Holding

The adoption was invalid for lack of the first wife's consent and the will was not proved due to improper attestation; the High Court exceeded its jurisdiction, so the appeal was allowed.

Summary

The plaintiffs, the first wife Kashi Bai and her daughter Sunita, sued for a half share in the property of their deceased husband Lachiram, alleging he was the sole owner at his death. The defendants, the second wife Parwati Bai, her daughter Meena and grandson Purshottam, contended that Lachiram had adopted Purshottam by a registered deed and executed a will bequeathing the property to him. The trial court found that the adoption was invalid because the first wife had not consented, contrary to Section 7 of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, and that the will was not properly attested as required by Section 68 of the Evidence Act and Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, thus ruling in favour of the plaintiffs; the first appellate court affirmed. The High Court reversed these findings, holding the adoption and will proved, but the Supreme Court held that the High Court had no jurisdiction to re‑appraise facts on a second appeal under Section 100 of the CPC and that the adoption and will were legally defective. Consequently, the Supreme Court allowed the appeal, set aside the High Court judgment and restored the trial court decree.

Issues considered

Whether an adoption under the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 is valid without the consent of a living wife.
Whether a deed of will is validly executed and attested under Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 and Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
Whether the High Court had jurisdiction to interfere with findings of fact on a second appeal under Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
Whether a substantial question of law was involved warranting the High Court's intervention.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. 100(1), s. 100(4)
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956s. 7
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 68
Indian Succession Act, 1925s. 63
Transfer of Property Act, 1882s. 3

Subjects

adoptionwillattestationproof of executionsecond appealjurisdictionSection 7Section 68civil partitionHindu lawevidence law

Judgment

...
KASHIBAI W/O LACHIRAM AND ANR. A
v.
PARWATIBAI W/0 LACHIRAM AND ANR.

SEPTEMBER 25, 1995

IN.P. SINGH AND FAIZAN UDDIN, JJ.] B
•
Hindu Adoption and Mailllenance Ac4 1956:

Section 7--Adoption of second wife's son--Absence of consellt of livi11g
wife--Validity of-Held: adoptio11 i11va/id.
c
Evide11ce Act, 1872:

Section 68--Will-Proof of due execution of-Attestatio11--Witlwut at-
testation execution of deed of Will 11ot proved.

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: D

Sectio11 100(4)-'-Second Appeal-Power of High Cowt--Cannot reap-
preciate the evidence and inteifere with the concunmt finding of facts of
courts below without even fommlating any questio11 of law has 110 j111isdictio11
to e11te1tain second appeal on ground of en-011eous finding of fact, based on E
appreciation of relevant evidence.

Words and Phrases : ''Attestation''-Meaning of-In the co11teJ.t of
Section 3 of the Transfer of Prope1ty Act, 1882.

The appellants tiled a suit in the Trial Court claiming half share in
the property lert behind by L, being his legal heirs. The respondents
F
contested the suit on the ground that L had adopted his grandson by a
registered Deed of Adoption and also executed the Deed of Will bequeath-
ing his property to him and that the appellants had no right over his
property.
G
The Trial Court found that the respondents failed to prove the
execution of the Deed of adoption and the Deed of Will and allowei) the
suit which was allirmed by the first Appellate Court. The respondenl'
filed an appeal before the High Court which was allowed.

Aggrieved by the High Court's Judgment the appellants had H
63
64 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 4 S.C.R. .,,
A preferred the present appeal.

On behalf of the appellants it was contended that the question of
proof of the Deed of Adoption and the Deed of Will was a pure finding of
fact; that the High Court" was not justified in interfering with the finding
of fact arrived at by the two Courts below in exercise of the power under
8 Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908; and that the High Court
was not justified in substituting its own views for those of the lower courts.

