act has ensured the benefit of the residents of Uttarakhand and hill
regions on the basis of comparative density of population in the hill regions
· vis-a-vis remaining parts of the State. Therefore, it cannot be said that the H
480 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A said benefit is not available to the residents of this region. [495-F]
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (C) No. 534 of
1996.

(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)
B
Satish Chandra and N.S. Bisht for the Petitioners.

A.B. Rohtagi, (Ms. Madhu Moolchandani and Ms. Sushma Suri)
(N.P.) and R.B. Misra for the Respondents.

c The following Judgement of the Court was delivered by

S.B. MAJMUDAR, J. By an earlier order of this Court dated 5th
May, 1997 this writ petition was ordered to be placed for final disposal.
That is how it has reached final hearing before us. This petition under
D Article 32 of the Constitution of India is moved by way of public interest
litigation by Uttarakhand Jan Morcha through its President and by one
Jagmohan who is resident of Barakhan, Village IRA, situated in Almora
district of U .P. The petition is filed against State of U .P. and Union of
India. It is the case of writ petitioners that in the State of U .P. there are
nine hill districts comprising of Almora, Pithoragarh, Pauri Garhwal,
E Chamoli, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Nainital, Dehradun and Haridwar and that
people of this region, that is Uttarakhand, according to the petitioners, are
judicially recognised as socially and educationally backward classes
citizens. For supporting this conte9tion reliance is placed on two decisions
of this Court in the case of State of Uttar Pradesh v. Pradip Tandon and
F .Ors., [1975] 2 S.C.R. 761 and in the case of Anil Kumar Gupta, etc. v. State
of Uttar Pradesh and Ors., JT (1995) 5 SC 505. It is their contention that
as the residents of Uttarakhand region are recognised as socially and
educationally backward classes they are entitled to the benefit of Articles
15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution of India and that respondent No.
1-State has already taken a policy decision that in Government services as
G well as in educational institutions run by the State, 27 per cent reservation
will be available to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens.
The said submission of the petitioners is based on an earlier Resolution of
1977 of U.P. Government which had been later converted into a statutory
scheme of reservation as per the U.P. Public Services (Reservation For
H Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes) Act,
JAGDISH NEG!, PRESIDENT, tJITARAKHANDJANMORCHA v, STATE[ S.B. MAJMUDAR,J.) 481

1994 (hereinafter referred to as 'Reservation Act'), The petitioners contend A
that despite this statutory policy of reservation adopted by the first respon-
dent- State ..yhich has continued all throughout, the first respondent while
granting reservations for admission in colleges imparting medical education
in State of U.P. treats the residents of Uttarakhand as entitled to be
considered for the benefit of the aforesaid reservation of 27 per cent as B
socially and educationally backward citizens only from year to year and
thus these classes of Citizens are kept guessing as to whether this scheme
of reservation will be continued from time to time or not. The petitioners
contend that this scheme of reservation which has come to stay by the
aforesaid statutory enactment must be treated to be available to the U t-
tarakhand residents not for a limited period but for all the time during C
which reservation policy reflected by the statutory provisions of the Reser-
vation Act remained in force. They further contend that so far as admis-
sions to agricultural colleges are concerned even this benefit of the reser-
vation is not being granted by the first respondent-State to Uttarakhand
residents. This amounts to clear act of discrimination on their part. It is D
also contended that aforesaid statutory scheme of reservation is not made
available to U ttarakhand residents even in Government services, though
such benefit necessarily flows from the statutory scheme of reservation as
per the aforesaid Reservation Act. For ventilating these grievances the
aforesaid petition is moved for enforcement of the fundamental rights of
the resid('11ts of Uttarakhand as flowing from Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of E
the Constitution of India. The diverse reliefs have been prayed for as
under:

(a) to include the entire people of Uttarakhand and hill areas of
U.P., comprising the districts of Almora, Pithoragarh, Pauri Garhwal, F
Chamoli, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Nainital, Dehradun and Haridwar in the list of
O.B.C. for the purposes of reservation in services, and admission in
educational, technical and medical institutions.

(b) to keep in abeyance all orders, notifications and ordinances
issued for reservation of O.B.C. in Uttarakhand and hill areas of U.P. G
subject to the decision of the Apex Court.

