Holding

The District Development Officer’s executive powers under Section 162 are not subject to prior or subsequent orders of the President of the District Panchayat; the President may only issue directions for implementation of policy, not for routine service matters.

Summary

The Gujarat Pradesh Panchayat Parishad and the Sabarkantha District Panchayat challenged a resolution and an office order that required the District Development Officer (DDO) to consult the President of the District Panchayat before taking any action on recruitment, transfer, promotion or other service matters. The High Court had upheld the DDO’s independent executive authority under Section 162 of the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993, a view the appellants appealed. The Supreme Court examined the statutory language of Sections 83 and 162, the meaning of "subject to orders, if any", and the relationship between the elected President and the administrative DDO. It held that the DDO’s executive powers are not contingent on prior or subsequent orders of the President, though the President may issue directions for implementation of policy decisions. Consequently, the resolution and the President’s office order were declared illegal. The appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

The extent to which the District Development Officer must consult or obtain orders from the President of the District Panchayat before exercising powers under Section 162 of the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993.
Whether Section 83 empowers the President to direct the DDO in matters of recruitment, transfer, promotion and other service matters.
Whether the High Court's interpretation of the Act and the Rules is consistent with Part IX of the Constitution.
The validity of the resolution passed by the District Panchayat and the President’s office order directing the DDO to place all service files before the President.

Legislation cited

Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993s. 161, s. 162, s. 227, s. 230, s. 83

Subjects

PanchayatDistrict Development OfficerPresident of District PanchayatSection 162Section 83Local self‑governmentExecutive powersService mattersConstitutional lawPart IX

Judgment

A MIS GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYA T PARISHAD AND ORS.
v. >-
STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.

JULY 30, 2007

B [C.K. THAKKERANDP.K. BALASUBRAMANYAN,JJ.]

Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993-ss. 83 and 162-Powers of President
of District Panchayat vis-a-vis powers of District Development Officer-In the +
administration of District Panchayat-Held: Powers conferred on District
c Development Officer u/s 162, regarding executive matters are 'absolute' and
.unqualified'-And not subject to orders of the President of District
Panchayat-President of District Panchayat is empowered to secure only
implementation of Policy decisions-Part IX of the Constitution only conferred
constitutional status to the Local Self Government to the District Panchayats,
D and does not require the District Development Officer to exercise his executive
powers, subject to the orders of the President of District Panchayat-
Constitution of India, 1950-Part IX, Article 243-G (as inserted by
Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992).

Appellant No. 2 District Panchayat, is a member of appellant No. 1-
E society. The District Panchayat passed a resolution that District Development
Officer (ODO) shall consult the President of the District Panchayat in matters
of recruitment, app~intment, transfer, promotion, posting, deputation etc. of
all Panchayat employees of the District Panchayat. ODO-respondent No. 3
did not observe the resolution on the ground that such powers could be
exercised only by the DDO and the President of District Panchayat had no
F
voice in executive or administrative functions. Appellants flied Writ Petition. 'f-
Single Judge of High Court dismissed the Petition endorsing the view of the
DDO interpreting the provisions of Gujarat Panchyats Act, 1993 by referring
to the Rules framed thereunder. Division Bench of High Court, in Lett~rs
Patent Appeal approved the judgment of Single Judge. Hence, the present
G appeal

Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. It cannot be said that the District Development Officer must -)--

H 634
- -(

GUJARAT PRADESHPANCHA YA TPARISHAD v. STATE OF GUJARAT 635

,./'" exercise statutory powers conferred on him by Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 A
only after consulting the President of the District Panchayat or the President
of the District Panchayat can issue omnibus directions to the District
Development Officer to place all files relating to recruitment, appointment,
promotion, transfer, deputation, disciplinary action, etc. before him prior to
taking any action in such matters. IPara 39) (653-E, F)
B
1.2. It cannot be said that the powers conferred on District Development
Officer are not 'absolute' or 'unqualified' but they are subject to orders of
-t-- the President of the District Panchayat. Reading s. 162 of the Act as a whole
and the use of the words "if any" clearly suggests that the power exercisable
by the District Development Officer under the Act is statutory power to be
exercised by him. The executive initiation remains with the District
c
Development Officer and he need not wait for a 'nod from the President' before
performing any administrative function or taking any executive decision within
the four corners of law. (Para 31) 1650-E, F, G)

Syed Bashiruddin Ashrafv. Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis-e-awqafand Ors., D
11965) 2 SCR 205, followed.
~

1.3. The District Development Officer who is vested with the executive
powers of the District Panchayat is not required to obtain prior or even
subsequent orders of the President of the District Panchayat. In individual
cases, the President may direct the District Development Officer to take E
appropriate steps for securing effective implementation of resolutions or
orders passed by the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.
(Para 33) (651-C, DJ

- ....
1.4. In matters relating to services under the Panchayats, no express
power has been conferred nor duties imposed on the President of the District
Panchayat or members (elected wing). The Legislature thus intended services
under the Panchayats to be dealt with separately by the District Development
F