Allowing the appeal, this Court,

HELD: 1.1. Section 7 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act,
c 1956 provides that any male Hindu who is of sound mind and is not a
minor has the capacity to take a son or a daughter in adoption. It provides
that if he has a wife living, he shall not adopt except with the consent of
his wife. In the present case as seen from the evidence discussed by the
Trial Court it is abundantly clear that the appellant, the first wife of
D deceased L, had declined to give consent for the said adoption and,
therefore, the plea of alleged adoption advanced by the respondents was
clearly hit by the provisions of Section 7 and the adoption can not be said <
to be a valid adoption. (69-A-R]

1.2. Section 68 of the Evidence Act, 1872 relates to the proof of
E execution of document required by law to be attested. A Deed of Will is oue
of such documents which necessarily require by law to be attested. Section
68 of the Evidence Act contemplates that if a document is required by law
to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one attesting witness
atleast has been called for the purpose of proving its execution, if there be
F an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process of the Court and
capable of giving evidence. A reading of Section 68 will show that "attesta-
tion11 and "execution 11 are two different acts one following the other. There
can be no valid execution of a document which under the law is required
to be attested without the proof of its due attestation and if due attestation
G is also not proved, the fact of execution is of no avail. (69-D-E]

2.1. Having regard to the definition of the expression "attested" as i
contained in Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 an attesting
witness is a person who in the presence of an execution of a document puts
I
H
his signature or mark after he has either seen the execution himself or
someone on direction of the execution has put his signature or affixed his

'
I
1
KASHIBAI v. PARWATIBAI 65

mark on the document so required to be attested or after he has· received A
from the executant a personal ackncnvledgment of his signature or mark
or the signature or mark of such other person. (70-D]

2.2. In the present case the Trial Court after a close scrutiny and
analysis of the evidence of the respondents who are witnesses to the Will B
recorded the finding that none of them deposed that L had signed the said
Will before them and they had attested it. None oftbem even deposed as to
when the talk about the execution of Will was held. In the absence of such
evidence it is difficult to accept that the execution of the alleged Will was
proved in accordance with law as required by Section 68 of the Evidence
Act and Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act. It may be true that law C
does not emphasise that the witness must use the language of the Section
to prove the requisite merits thereof but it is also not permissible to assume
something which is required by law to be specifically proved. (70-E-G]

3.1. It may not be out of place to mention that Sub· section .(1) of D.
Section 100 of the Code. of Civil Procedure,1908 explicitly provides that an
appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed "in appeal by
any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied that
the case involves a substantial question of law. Sub-section (4) of Section
100 provides that when the High Court is satisfied that a substantial
question of law is involved in any case it shall formulate that question. But E
surprisingly enough the High Court seems to have ignored these provisions
and proposed to reappreciate the evidence and interfere with the findings
of fact without even formulating any question of law. It has been the con·
sistent view of this Court that there is no Jnrisdiction to entertain a second
appeal on the ground of erroneous finding of fact, based on appreciation
of' the relevant evidence. Having regard to all the facts and circumstances F
of the present case, there was no justification for the High Court to interfere
with the well reasoned findings of the two Courts below. (71-D-F]

CIVIL APPELLATE .JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 9100 of
1995. G

From the .Judgment and Order dated 5.2.92 of the Bombay High
Court in S.A. No. 682 of 1981.

A.M. Khanwilkar for the Appellants. H
66 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A Dr. Rajeev B. Masodkar and K.L. Taneja for the Respondents

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

FAIZAN UDDIN, J. 1. Leave granted.

B 2. This appeal at the instance of the plaintiffs has been directed
against the judgment and decree dated 5.2.1992 passed by the High Court
of Bombay in Second Appeal No. 682/1981 reversing the judgment and
decree of the two Courts below passed in favour of the plaintiffs appellants ~
herein. The appellants herein shall be described as plaintiffs and the
respondents as defendants hereinafter for the sake of convenience.
c
3. The following family tree will indicate the inter se relationship of
the parties to the suit out of which the present appeal arises.