(c) to make special provision under Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of the
Constitution to ensure exemption of tuition fees, free supply of books and
uniforms, mid-day meals, special hostel facilities and stipends for the H
482 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A students of Uttarakhand irrespective of caste and creed, for their
educational development.

(d) to make sufficient prov1s1on for the social educational and
economic upliftment of Uttarakhand and to create sufficient job oppor-
tunities by proper exploitation of natural resources of the region.
B
This petition is sought to be resisted on behalf of the State. A counter
affidavit in this connection has been filed by one Shri C.K. Tewary, Special
Secretary, Uttarakhand Vikas Vibhag, U.P. Government, Lucknow. We
shall refer to the relevant averments found in this counter affidavit at an
C appropriate place in the latter part of this judgment.

During the hearing of this writ petition at ·an earlier stage a
submission was made on behalf of the first respondent-State that the U.P.
Government had issued a notification declaring that residents of the hill
D areas will be treated as socially and educationally backward classes citizens
for admissions to medical colleges in the State for enabling them to get
requisite reservation as per Article 15(4) of the Constitution of India. The
parties' counsel were, therefore, directed to produce copies for the said
notification by an order of this Court dated 10.11.95. Thereafter the matter
E stood adjourned from time to time and ultimately learned senior counsel
for the petitioners submitted before this Court on 18.11.96 that two
notifications had been issued by the first respondent-State on 6.11.95 and
17.11.95 in this connection. We will refer to these notifications later on.
Relying on these notifications an apprehension was voiced by Shri Satish
Chandra, learned senior counsel for the petitioners, that the orders
F contained in the Government notification of 17th November 1995,
including the residents of hill areas of U ttarakhand in the category of
socially and educationally backward classes citizens would be confined only
to one year, that is, 1995. There were no express words in the Government
order to continue the reservation on a long term basis. On this
G apprehension of Shri Satish Chandra, learned senior counsel for the
petitioners, Mr. A.B. Rohtagi, learned senior counsel for the respondent
sought some time for getting appropriate clarification from the State. The ·\ ·
said clarification was brought on record by additional affidavit on behalf
of the State filed by Deepak Rai Vijh, Joint Secretary, Uttranchal Vikas
H Vibhag, Secretariat, Lucknow, U .P. By the said affidavit it was clarified
JAG DISH N5GI, PRESIDENT, lJITARAKHAND JANMORCHA ».STATE [ S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.J 483

that the Government Order dated 17.11.95 regarding reservation for A
Uttarakhand residents for admissions to medical colleges was to continue
to remain in force for subsequent years for the combined Pre-Medical Test,
i.e., for the years 1996 and 1997. As regard Government Order dated
6.11.95 it was submitted that reservation provision for agricultural ·courses
was under consideration. B
It is in the light of the aforesaid developments pending this petition
that the main grievances put forward by learned senior counsel Shri Salish
Chandra for the petitioners will have to be examined. We may note that
though various prayers (a) to (d) are put forward in the petition, only
prayer (a) was pressed for our consideration. In this connection learned C
senior counsel for the petitioners raised the following three contentions for
our consideration :

1. Despite there being a clear cut statutory scheme of reservation
adopted by the first respondent-State pursuant to the Reservation Act, so D
far as residents of Uttarakhand are concerned though they are being
treated as socially and educationally backward citizens, reservations for
them in medical colleges in the State of U.P. are being continued from year
to year and that the said acti_on of the respondent-State is totally arbitrary
and unconstitutional. Consequently the first respondent should be directed E
to make available the scheme of reservation for Uttarakhand residents
without any time limit so long as statutory scheme of 27 per cent
reservation for socially and educationally backward class of citizens as per
the Reservation Act continues to operate in the State.

2. Even though residents of Uttarakhand, as held by this Court, are F
to be treated socially and educationally backward citizen, so far as admis-
sions in agricultural courses are concerned that benefit is not being ex-
tended to them, though the same class of citizens is granted such benefit
periodically, that is, from year to year so far as admissions in medical
courses are concerned and that this act on the part of the State is highly G
discriminatory and unreasonable and is also unconstitutional.

3. Despite the operative statutory scheme of reservation as per the
· ·Reservation Act, benefit of 27 per cent reservation for socially and
educationally backward of citizens is not made available to resident of
Uttarakhand so far as Government services are concerned. The said act of H
484 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the first respondent amounts to denial of equal opportunity to this class of
citizens and is, therefore, unconstitutional.