Officer and other officials of the Panchayat. It may be recalled that District
Development Officer is Class-I Officer of the Indian Administrative Serviee
appointed by the State. He is also ex-officio Secretary of the District G
Panchayat. (Para 341 (651-E, F)

~ ~-
1.5. Section 83 of the Act empowers the President to secure
implementation or policy decisions taken by the elected wing of the District
Panchayat by issuing necessary instructions and directions to District
Development Officer. IPara 29) 1650-A) H
636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A 1.6. There is clear distinction between elected representatives and civil
servants. Elected representatives of the people at District Panchayat level will
formulate policy and civil servants will execute it by implementing
programmes and policy decisions. In matters offormulation of policies and
programmes also, civil servants may make significant contribution by
B bringing the relevant data to the notice of the political executive. Likewise,
elected representatives may inform civil servants about problems and
difficulties of people which can be taken care of by the administration. But,
both the functions are to be performed by two wings which are different though
interdependent. (Para 38] (653-C, D, El
·+
C A. Sanjeevi Naidu, etc. v. State of Madras and Anr., (1970) l SCC 443;
and Tar/ochan Dev Sharma v. State of Punjab, (2001) 6 SCC 260, relied on.

"Government an(i Bureaucracy in India of 1947-76" by Mr. B.B. Mishra,
referred to.
D
2. The controversy raised and interpretation sought to be suggested by
the parties as regards powers of President of District Panchayat on the one
hand and of the District Development Officer on the other has nowhere affected
directly or even indirectly Part IX of the Constitution. The question agitated
has no bearing on constitutional set up or status of Local Self Government.
E Therefore, it cannot be said that the decision of the High Court impugned in
the present appeal is inconsistent with the provisions of Part IX of the
Constitution. (Para 28] (649-D, E, Fl

Kishansing Tomar v. Municipal Corporation of the City ofAhmedabad
and Ors., (2006) 8 SCC 352, followed.
F
3. It is true that the Rules (delegated Legislation) must be consistent
with the provisions of the Act (parent Legislation). But it cannot be said that
the High Court was wrong in referring to those rules while interpreting the
provisions of the Act. Reading the relevant provisions of the Act and the Rules
G. framed thereunder harmoniously, it appears to be crystal clear thhaDt ~n t~e
matters of services under the Panchayats, the Legislature wanted t e istnct
Development Officer and other officials of the District Panchayats to exercise
statutory powers and the High Court was right in referring to the Rules.
(Para 41) (654-B, q

H CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3340 of2007.
GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER, J.J 637

From the Judgment & Order 14.06.2005 of the High Court of Gujarat at A
Ahmedabad in LPA No. 1126/2002 in Spl. Civil Appln. No. 1192 of2002.

Huzefa Ahmadi, Nakul Dewan, Mahesh Agarwal, Rishi Agrawala, E.C.
Agarwala, Gaurav Goel and Varun Mathur for the Appellants.

Sumita Hazarika, Hemantika Wahi and Shivangi for the Respondents. B
The Judgment of the Court was delivered

C.K. THAKKER, J. l. Leave granted.

2. A question of considerable public importance has been raised by the c
appellant in the present appeal which has been instituted against judgment
and order passed by a Single Judge of the High Court of Gujarat in Gujarat
Pradesh Panchayat Parishad & o,.s. v. State of Gujarat & Ors., in Special
Civil Application No. 1192 of 2002 and companion matters decided on 25th
October, 2002 and reported in (2003) 1 Guj LR 633 and confinned by a Division
Bench of the High Court in Letters Patent Appeal No. 1126 of 2002 decided D
on June 14, 2005 .
4.
..
3. To appreciate the controversy raised in the appeal, few relevant facts
may be stated:

4. The Gujarat Pradesh Panchayat Parishad, appellant No. I herein, is a E
Society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. All District
Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats and Gram Panchayats are members of the
Parishad. Appellant No. I purports to protect the interest of the Panchayats
in the State of Gujarat by ensuring that their members function as institutions

- of 'Local Self Government'. Appellant No.2 is the Sabarkantha District
Panchayat consisting of elected representatives. Appellant No.3 is the
President of the said District Panchayat. Respondent No. I is the State of
Gujarat, Respondent No.2 is the Development Commissioner, while respondent
F

No.3 is the District Development Officer of Sabarkantha District Panchayat.

5. The question raised by the appellants before the High Court as well G
... as before us centres round the powers of the District Development Officer vis-
..... a-vis the powers of the President of District Panchayat in the administration
of District Panchayat under the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 (hereinafter
-(·
referred to as 'the Act').

6. According to the appellants, Part IX of the Constitution read with the H
'\
)-

638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [200Y] 8 S.C.R.