Lachi Ram (Dead)

D Kashi Bai (first wife) Parwati Bai (second wife)
plaintiff/appellant No. 1 defendant/respondent No. 1
Sunita Bai (daughter from Kashi Meena Bai (daughter from Parwati
Bai) Plaintiff/appellant No. 2 Bai) defendant/respondent No. 2
Purshottam (son of Meena Bai)
E
defendant/respondent No. 3

4. As would be clear from the family tree the plaintiff No. 1 and
defendant No. 1 are the two widows of deceased Lachiram while the
plaintiff No. 2 is the daughter of Lachiram from his first wife, Kashi Bai
F and the defendant No. 2 Mcena Bai is his daughter from his second wife,
Parwati Bai. The defendant No. 3, Purshottam is the son of defendant No.
2, Meena and grand-son of Late Lachiram. The Plaintiffs brought this suit
for separate possession by partition of a double storey house, open plot
and some agricultural lands as described in the plaint, situated at village
Eklara, Taluka Mukhed. The plaintiffs claimed half share in the suit
G properties being the legal heirs of deceased Lachiram. It was alleged by
the plaintiffs that Lachiram during his life time had given survey Nos. 171/1,
160 and 159/3 to the plaintiff No. 1 towards her maintenance in addition
to a portion of suit house and placed the plaintiff No. 1 in possession
thereof and she became full owner of the said land after the Hindu
H Succession Act, 1956 came into force. It was alleged by the plaintiffs that
KASHIBAI v. PARWATIBAl[FAIZAN UDDIN,J.J 67

deceased Lachiram during his life time challenged the plaintiffs ownership A
in respect of survey Nos. 171/1, 160 and 159/3 by filing civil suit No.
138/1969 which was dismissed on 28.12.1970. The said judgment was con-
firmed in first and second appeals and thus the plaintiffs became the
absolute owner of the same.

B
5. Further case of the plaintiffs was that during the life time of
Lachiram survey No. 111/2 and survey No. 129/7 were purchased by
Lachiram in the name of defendant No. 1 and that survey No. 128/A was
received by defendant No. 1 during the pendency of the suit as a result of
a decision of pending suit between deceased Lachiram and one Naga and,
therefore, the same were also liable to partition and the plaintiffs were C
·entitled to half share by partition in the said lands also. It was averred by
the plaintiffs that the defendants were requested for separate possession
by partition to the extent of their half share in the suit property but the
defendants were not agreeable for the same which led to the filing of the
suit for partition.
D
6. The defendants contested the suit. In their written statement they
denied the plaintiffs claim and took the stand that deceased Lachiram at
the time of his death was the owner only of survey Nos. 110/1, 218 and
149/1. It was alleged that the defendant No.1 had herself purchased survey
Nos. 127, 129/1 and 120/2 from one Iranna on 21st March 1354 fasli (1945 E
A.D.) by a registered sale deed and she was the exclusive owner with
possession thereof and the plaintiffs had no right over the same and those
lands could not be the subject matter of the partition. The defendants
though admitted the relationship but denied the claim of the plaintiffs for
partition on the ground that the defendant No. 3, Purshottam son of Meena
Bai was adopted by deceased Lachiram under the registered deed of F
Adoption dated 29.4.1970 and that Lachiram had also executed the deed
of Will on the same date i.e. dated 29.4.1970 in favour of Purshottam,
defendant No. 3 bequeathing the suit properties, to the defendant No. 3
and as such the plaintiffs have no right over any of the suit properties. With
regard to survey Nos. 172/1, 160 and 159/3 and the portion of the house G
the defendants took the plea that the same were given to the plaintiffs for
their maintenance and, therefore they were not entitled to claim any share
in the suit properties. Regarding the decision in Civil Suit No. 138 of 1969
the defendants contendeifthat the same was not binding on them as on the
death of Lachiram, the defendant No. 3 Purshottarn had become the owner
of those properties. H
68 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A 7. After appreciation of evidence on record adduced by the parties
the trial Court decreed the plaintiffs' suit for separate possession by
partition. The Trial Court recorded the finding that the defendants had
failed to establish the adoption of Purshottam by Late Lachiram and the
execution of Will in his favour in respect of the suit properties and that
Lachiram was the owner of all the properties in suit at the time of his death
B
in which the plaintiffs are entitled to half share. The Trial Court also
recorded the finding that the plaintiffs were the absolute owner of lands
bearing survey Nos. 172/1, 160 and 159/3 of village Eklara. These findings
were further affirmed by the first Appellate Court. After evaluating the
evidence the High Court took a contrary view and reversed the findings
c recorded by the two courts. According to the High Court the defendants
had proved the execution of Deed of Adoption and Deed of Will in
accordance with law by reason of which the plaintiffs were held not entitled
to claim any share in the suit properties and, therefore, after setting aside
the judgments and decree of the two Courts below dismissed the suit.
D
8. Learned counsel for the plaintiffs-appellants strenuously urged
before us that the question of proof of the Deed of Adoption and the Deed
of Will is a pure finding of fact and therefore the High Court was not
justified in interfering with the findings of fact arrived at by the two Courts
below in exercise of its power under Section 100 of the Code of Civil
E Procedure. It was submitted that the High Court was not justified in
substituting its own views on re-appraisal of the evidence on record for that
of the two lower Courts and that the conclusions arrived at by the High
Court are based on conjectures and surmises. It was, therefore, submitted
that the impugned judgment of the High Court should be set aside.
F
9. It is no doubt true that after analysing the parties evidence minute-
ly the Trial Court took a definite view that the defendants had failed to
establish that the plaintiff No. 1, defendant No. 1 and deceased Lachiram
had taken the defendant No. 3, Purshottam in adoption. The Trial Court
G also recorded the finding that the plaintiff No. 1 was not a party to the
Deed of Adoption as the plaintiff No. 1 in her evidence has specifically
stated that she did not sign the Deed of Adoption nor she consented for