Learned senior counsel for the first respondent-State Shri Rohtagi
on the other hand tried to resist these contentions and submitted that the
B statutory scheme of 27 per cent reservation for socially and educationally
backward class of citizens is available to the whole class of citizens of U .P.
whether they are residing in plains or in hills of Uttarakhand region and
that it is true that the State has treated residents of Uttarakhand as socially
and educationally backward class of citizens pursuant to the decisions of
this Court, but the residents of Uttarakhand cannot be treated to be
C socially and educationally backward for all times to come. However so long
as they are so treated by the State the benefit of 27 per cent reservation
will be available to them along with their counterparts residing in the
plains. That it has been decided by a Constitution Bench of this Court in
Indra Sawhney and Others v. Union of India and Others, [1992] Supp. 3 SCC
D 217 that policy of reservation has to be operated yearwise and there cannot
be any such policy in perpetuity. Therefore, the eligibility of residents of
Uttarakhand for being treated as socially and educationally backward class
of citizens can be reviewed by the State from year to year and that upto
year 1997 residents of Uttarakhand have been treated by the State of U .P.
as socially and educationally backward class of citizens who would be
E entitled to be included in the category of citizens to whom 27 per cent
reservation is available so far as medical education is concerned. However,
for admission to agricultural courses the State is going to decide shortly as
to whether that benefit should be made available to the Uttarakhand
residents. It is also submitted that for Government services also benefits of
p reservation of 27 per cent is uniformly made available to all the citizens of
the State of U.P. who may fall within the class of socially and educationally
backward citizens. So far as Uttarakhand residents are concerned even
thought they may fall in the same class they cannot be given entire 27 per
cent of reservation. Reservation to be given to them wholly depends upon
the proportion:tte percentage of population residing in Uttarakhand areas
G as compared to their counterparts residing in plains. Mr. Rohtagi, however,
made it clear that if any resident of Uttarakhand satisfies the requirement
of being treated as socially and educationally backward citizen he would
naturally be entitled to be considered for reservation in the quota of 27 per
cent reservation for socially and educationally backward class of citizens
H residing in U .P. and that such benefit is already available to all such
JAGDISH NEG!, PRESIDENT, l!ITARAKHANDJANMORCHA '·STATE[ S.B. MAJMUDAR,J.) 485

similarly situated citizens in the State and hence the grievance of the A
petitioners that they are being discriminated against is mere imaginary than
real.

.··
In the light of the aforesaid rival submissions we now proceed to deal .
with triple contentions raised by learned senior counsel for the petitioners
Shri Satish Chandra. B

Contention No. 1

As we have noticed earlier during the pendency of this writ petition
it has transpired that the first respondent has not only continued the
statutory scheme of reservation of 27 per cent for educationally and socially c
backward class of citizens of U .P. as per the Reservation Act, but Govern·
ment Orders have also been issued from time to time from 1995 to 1997
clearly indicating that residents of U ttarakhand region are being treated as
socially and educationally backward class of citizen presumably in the light
of two decisions of this Court to which we will make a reference shortly. D
Secretary, Government of U.P., Ramesh Yadav, by communication dated
6th November, 1995 addressed to Vice Chancellor, G.B. Pant Agricultural
•
& Technological University, Pant Nagar, has observed that 'the Hon'ble
High Court on the basis of State of U.P. v. Pradip Tandon, AIR (1975) SC
563 has held that the residents of Uttarakhand be treated as socially and
E
educationally backward classes of citizens and in the background of the
abovementioned judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme Court and High Court
the Government of U .P. after proper and due consideration, has decided
that all residents of U ttarakhand exciuding scheduled caste and scheduled
tribe who are already covered by reserve quota; will be added to the list
of other backward classes for the purpose of reservation. Accordingly in F
view of the all India status of your university you are directed to admit ail
non-scheduled caste and non-schedule tribe candidates of Uttarakhand,
within the quota fixed for backward classes on merit, alongwith the can-
didates of other dis~ricts which will not exceed 27 per cent'.