A relevant provisions of the Act leaves no room for doubt that the District '"'.!-
Development Officer is expected to exercise all executive powers of the District
Panchayat, subject to the orders, if any, of the President of the District
Panchayat. ..,
7. It is alleged by appellant No.2 that the District Development Officer,
B Sabarkantha (Respondent No.3) started ignoring the President of the Dis1.rict
Panchayat in matters concerning administration, particularly relating to
appointment, transfer, promotion, posting, etc., of Panchayat employees. The
appellant No.2, District Panchayat, Sabarkantha, therefore, passed Resolution -+
No.6 on November 21, 200 I, inter alia, resolving that the District Development
c Officer shall consult the President of the District Panchayat in matters of
recruitment, appointment, transfer, promotion, posting, deputation etc. of all
Panchayat employees of the District Panchayat. By an Office Order dated
December 13, 200 I the President of the District Panchayat in 'the purported
exercise of the power under Section 83 read with Section 162 of the Act,
directed the District Development Officer to place all the files relating to
D recruitment, appointment, promotion, transfer and deputation of employees in
the District Panchayat for his <;onsultation. The District Development Officer,
')-
however, was adamant in his attitude and asserted that in administrative
matters of recruitment, appointment, promotion, transfer, deputation, etc., of
employees of the District Panchayat, the power could be exercised only by
the District Development Officer and the President of the District Panchayat
E had no voice in executive or administrative functions of the District
Development Officer. Because of the difference and non-observance of the
resolution passed by the District Panchayat, the appellant approached the
High Court by invoking Article 226 of the Constitution for an appropriate writ,
direction or order compelling the District Development Officer to act in
F accordance with Section 162 of the Act, abiding by Resolution No.6 passed .,.... "\'
by the District Panchayat and by taking all decisions in conformity with the
said resolution.

8. The learned Single Judge heard the petition, and considered rival
submissions of the parties. He referred to the relevant parts of the Constitution
G and material provisions of the Act and held that it was obvious that the ..,,
Legislature did not contemplate superimposing role of the President of the ,.,_
District Panchayat over the functions performed and powers exercised by the
District Development Officer as the executive head of the District Panchayat. )- ..._
The learned Judge ruled that the executive powers of the District Panchayat
H are not vested in the President of the District Panchayat but they are to be
~.

GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER.l.] 639

exercised by the District Development Officer. Considering the case-law on A
the point, the learned Judge held that the status and position of the President
of the District Panchayat was neither similar to the Chief Minister of a State,
nor of a Sarpanch of village Panchayat. The contention of the appellants that
the District Development Officer was merely a Secretary of the Panchayat and
could not exercise any power without order to that effect by the President of
the District Panchayat was negatived. In the opinion of the learned Single B
Judge, the President could issue directions to the District Development Officer
in individual cases and the District Development Officer must pay heed to
.+· such 'tap on his shoulder'. He should also inform the President about the
action taken or order passed by him. The Court posited that the District
Panchayat had no power, authority or jurisdiction to pass a resolution directing C
the District Development Officer to place all matters relating to recruitment,
promotion, transfer posting, tJeputation, etc. of employees of the Panchayat
for consultation of the President of the District Panchayat nor to obtain prior
or even subsequent permission, approval or order from him.

9. The learned Single Judge, in the light of the decision, recorded the D
following conclusions;
-{'
(i) (a) The Constitution has not conferred upon District Panchayats
or any other institution of Local Self Government any status or
role conferred upon States as Provinces in a Federation. While
constitutional status is conferred on Panchayats as institutions E
of self-Government, the Constitution has left it to the State
Legislature to determine the extent of devolution of powers to
such institutions at the appropriate level, subject to such
conditions as may be specified in the State enactment.

--.:
(b) The State Legislature has in the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993 F
provided for fusion of the principle of local self-Government with
the principle of centralised planning. If not properly operated, the
two principles may have the potential of conflicting with each
other, but the Legislature has, by carefully selected expressions,
carved out distinct roles for elected heads of Panchayats and for
civil servants and also provided for State Government control for
G
f-·
specific purposes.
"'
-'\· (it) The executive powers of the District Panchayat are not vested in
the President of the District Panchayat, unlike the vesting of the
executive powers of the Village Panchayat in' the elected Sarpanch.
H
}-
!