H
such adoption of Purshottam and for that reason she did not participate in
any adoption proceedings. On these findings the Trial Court took the view
that the alleged adoption being against the consent of Kashi Bai the
plaintiff No. 1, it was not valid by virtue of the provisions of Section 7 of
,
1
KASHIBAI v. PARWATIBAI [FAIZAN UDDIN,J.] 69

the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956. Section 7 of the Act A
provides that any n1alc Hindu \vho is of sound n1ind and is not a minor has
the capacity to take a son or a ~aughter in adoption. It provides that if he
has a wife living, he shall not adopt except with the consent of his wife. In
the present case as seen from the evidence discussed by the Trial Court it
is abundantly clear the plaintiff No. 1 Kashi Bai the first wife of deceased
Lachiram had not only declined to participate in the alleged adoption B
proceedings but also declined to give consent for the said adoption and,
therefore, the plea of alleged adoption advanced by the defendants was
clearly hit by the provisions of Section 7 and the adoption can not be said
to be a valid adoption.
c
10. This brings us to the question of the _Will alleged to have been
executed by deceased Lachiram in favour of his grand-son Purshottam, the
defendant No. 3. Section 68 of Evidence Act relates to the proof of
execution of document required by law to be attested. Admittedly, a Deed
of Will is one of such docume!ltS which necessarily require by law to be
attested. Section 68 of the Evidence Act contemplates that if a document D
is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one
attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its
execution, if there be an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process
of the Court and capable of giving evidence. A reading of Section 68 will
show that "attestation!! and 11 execution 11 are two different acts one following
the other. There can be no valid execution of a document which under the E
law is required to be attested without the proof of its due attestation and
if due attestation is also not proved the fact of execution is of no avail.
Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 also lays down certain rules
with regard to the execution of unprivileged Wills. Clause (C) of Section
63 provides that the Will shall be attested by two or more witnesses, each F
one of whom has seen the testator sign or affix his mark to the Will or has
seen some other person sign the Will, in the presence and by the direction
of the testator, or has received from the testator a personal acknow-
ledgment of his signature or mark or the signature of such other person;
and each oi the witnesses should sign the Will in the presence of the
testator, but it shall not be necessary that more than one witness be present G
at the same time and no particular form of attestation shall be necessary.