As the aforesaid policy decision of the first respondent-State com- G
municated to the Vice Chancellor was based on the decision of this Court
rendered almost two decades back in State of U.P. v. Prridip Tandon & Ors.
(supra) it will be profitable at this stage to refer to that decision. In the
said case a Bench of three learned Judges of this Court had to consider
whether the scheme of reservation of seats in medical colleges in favour of H
486 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A hill and Uttarakhand areas of State of U.P. was sustainable as per Article
15(1)(4) and Article 29(2) of the Constitution of India. Upholding the said
scheme on 19th November 1974 this Court speaking through Chief Justice
Ray observed as under : ·

"The hill and Uttarakhand areas in Uttar Pradesh are instance of
B socially and educationally backward classes of citizens for these
reasons. Backwardness is judged by economic basis that each
region has its own measurable possibilities for the maintenance of
human numbers, standards of living and fixed property. From an
economic point of view the classes of citizens are backward when
c they do not make effective use of resources. When large areas of
land maintain a sparse, disorderly and illiterate population whose
property is small and negligible the element of special backward-
ness is observed. When effective territorial specialisation is not
possible in the absence of means of communication and technical
processes as in the hill and Uttarakhand areas the people (residing
D there sic) are socially backward classes of citizens. Neglected
• opportunities and people in remote places raise walls of social
backwardness of people.

Educational backwardness is ascertained with reference to
these factors. Where people have traditional apathy for education
E on account of social and environmental conditions or occupational
handicaps, it is an illustration of educational backwardness. The
hill and Uttrakhand areas are inaccessible. There is lack of educa-
tional institutions and educational aids. People in the hill and
Uttarakhand areas illustrate the educationally backward classes of
F citizens because lack of educational facilities keep them stagnant
and they have neither meaning and values nor awareness for
education."

It is, therefore, obvious that residents of hills and Uttarakhand areas
were treated as socially and educationally backward classes of citizens
G entitled to benefit under Articles 15(1), 15(4) and 29(2) of the Constitu-
tion in the year 1974 when this Court decided that case. But simply on this
basis it cannot be urged that this class of citizens could be condemned as
socially and educationally backward class of citizens till eternity, however,
much they may like to be stigmatized as educationally and socially back-
H ward class of citizens. This class is always required to be judged in the light
JAG DISH NEG!, PRES!DENf, UTIARAKHAND JANMORCHA v. STAIB [ S.B. MAJMUDAR, J. I 487

of the existing-fact situation at a given point of time. There cannot be a A
class of citizens which can be treated perpetually to be a socially and
educationally backward class of citizens Every citizen has right to develop
socially and educationally. We must, therefore, hold that the aforesaid
decision of this Court ruled that residents of Uttarakhand and hill areas .of
State of U.P. in 1974, when the matter was decided, formed a socially and B
educationally backward class of citizens. Consequently, they would be
automatically entitled at that point of time to any existing scheme of
reservation promulgated by the State for socially and educationally back-
ward classes of its citizens. Mr. Rohtagi, learned senior counsel for respon-
dent No. 1, was right when he contended that such backwardness cannot
continue indefinitely and the State is entitled to review the situation from C
time to time.
,•

However, this does not advance the case of first respondent- State
on the facts established on record. We have noted earlier that as late as in
1995 the first respondent-State took a policy decision in its wisdom, even D
after the expiry of two decades since the decision of this Court in Pradip ·
Ta11do11'.i case (supra) was rendered, that the residents of Uttarakhand and
hill region were still required to be treated as socially and educationally
backward class of citizens as clearly reflected by the letter of Shri Ramesh
Yadav, Secretary, Government of U.P. Even thereafter till 1997 that is
current year the fust respondent has treated the residents of Uttarakhand E
and hill region as socially and educationally backward classes of citizens.
The said decision of the first respondent-State is reflected by the com-
munication dated 27th February, 1996 addressed by Secretary to the Direc-
tor General, Medical Education and Training, U.P. Lucknow. The said
communication relied upon the judgment of this Court rendered in the case F
of A11il Kumar Gupta v. Government of U.P. (supra). As we will see
hereinafter, in the said decision this Court endorsed the earlier view of this
Court in Pradip Ta11do11's case (supra) that Uttarakhand residents were
socially and educationally backward class of citizens. The relevant recitals
in the said communication read as under :
G
"2. I am also directed to state that Hon'ble Supreme Court in their
observation made in writ No. Civil 276/1995 (copy attached), Civil
No. 326/95 Anil Kumar Gupta etc. v. Govemment of U.P. etc., has
directed that the Horizontal Reservation be compartmentalised i.e.
number of reserved seats for the Test for each reserved category H
488 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A of SC/ST/BC General be mentioned in the Brochure.