640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R. ·

A (m) The executive powers of the District Panchayat are vested in the
District Development Officer and the exercise of these powers is -
.r
subject to the orders, if any, of the Presid1:r1t of the District
Panchayat or the District Panchayat, as the case may be. But this
does not mean that the District Development Officer is reqt!ired
to obtain prior orders of the President or the District Panchayat.
B
(iv) While the powers and functions of the President of the District
Panchayat do include watching over the financial and executive
administration of the Panchayat and exercising administrative
supervision on the District Development Officer for securing
-}
impiementation of resolution!! or decision of the Panchayat or
c any committee thereof, such watching over and exercising
administrative supervision does not mean taking decisions in
matters of day-to-day administration or in matters ofappointment,
transfer or other conditions of service of the Panchayat employees
or of officers posted by the State Government under the
D Panchayats. The Act and the Rules, therefore, do not contemplate
that the District Development Officer is required to obtain prior
approval of the President of the District Panchayat or of the
District Panchayat before taking decisions in executive matters,
much less in matters which are entrusted to the District
Development Officer by the statutory rules under Section 227 of
E the Act.
(v) However, the power of the District Development Officer to exercise
such executive powers including the powers conferred by the
Rules under Section 227(5) of the Act is subject to the orders of
the President of the District Panchayat or the District Panchayat
F in individual cases i.e. it is open to the District Panchayat and
r
to the President of the District Panchayat to issue instructions
to the District Development Officer to take appropriate remedial
measures in matters causing concern to the elected representatives
of the people, when the local people suffer any hardships or if
the benefits intended to reach the people at large or the specified
G
categories of beneficiaries do not reach them. ~

(vi) The D.D.O. is not merely a Secretary of the District Panchayat.
The Act has contemplated a much larger and more important role )--
for the D.D.O. In all executive matters while the D.D.O. need not
wait for a nod of approval from the President, he must pay heed
H
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.) 64}
. .c to a tap on the shoulder from the President, if at all the President A
finds it necessary to do so in a given case. In short, the executive
initiative remains with the D.D.O ..
(vii) In matters of preparing development projects and the projects for
the benefit of the people within the sphere of Panchayats, the
elected office-bearers will have a greater say while setting out the B
goals, but in deciding as to how those goals are to be achieved,
and for deciding as to_ through which officers and employees the
particular tasks at hand are to be carried out, it is the District
Development Officer and the other administrative officers who
will have greater say, subject to the power of the President to
exercise administrative supervision over the District Development C
Officer for securing implementation of the resolutions or decisions
of the Panchayat/Comm ittee thereof.
(viii) The illustration given in P.ara 11.9 hereinabove exemplifies the
scheme of the Gujarat Panchayats Act and the roles envisaged
for the President of the District Panchayat and the administrative D
officers. In any Panchay!lt set-up, it is for the D.D.O. and other
administrative officers and the President of the District Panchayat
and other elected representatives of the people to build up a
smooth working relationship. No administration can effectively.or
properly function if the political executive and the civil servants E
are always at loggerheads or if they do not focus their attention
on their basic duties i.e. formulation of policies and programmes
by the political executive and implementation of such policies
and programmes by the civil servants.

It is with the aforesaid perspective that the President of the F
District Panchayat and the D.D.O. have to play their respective
roles and with due sensitivity to the role of the other. They have
to co-operate with and complement each other and function as
the two wheels of a chariot. The difficulty arises when the wrong
question is asked as to who is in the driver's seat - the President
or the D.D.O.? The simple answer to this question which ought G
not to arise in the first place is - the Public Welfare has to be in
the driver's seat. Once, this truth is realised, the Panchayat
administration will run very smoothly and as intended by the
Constitution as well as the Legislature.

(ix) The question whether the D.D.O. is to exercise his executive H
642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A powers subject to the orders of the President and the District
Panchayat or subject to the general control of the District
Panchayat will depend on the nature of the matters in which such
powers are to be exercised.
(x) The State Government may exercise its control over the District
B Panchayat through the D.D.O. within the parameters and as per
the modalities as indicated in para 14 hereinabove.
(XI) Resolution No. 6 passed by the Sabarkantha District Panchayat
on 21-11-2001 and the office order dated 13-12-2001 issued by the
·President of the Sabarkantha District Panchayat are illegal, as
c they are inconsistent with the principles laid down in this judgment.
(xii) So also in case of Junagadh and Jamnagar District Panchayats,
orders of the Presidents of these respective District Panchayats
suffer from the same infirmity.

10. Being aggrieved by the judgment and order passed by the Single
D Judge, ·the appellants herein approached the Division Bench by filing intra
court appeal (Letters Patent Appeal) under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent.
The Division Bench of the High Court again considered the relevant provisions
of the Act as also of the Constitution and observed that it was in agreement
with the view taken by the learned Single Judge and the conclusions reached
E by him. The conclusions arrived at could not be said to be inconsistent with
the provisions of law.

11. The Division Bench, therefore, stated:

"We, therefore, agree with the learned Single Judge that the District
F Development Officer is not required to seek previous approval or
permission of the District Panchayat or its President. However, the
District Panchayat or the President of the Panchayat shall have powers
to issue direction to the District Development Officer to bring his
actions within the constitutional or statutory frame and in accordance
with the economic plan".
G
12. On April IO, 2006, the Special Leave Petition was placed for
admission-hearing and notice was issued. On January 19, 2007, the Court
directed the Registry to post the matter for final hearing. The matter is thus '
)- ~

placed before us.