11. Here we may also take note of the definition of the expression
"attested" as contained in Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act which
reads as under: - H

'
70 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SVPP. 4S.C.R.
11
A attested11 , in relation to an instrument, means and shall be deemed
always to have meant attested by two or more witnesses each of
whom has seen the executant sign or affix his mark to the instru-
ment, or has seen some other person sign the instrument in the
presence and by the direction of the executant, or has received
from the executant a personal acknowledgement of his signature
B
or mark, or of the signature of such other person, and each of
whom has signed the instrument in the presence of the executant
but it shall not be necessary that more than one of such witnesses
shall have been present at the same time, and no particular form
of attestation shall be necessary."
c
Having regard to the afore-mentioned definition an attesting wit-
nesses is a person who in the presence of an executant of a document puts
his signature or mark after he has either seen the 'executant himself or
someone on direction of the executant has put his signature or affixed his
D mark on the document so required to be attested or after he has received
from the executant a personal acknowledgement of his signature or mark
or the signature or mark of such other person. In the present case the Trial
Court after a close scrutiny and analysis of the evidence of the defendant
No. 1, Smt. Parwati Bai, Vir Bhadra, Sheikh Nabi, Shivraj and Gyanoba
Patil who are witnesses to the Will recorded the finding that none of them
E deposed that Lachiram had signed the said Will before them and they had
attested it. None of them except Sheikh Nabi even deposed as to when the
talk about the execution of Will was held. The witness Sheikh Nabi,
however, deposed that the talk about the Will also took place at the time
of the talk about the adoption. But this witness too did not depose that
F deceased Lachiram had signed the alleged Will in his presence. In the
absence of such evidence it is difficult to accept that the execution of the
alleged Will was proved in accordance with law as required by Section 68
of the Evidence Act read with Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act and
Section 3 of the Transfer of Property Act. It may be true as observed by
the High Court that law does not emphasise that the witness must use the
G language of the· Section to prove the requisite merits thereof but it is also
not permissible to assume something which is required by law to be
specifically proved. The High Court simply assumed that Lachiram must
have put his signature on the Will Deed in the presence of the attesting
witness Sheikh Nabi simply because the Deed of Adoption is admitted by
H the witness to have been executed on the same day. The High Court
KASH!BAI v. PARWAT!BAI[FAIZANUDD!N,J.] 71

committed a serious error in making the observations that broad A
parameters of Nabi's evidence would show that Lachiram executed the Will
in his presence, that he signed the Will being part of the execution of the
testament and this evidence in its correct background would go to show
that what was required under Section 63 has been carried out in the
execution of the Will. With respect to the High Court we may say that these
B
findings of the High Court are clearly based on assumptions and surmises
and, totally against the weight of the evidence on record. The Trial Court
on a close and thorough analysis of the entire evidence came to a proper
conclusion that ihe Will has not been proved in accordance with law which
finding has been further affirmed by the lower appellate Court after an
independent reappraisal of entire evidence with which we find ourselves in C
agreement as there was hardly any scope or a valid reason for the High
Court to interfere with.

12. Further, it may not be out of place to mention that sub-section
(1) of Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure explicitly provides that D
an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed in appeal
by any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied
that the case iovolves a substantial question of law. Sub-section (4) of
section 100 provides that when the High Court is satisfied that a substantial
question of law is involved in any case it shall formulate that question. But
surprisingly enough the High Court seems to have ignored these provisions E
and. proposed to reappreciate the evidence and entertain with the findings
of fact without even formulating any question of law. It has been the
consistent view of this Court that there is no jurisdiction to entertain a
second appeal on the ground of erroneous finding of fact, based on
appreciation of the relevant evidence. There is a catena of decisions in
support of this view. Having regard to all the facts and circumstances of F
the present case discussed above, we are satisfied that there was no
justification for the High Court to interfere with the well reasoned findings
of the two Courts below. Consequently, this appeal must succeed.

13. In the result the appeal is allowed, the .judgment and decree
passed by the High Court are set aside and that of the Trial Court is G
restored. We make no order as to costs o( this appeal. The respondents
shall, however, bear the plaintiffs, cost incurred in Trial Court and the first
appellate Court.

v.s.s. Appeal allowed.