3. The Government has also decided that for the Horizontal
Reservation of each category, the nupiber of seats be compartmen-
talised as under :

B Scheduled Caste - 21 percent

Scheduled Tribe - 02 percent

Other Backward Classes - 27 Percent

c General Category - 50 percent.

The total seats be divided and mentioned as above for CPMT
1996 Brochure for the necessary action."

The very same Secretary to Government of U.P. has reiterated the
D same policy being continued for the year 1997 as per the communication
dated 8.1.97 addressed to Director General of Medical Education and
Training, U.P. Lucknow. The pertinent recitals read as under :

"In continuation to G.O. No. 5198 Sec. 14-/Five- 96-26/96 dated
19.12.96, I am directed to state that order was issued regarding
E
providing reservation to various categories for C.P.M.T. 1996 vide
G.O. No. 1067/Sec.-14/Five-96-111/93 T.C. dated 27.2.96. The
Govt. has after due consideration, decided to enforce the above
provision in CPMT 1997 also."

F It becomes obvious that the aforesaid recitals found in the letters
dated 27.2.96 and 8.1.97 clearly indicate that the first respondent-State
relying on the decision of this Court in A.K. Gupta's case (supra) has
continued reservation of 27 per cent for Other Backward Classes including
residents of hill and Uttarakhand areas, for the years 1996 and 1997 so far
G as admissions to medical courses were concerned.

It is useful at this stage to refer to the decision of this Court in Anil
Kumar Gupta's case (supra). In the said decision a Bench of two learned
Judges of this Court speaking through B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J., relying upon
the decision of this Court in State of U.P. v. Pradip Tandon (supra) as well
H as Constitution Bench decision in Indra Sawhney and Others (supra) reaf-
JAGDISH NEG!, PRESIDENT, lJITARAKHANDJANMORCHA '·STATE[ S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.) 489

firmed the position in para 9 of the report to the effect that residents of A
hill areas aud Uttranchal in State of U.P. were covered by the scheme of
reservation as per Article 15(4) of Constitution of India, that is, they were
entitled to the reservation as socially and educationally backward classes
of citizens. But this reservation available to them would be under the quota
of 27 per cent reservation for socially and educationally backward classes B
of citizens and they could not get additional benefit of reservation under
Article 15(1) as wrongly assumed by the State in their favour.

A conjoint reading of the decision in A.K Gupta (supra) and the
letters dated 27 .2.96 and 8.1.97 of Secretary as noted earlier leaves no room
for doubt that according to the first respondent-State the residents of hill C
areas arid Uttarakhand in State of U.P. were entitled to be treated as
socially and educationally backward class of citizens and were accordingly
entitled to be considered for reservation of seats in medical colleges against
27 per cent reservation quota available to that class of citizens. Once that
conclusion is reached the first contention of learned senior counsel for the D
petitioners loses much of its efficacy as till the current year, according to
the first respondent-state, residents of Uttarakhand region and hill areas
are being treated as socially and educationally backward classes of citizens
who would obviously be entitled to be considered along with other citizens
falling in this class towards grant of 27 per cent reservation in medical E
colleges.