H 13. We have heard learned counsel for the parties.
GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYAT PARISHADv. STATE OF GUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.) 643

14. Learned counsel for th~ appellants strenuously contended that the A
judgment and order passed by the learned Single Judge and confirmed by the
Division Bench of the High Court is contrary to law and inconsistent with the
letter and spirit of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 as
also against the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993. According to the counsel, Part
IX came to be inserted in the Constitution by ensuring democracy at the grass
root level and by conferring powers on· such local bodies in their day-to-day
B
administration. The High Court committed an error of law in holding that while
exercising administrative powers under the Act, the District Development
_, Officer was not required to comply with the orders passed by the District
Panchayat and the President of the Panchayat. It was submitted that such a
view would destroy the constitutional set up in Part IX. It would also make c
Sections 83 and 162 of the Act totally unworkable, otiose and redundant. It
was also argued that the High Court was not right in placing reliance on Rules
framed under the Act (child legislation) and in upholding the power of the
District Development Officer ignoring clear provisions of the Act (parent
legislation) and the language used in Section I 62 which is clear, unambiguous
-I and unequivocal. D
....,.
I 5. It was, therefore, submitted on behalf of the appellants that the
judgment of the High Court deserves to be set aside by upholding the validity
of Resolution No.6 passed by the District Panchayat and by issuing necessary
directions to the District Development Officer to obey the said resolution and
to act in accordance with the directions issued thereunder.
E

16. The learned counsel for the District Development Officer, on the
other hand, supported the judgment and order passed by the learned Single
Judge and confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court. She submitted
~
I
·--..,. that the High Court. considered in detail the relevant provisions of the F
Constitution as also of the Act and held that there is difference between
President of the District Panchayat and other representatives of people (elected
members) and the District Development Officer and officials of District
Panchayat (administration wing). So far as policy matters are concerned, the
President of the District Panchayat and elected members are competent to
take appropriate decisions which are to be implemented by the administrative G
-(
wing through District Development Officer and officers of the District
Panchayat. But as far as day-to-day civic administration and recruitment,
.~
-f appointment, promotion, posting, transfer, disciplinary proceedings, etc. of
" officers and employees of the District Panchayat is concerned, the Legislature
=J.. has invested executive and administrative powers in the District Development
-\. H
644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A Officer. And it is the District Development Officer who exercises administrative
powers subject to the orders, if any, of the President of the District Panchayat.
The High Court, according to the counsel, interpreted the relevant provisions
keeping in view the intention of the Legislature and issued necessary directions
which cannot be said to be unlawful or inconsistent with the provisions of
B the Constitution or of the Act. The appeal, therefore, deserves to be dismissed.

17. A counter affidavit on behalfofthe State Government is filed by the
Development Commissioner supporting the stand taken by the District
Development Officer. It is contended that the relief claimed by the appellants
that the President and/or the District Panchayat is required to be consulted
C for appointment, transfer, promotion, disciplinary action, etc. of its employees
is 'not warranted'. According to the deponent, the District Development
Officer is a 'statutory office' conferred with the executive powers of a District
Panchayat.

18. We have gone through the decision of the learned Single Judge,
D confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court. Our attention has also ·
been invited by the learned counsel for the parties to Part IX of the
Constitution, relevant provisions of the Act and Rules framed under the Act.

19. So far as Part IX of the Constitution is concerned, the same has been
inserted by the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992. Article
E 243 defines various terms used in that Part. Article 243-B provides for
establishment of Panchayats in every State at the village, intermediate and
district levels. Article 243-C provides for composition of Panchayats. 243-G
deals with powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It reads as
under:
J
F 243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchtryats.-Subject
to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may,
by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may
be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-
government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution
of powers and responsibilities upon Panchayats at the appropriate
G
level, subject to 'such conditions as may be specified therein, with
respect .to-

(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social
justice;
H
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STA"iEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER,J.)
645
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and A
social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation
to the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.

20. It is not in dispute that before Part IX was introduced in the
Constitution, the Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1961 was in force in the State. After
the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, however, the State B
Legislature enacted the present Act (Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993) to bring
the law relating to Panchayats in the State in conformity with Part IX of th;!
Constitution. Clause ( 14) of Section 2 of the Act defines 'Panchayat' ·to mean
a village Panchayat, taluka Panchayat or district Panchayat. Clause (6) of the
said section defines 'District Development Officer' as such officer as the State
Government may appoint to be a District Development Officer for the puf1'0seS C
of the Act. 'District Panchayat' is defined in Clause (7) as the District Panchayat
constituted under the Act. Part III of Chapter IV reiates to District Panchayats.
Section 8 t fixes the term of office of members of District P~hayat and of
President and Vice-President. Section 83 enumerates powers and functions of
President and Vice-President of the District Panchayat. Sub-section (1) (a) of D
Section 83 reads thus:

(l)(a) The President shall-

(i) convene, preside at and conduct meetings of the district
Panchayat; E
(ii) have access to the records of the Panchayat;
(iit) discharge all duties imposed, and exercise all the p~wers conferred
on him by or under this Act;