It is, however not possible to agree with the contention of learned
senior counsel for the petitioners that such reservation should continue
without any limitation or there cannot be periodical review about the said
reservation policy. It is true as per the statutory scheme of reservation as
F
envisaged by the Reservation Act, 27 per cent reservation for educationally
and socially backward classes of citizens in the State of U.P. in all
Government services and educational institutions has to be continued so
long as this statutory scheme of reservation continues in the State. But that
does not solve the problem for the petitioners for ail times to come. It is G
true that from 1974 onward till today residents of Uttarakhand hills region
are being treated by the State of U.P. as socially and educationally
backward class of citizens for the purpose of being considered eligt'ble for
consideration towards 27 per cent reservation. But only on that score, it
cannot be predicated that in future they may not cease to be socially and H
490 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A educationally backward. Once at any further point of time they cease to be
so they will obviously go out of the umbrella of 27% reservation available
to the remaining socially and educationally backward classes of citizens in
the State of U.P. Therefore, even though the statutory scheme for 27%
reservation envisaged by the Reservation Act may continue to cover
B socially and educationally backward category of citizens in State of U .P .,
Uttarakhand residents may cease to be treated as socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens in future, if relevant data is available in that
connection by that time. We, therefore, cannot bind down the first
respondent-State to treat Uttarakhand residents as socially and
C educationally backward classes of citizens for all times to come. Even
learned senior counsel Shri Satish Chanqra also agreed that such a
situation cannot be countenanced. But in his submission once the statutory
scheme of 27 per cent reservation for socially and educationally backward
classes of citizens continues, Uttarakhand residents must be made available
D the umbrella of that reservation which sh01,ild run parallel to and be
coterminous with the reservation scheme available under the Reservation
Act to the extent of 27 per cent reservation for socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens. It is not possible to agree with this contention.
Reason is obvious. The statutory scheme of reservation of 27 per cent for
socially and educationally backward classes of citizens may continue
E indefinitely till the Reservation Act continues to operate. Still a given
category of citizens which may form a part and parcel of that class of
citizens, namely, socially and educationally backward classes of citizens
as on date may in future cease to belong to that class. Consequently the
question whether a given category of citizens continues to be socially and
F educationally backward class of citizens at a given point of time or not has
to be left to the State concerned for its objective decision from time to
time. The State cannot be bound in perpetuity to treat such classes of
citizens for all times as socially and educationally backward classes of
citizens. The principle of 'once a mortgage always a mortgage' cannot be
G pressed in service for submitting that once a backward class of citizens,
always such a backward class. In other words it is open to the State to
review the situation from time to time and to decide whether a given class
of citizens that has earned the benefit of 27 per cent reservation as socially ·
and educationally backward class of citizens has continued to form as part
H of that category or has ceased to fall in that category. Thereby it cannot be
JAGD!SH NEG!, PRESIDENT, UTIARAKHANDJANMORCHA '·STAIB ( S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.) 491

said that the first respondent is adopting a policy which is contrary to the A
constitutional scheme of reservation. Within four corners of Article 15(4)
or 16(4) such an exercise cannot said to be unauthorised. Such an exercise
has been upheld by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Indra Sawhney
and Others v. Union of India and Others (supra). In the said decision at
page 559 in concurring judgment Sawant, J. in para 531 observed as under: B
"The validity of the percentage of reservation for backward classes
would depend upon the size of the backward classes in question.
So long as it is not so excessive as to virtually obliterate the claims
of others under Clau&e 16(1), it is not open to challenge. However,
it is not necessary, and Article'16(4) does not suggest, that the C
percentage of reservation should be in proportion to the percent-
age of the population of the backward classes to the total popula-
tion. The only guideline laid down by Article 16(4), as pointed out
elsewhere, is the adequacy of representation in the services. Within
the said limits, it is in the discretion of the State to keep the D
reservations at reasonable level by taking into consideration all
legitimate claims and the relevant factors. In this connection, the
law laid down directly on the subject in the following decisions is
worth recounting."
E
At para 814 at page 736-737 in the main majority decisicn B.P. Jeevan
Reddy, J., indicated the legal position as under :

".... It must be remembered that the equality of opportunity guaran-
teed by clause (1) is to each individual citizen of the country while F
clause (4) contemplates special provisions being made in favour of
socially disadvantaged classes. Both must be balanced against each
other. Neither should be allowed to eclipse the other. For the
above reason, we hold that for the purpose of applying the rule of
50% a year should be taken as the unit and not the entire strength
of the cadre, service or the unit, as the case may be." G

The first respondent is, therefore, bound to act and is entitled to act as per
the modalities for the scheme of reservation as envisaged by the Constitu-
tion Bench judgment of this Court. The first contention of learned senior
counsel for the petitioners, therefore, has to be decided by holding that the H
492 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A first respondent is bound to treat the residents of U ttarakhand and hill
areas as socially and educationally backward class of citizens all throughout
from 1974 till date, in the light of its own policy decision reflected by the
above referred communications issued by the Secretary of the U .P. State
from time to time. However it is open to the first respondent to review the
B situation from time to time and to take its own policy decision in the light
of relevant material available to it in future as to whether residents of
Uttarakhand and hill region have continued to remain socially and educa-
tionally backward class of citizens for earning the statutory benefit of 27%
reservation envisaged by the Reservation Act or have ceased to belong to
that reserved category of citizens. Such an exercise is perfectly legitimate
C and permissible to the first respt!ltdent and hence it is not possible to agree
with the learned senior counsel for the petitioners that reservation for
citizens of hill regions must be made available to them without any limita-
tion of time so long as Reservation Act remains on the Statute Book. The
first contention is decided accordingly.
D
Contention No. 2