(iv) watch over the financial and executive, administration of the
Panchayat and submit to the Panchayat all questions connected
F
therewith which shall appear to him to require its order; and

(v) exercise adminimative su·pervision over the District Development
Officer for securing implementation of resolutions or decisions of
the Panchayat or of any Committee thereof.
G
21. Chapter V, inter a/ia, provides for administrative powers and duties
of officers and servants of District Panchayats. Section 161 mandates that
~ -~'. there shall be a Secretary for every District Panchayat. It also states that a
District Development Officer posted under the Panchayat shall be ex-officio
Secretary of the Panchayat. Section 162 is another material provision H
..
>
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A prescribing powers and functions of District Development Officer. The relevant '
part is sub-section (I) which reads thus: ~'

.~
162. Powers and functions of District Development Officer.-( I) Save
as otherwise expressly provided by or under this Act, the executive I-
powers of a district panchayat for. the purpose of carrying out the I-
B provisions of this Act, shall vest in the District Development Officer
who shall subject to the orders, if any, of the President or of the
district Panchayat, as the case may be-

(a) perform all the functions and exercise all the powers specifically ~

imposed or conferred upon him by or under this Act, or under
c any law for the time being in force; and I
(b) lay down the duties of all officers and servants of the district \
panchayat. 1

22. Chapter XIII (Sections 227-236) makes. detailed provisions relating to
services. Section 227 requires constitution of Panchayat services in connection
D with the affairs of Panchayats and clarifies that Panchayat Service shall be ;.
distinct from State Service. It states that the State Government may by order ~-·
from time to time determine the classes, cadres and posts and the initial
strength of officers and servants in the Panchayat service. Sub-section· (5) is
important and reads thus:
E
(5) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the State Government
may make rules regulating the mode or recruitment either by holding
examinations or otherwise and conditions of service or persons
appointed to the Panchayat service and the powers in respect of r
appointments, transfers and promotions of officers and servants in
F the Panchayats service and disciplinary action against any such y .,.~-
officers or servants.

23. Section 230 provides for allocation of officers and servants to
Panchayat service.

G 24. The Act enables the Government to make rules (Sections 227, 228,
~
235, 236, 274).

25. In exercise of powers conferred by the Act, the State Government .....I
)-
has framed several rules relating to services under the Panchayat. The learned
Single Judge referred to those rules and. observed that so far as Panchayat
H
GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER. l.) 647

service is concerned, District Development Officer, Deputy District Development A
Officer and other officials are having vide powers in recruitment, appointment,
promotion, transfer, deputation, disciplinary matters, etc., of employees.

26. The argument that the view taken by the High Court has destroyed
or considerably eroded constitutional set up in Part IX of the Constitution has
not impressed us. In our opinion, it cannot be said that interpretation of B
various provisions of the Constitution or the Act has disturbed, trun~ated or
adversely affected the status of Panchayats guaranteed by the Constitution.
Part IX of the Constitution confers certain powers on Local Self Government.
It promises duration of five years, free and fair election, representation of
Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes in the administration of institutions of
Local Self Government, 'no-interference' by other organs of the State, including
c
judiciary, etc. In our opinion, however, the High Court was right in observing
that "a District Panchayat cannot arrogate to itself the status of a body. as
independent or autonomous as a Province in a Federation". Part IX of the
Constitution or Article 243-G makes no change in the essential feature of the
Panchayat organization. What was sought to be done by the Seventy-third D
Amendment was that constitutional status to the Local Self Government was
conferred to District Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats and Village Panchayats.
A State Legislature, in the light of constitutional provisions in Part IX. cannot
do away with these democratic bodies at the local level nor their normal
tenure be curtailed otherwise than in accordance with law nor State Govtmment
can delay elections of these bodies. E

27. A question similar to one in hand of interpretation of provisions of
the Constitution in Part IX-A concerning Municipalities came up for
consideration before a Constitution Bench of this Court in Kishansing Tomar
v. Municipal Corporation of the City ofAhmedabad and Ors., [2006) 8 SCC F
352 : JT (2006) 9 SC 320. Examining the underlying object of inserting Part IX-
A by the Constitution (Seventy-fourth) Amendment Act, I 992 and highlighting
effective and meaningful role to be played by local bodies in political
governance of the country, K.G. Balakrishnan, J. (as His Lordship then was)
stated;
G
"The object of introducing these provisions was that in many States
the local bodies were not working properly and the timely elections
·- --(
were not being held and the nomiitated bodies were continuing for
long periods. Elections had been irregular and many times unnecessarily
delayed or postponed and the elected bodies had been superseded
H
648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 8 S.C.R.

A or suspended without adequate justification at the whims and fancies
of the State authorities. These views were expressed by the then
Minister of State for Urban Development while introducing the
Constitution Amendment Bill before the Parliament and thus the new
provisions were added in the Constitution with a view to restore the
rightful place in political governance for local bodies. It was considered .
B necessary to provide a Constitutional status to such bodies and to
ensure regular and fair conduct of elections. In the statement of
objects and reasons in the Constitution Amendment Bill relating to
urban' local bodies, it was stated:

In many States, local bodies have become weak and ineffective on
C account of variety of reasons, including the failure to hold regular elections,
prolonged supersessions and inadequate devolution of powers and functions.
As a result, urban local bodies are not able to perform effectively as vibrant
democratic units of self-Government.

D Having regard to these inadequacies, it .is considered necessary that
provisions relating to urban local bodies are incorporated in the Constitution,
particularly for -

(i) putting on a firmer footing the relationship between the State
Government and the Urban Local Bodies with respect to:

E (a) the functions and taxation powers, and

(b) arrangements for revenue sharing.

(ii) ensuring regular conduct of elections.
(iii) ensuring timely elections in the case of supersession; and
F
(iv) providing adequate representation for the weaker sections like
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women.

Accordingly, it has been proposed to add a new Part relating to the.
Urban Local Bodies in the Constitution to provide for-
G *** *** ***
(t) fixed tenure of 5 years for the Municipality and re-election within .
a period of six months of its dissolution.

The effect of Article 243-U of the Constitution is to be appreciated in
H
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER, I.) 649

the above background. Under this Article, the duration of the A
Municipality is fixed for a term of five years and it is stated that every
Municipality shall continue for five years from the date appointed for
its first meeting and no longer. Clause (3) of Article 24J-U states that
election to constitute a Municipality shall be completed - (a) before
the expiry of its duration specified in Clause ( 1), or (b) before the
expiration of a period of six months from the date or its dissolution. B
Therefore, the constitutional mandate is that election to a Municipality
shall be completed before the expiry of the five years' period stipulated
in Clause ( l) of Article 243-U and in case of dissolution, the new body
shall be constituted before the expiration of a period of six months
and elections have to be conducted in such a manner. A Proviso is C
added to Sub-clause (3) Article 243-U that in case of dissolution, the
remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would
have continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to
hold any election under this clause for constituting the Municipality
for such period. It is also specified in Clause (4) of Article 243-U that
a Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality 0
before the expiration of its duration shall continue only for the remainder
of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have
continued under Clause (I) had it not been so dissolved".

28. In our judgment, the controversy raised and interpretation sought
to be suggested by the parties as regards powers of President of District E
Panchayat on the one hand and of the District Development Officer on the
other has nowhere affected directly or even indirectly Part IX of the
Constitution. With respect, the question agitated has no bearing on
constitutional set up or status of Local Self Government. We are, therefore,
unable to agree with the learned counsel for the appellant that the decision F
of the High Court impugned in the present appeal is inconsistent with the
provisions of Part IX of the Constitution.

29. The learned counsel for the appellant relied upon Section 83 of the
Act, which we have already referred to. It deals with powers and functions
of the President and Vice-President of the District Panchayat and, inter alia, G
states that the President of the District Panchayat may exercise administrative
- -+ supervision c ·1er the District Development Officer for securing implementation
of resolutions or decisions of the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.
Inviting our attention to dictionary meaning of 'administration' and
'supervision', the counsel contended that both the expressions are of wide H
650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 8 S.C.R.

A amplitude and take within their sweep all administrative matters which are
subject to supervisory control of the President. In our view, the High Court
is right that Section 83 empowers the President to secure implementation of
policy decisions taken by the elected wing of the Di~ct Panchayat by
issuing necessary instructions and directions to District Development Officer.

B 30. The learned Single Judge has explained this principle by giving an
illustr~tion. It was stated that suppose a primary health centre or a primary
school is tq be set up by the Panchayat. In taking such decision, elected
wing of the District Panchayat would play primary role as that wing is alive
to the needs of the people in the area. If the President finds undue delay in
implementation or improper implementation of such decision, he may instruct
C the District Development Officer to take necessary steps for securing proper
implementation of the resolution of the Panchayat or the decision of its
Committee. But, once the centre is set up or the school is established, it is
for the District Development Officer, District Health Officer or District Primary
Education Officer to decide as to who should be appointed as Doctor in the
D health centre or teacher in the school. Such matters must be left to the
administrative wing of the District Panchayat.