So far as this contention is concerned, learned senior counsel for the
petitioners was right when he submitted that when the first respondent
itself decided that for the year 1997 the residents of hills and Uttarakhand
E areas were to be considered as socially and educationally backward class
of citizens and, therefore, they were to be considered towards 27 per cent
reservation available to such class of citizens, while considering their claim
for admissions to medical colleges in the State, it is difficult to appreciate
how for the very same class of citizens this benefit of reservation was no\
F made available when students coming from that regions were to be con-
sidered for admission to agricultural colleges. Learned senior counsel for
the State could not successfully controvert this contention. It is obvious that
when the State itself in its wisdom has considered residents of the aforesaid
areas as socially and educationally backward for being included for con-
sideration towards 27 per cent reservation available to that class for admis-
G sion in medical college, afortiori they have to be considered eligible for
being included in this said quota of reservation of 27 per cent, while
.considering their claims for admission to agricultural colleges. The stand
of the respondent- State that it is still considermg their claims for such
reservation to agricultural college for the year 1997, to say the least, is
H totally inconsistent and nothing short of being treated as arbitrary and
JAGDISH NEG!, PRESIDENT, UTIARAKHANDJANMORCHA '·STATE [ S.8. MAJMUDAR,J.J 493

illegal. However, this conclusion of ours cannot give any substantial benefit A
to the petitioners as the admissions to agricultural colleges for current year
are already finalised. All that we can direct is to the effect that if in future
for the year 1998 onwards, State takes a decision that residents of Uttarak-
hand and hill regions of the State are to be still considered as socially and
educationally backward class of citizens for these relevant years, then for B
the. academic year concerned the State must take a prompt decision in this
connection at least three months prior to starting of academic terms for
medical and other educational courses including agricultural education to
be imparted in the Government institutions in the State and such decision
should be properly published in newspapers having wide circulation in the C
concerned regions of the State so that residents staying in those regions
can know well in advance about the approved policy of the State in this
connection. It is obvious that such a decision has also to be properly and
promptly conveyed to all authorities, concerned with the imparting of
education in different colleges situated in the State and who are required
to follow the Policy of reservation as envisaged by the State. Such a decision D
to be taken by the State in fu~ure years should be uniformly applied to all
types of academic education courses not merely confined to medical cour-
ses conducted at Government colleges and other institutions covered by
the reservation scheme for admissions. Under these circumstances no
useful purpose can now be served in voiding the decision reflected in the E
letter dated 24th July, 1997 of Shri Jagan Nath Tewari, Under Secretary,
Government of U.P. addressed to Shri R.B. Mishra, Advocate-on-Record,
Supreme Court of India, to the effect that the matter is still under
consideration and no final decision has yet been taken in connection with
reservation facilities to be provided to residents of Uttarakhand in various F
educational courses of Pant Nagar Agriculture University to be extended
for the year 1996-1997. We, however, hold that the aforesaid stand taken
in this letter was clearly unjustified once the State decided to treat residents
of Uttarakhand and hill"region as socially and educationally backward class
of citizens for getting the benefit of being included in quota of 27 per cent
reservation in medical colleges for the year 1997. The second contention, G
therefore, is found to be well sustained, though it cannot result in further
directions to the State for the current year 1996-97. It stands accepted to
the limited extend, by directing the first respondent-State to regulate its
future course of action for years 1997-98 onwards as indicated
hereinabove. H
494 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Before parting with the discussion on this contention we may refer
to decisions of this Court to which our attention was invited by the learned
senior counsel for the petitioners. D.S. Nakara & Others v. Union of India,
[1983] 2 SCR 165; Superintending Engineer, Public Health, U. T. Chandigarh
& Ors. v. Ku/deep Singh & Ors., JT (1997) 2 SC 509 and Panchayat V12J8a
B Sharmajivi Samudaik Sahakari Khedut Coop. Society and Others v. Haribhai
Mevabhai and Others, [1996] 10 SCC 320 were pressed in service by Shri
Satish Chandra, learned senior counsel, for submitting that grant of
reservation under Article 15(4) and 16(4) was a constitutional obligation
of the State and it was a power coupled with duty. Reference made by him
C to these judgment is not strictly relevant in the present context as the first
respondent-State itself has already discharged its constitutional obligation
by enacting the Reservation Act and by promulgating the policy of
reservation for socially and educationally backward citizens of Uttarakhand
by affording them the right of inclusion towards 27 per cent reservation
quota upto 1997. Consequently, it is not necessary for us to examine the
D wider question as to whether the State will be bound to follow any policy
of reservation if it finds that it is not necessary to follow the' same in a given
set of circumstances and whether such a policy cannot be enforced against
the State by a court or law.

E Contention No. 3
So far as this contention is concerned learned senior counsel for the
first respondent-State made it clear to us that the State of U.P. has
sonsidered the claim of residents of Uttarakhand for being included in the
F category of socially and educationally backward class of citizen while
computing 27 per cent reservation for such class of citizens even in
Government services. He has invited our attention in this connection to
paragraph 11 of the counter affidavit of behalf of the State of U.P. filed by
Shri C.K. Tewary, Special Secretary, Uttarakhand Vikas Vibhag, U.P. It
has been recited therein that 'it is noteworthy that the population of
G hill/Uttarakhand area is approximately 4% of the total population of Uttar
Pradesh. As against this, the representation of residents of
hill/Uttarakhand area in various important service is mentioned in sub-para
(a) to (i) of the said paragraph'. He further stated that 'it is noteworthy
that the Hon'ble Supreme Court in its landmark judgment in the Indra
H Sawhney case has stipulated 27% reservation as adequate representation
JAGDISH NEGI, PRESIDENT, lTITARAKHAND JANMORCHA v. SfATE [ S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.) 495

for other backward classes, which constitutes 52% of the total population A
of the Country. Thus, using the same logic around 2% representation in
the State services would be adequate representation for people belonging
to hill/Uttarakhand area, since the population for this area is 4% of the
total population of the State. It can be seen from the details given above
that in all services mentioned above, the representation of people from B
hill/Uttarakhand area is more than 2% and in most cases is much above
4%. In some services, in fact, the representation of hill/Uttarakhand area
is more than double the percentage of their population to the total
population of the State'.

Relying on the aforesaid assertion it was submitted by learned senior C
counsel for the first respondent-State that towards the 27 per cent reser-
vation in Government services available to socially and educationally back-
ward classes of citizens in State of U.P., the resident of hill and Uttarak-
hand region also are included. The whole State has been taken as a unit
and on the basis of the comparative density of population in the hill D
regions vis-a-vis remaining parts of the appropriate and proportionate
reservation out of 27 per ce"nt quota is made available to socially and
educationally backward residents of hill areas and Uttarakhand areas.
Therefore, the policy of the reservation even so far as Government services
are concerned is also made available to the residents of this area by treating E
them as socially and educationally backward classes of citizens. In view of
aforesaid stand taken by the learned senior counsel for the respondent,
which could not be factually controverted by the petitioners, it becomes
obvious that the policy of reservation of 27 per cent for socially and
educationally backward classes .of citizens as envisaged by the Reservation
Act has enured for the benefit of the residents of Uttarakhand and hill F
regions also. Therefore, it cannot be said that the said benefit is not
available to the residents .of this region as erroneously assumed by the
learned senior counsel for the petitioners. The third contention is not well
sustained factually and, therefore, has to be rejected.

As a result of the aforesaid discussion it must be held that except G
contention No. 2, learned senior counsel for the petitioners has not been
able to sustain any of the other contentions raised in support of the petition
and so far as Contention No. 2 is concerned, as discussed earlier, the only
limited relief which could be given to the petitioners is as indicated while
considering the said contention. H
496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A In the result this petition stands partly allowed in aforesaid terms,
namely, that if the residents of Uttarakhand and hill region are to be
treated as a socially and educationally backward class of citizens for a given
year, in future, such decision should be taken by the State well in advance
and should be published at appropriate time as indicated by us while
B deciding Contention No. 2, hereinabove. There will be no orders as to
costs.

V.M. Petition partly allowed.

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