31. Strong reliance was placed on sub-section (I) of Section 162 of the
Act which enumerates powers of District Development Officer. It was
st,tbmitted .that though the said provision relates to powers and functions of
E . District Development Officer, it states explicitly that the executive powers of
the District Panchayat will be. vested in the District Development Officer who
would exercise such powers "subject to orders, if any, of the President of the
District Panchayat". It was, therefore, urged that the powers conferred on
District Development Officer are not 'absolute' or 'unqualified' but they are
subject to orders of the President of the Oistrict Panchayat. Reading the y
F provision as a whole and the use of the words "if any", however, clearly
suggests that the power exercisable by the District Development Officer
under the Act is statutory power to be exercised by him. The executive
initiation remainswith the District Development Officer and he need not wait
for a 'nod from the President' before performing any administrative function
G or taking any executive decision within the four comers of law.
32. In this connection, we may refer to a decision of this Court in Syed
Bashiruddin Ashraf v. Bihar Subai Sunni Majlis-e-awqaf & Ors., (1965) 2
)- -
SCR 205: AIR (1965) SC 1206. In Syed Bashiruddin Ashraf. a Constitution
Bench of this Court was called upon to interpret a similar expression ("subject
H
GUJARATPRADESHPANCHAYATPARISHADv. STATEOFGUJARAT[C.K THAKKER,J.) 65}

to any order by the competent Court") under Bihar Wakfs Act, 1947. Section A
32 of the Act conferred jurisdiction on the Maj/is to make temporary
appointment in the office of the Mutawalli subject to any order by a competent
. Court. It was contended that the Maj/is was not competent to appoint Moulvi
on a temporary basis even if there was a vacancy without obtaining prior
permission of the Court. This .court, however, negatived the argument and
held that the Act clearly conferred jurisdiction on the Maj/is to mak:! temporary B
appointments when there was a vacancy in the office of the Mutawalli and

- the words "subject to any order by the competent Court" could not be
construed to mean that there ought to be either prior permission or subsequent
assent before the appointment. The said words denote that the appointment
was to endure according to its tenor "till an order to the contrary was passed C
by a competent Court".

33. In our considered opinion, the ratio in Syed Bashiruddfn Ashraf
applies in interpreting the provisions of sub-section ( 1) of Section 162 of the
Act in question. The District Development Officer who is vested with the
executive powers of the District Panchayat is not required to obtain prior or D
even subsequent orders of the President of the District Panchayat. In individual
cases, the President may direct the District Development Officer to take
appropriate steps for securing effective implementation of resolutions or
orders passed by the Panchayat or of any committee thereof.

34. The High Court also considered an important aspect that in matters •E
relating to services under the Panchayats, no express power has been conferred
nor duties imposed on the President of the District Panchayat or members
(elected wing). The Legislature thus intended services under the Panchayats
to be dealt with separately by the District Development Officer and other
. ..., officials of the Panchayat. It may be recalled that District Development Officer ip
is Class-I Officer of the Indian Administrative Service appointed by the State.
He is also ex-officio Secretary of the District Panchayat.

35. In A. Sanjeevi Naidu, etc. v. State of Madras & Anr., [1970) I SCC
443 : AIR ( 1970) SC 1102, this Court had an occasion to consider the role to
be played by Council of Ministers (elected wing) .and Civil Servants ~G
(administrative wing). Keeping in view the democratic governance, the Court
made the following observations:
.... -{
"The -:abinet is responsible to the legislature for every action
taken in any of the ministries. That is the essence of joint responsibility.
That does not mean that each and every decision must be taken by l H
652 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 8 S.C.R.

tile cabinet. The political responsibility of the Council of Ministers
A
does not and cannot predicate the personal .responsibility of the
Ministers to discharge all or any of the governmental functions.
Similarly an individual Minister is responsible to the legislature for
every action taken or omitted to be taken in his ministry. This again
is a political responsibility and not personal responsibility. Even the
B most hard working minister cannot attend to every business in his
department. If he attempts to do it, he is bound to make a mess of his
department. In every well planned administration, most of the decisions
are taken by the civil servants who are likely to be experts and not
subject to political pressure. The Minister is not expected to burden

c himself with the day to day administration. His primary function is
to lay down the policies and programmes of his ministry while the
Council of Ministers settle the major policies and programmes of the
government. When a civil servant takes a decision, he does not do
it as a delegate ofhis Minister. He does it on behalfofthe government.
It is always open to a Minister to call for any file in his ministry and t
D pass orders. He may also issue directions to the officers in his ministry
regarding the disposal of government business generally or as regards
any specific case. Subject to that over all power, the officers designated
by the 'Rules' or the standing orders, can take decisions on behalf of
the government. These officers are the limbs of the government and
not its delegates.
E
(emphasis supplied)

3~. A_ similar view was expressed recently by this Court in Tarlochan
Dev Sharma v. State of Punjab, [200 l] 6 SCC 260 : AIR (200 l) SC 2524 : JT
F (2001) 5 SC 645.

37. The parties also referred to the ''Government and Bureaucracy in
India of l 947-76" by Mr. B.B. Mishra. The learned author, in that work, stated;

"It must, however, be recognized that even the most dynamic and
competent of Minister has understandable limitations which restrict
G the sphere of direct participation in all the intricate and detailed
aspects of administration. These include the complexities of a modem
Government, the possibility of frequent changes in the ministerial
field, the frequency of visits to constituencies, parliamentary
preoccupations, and above all, the technical nature of the various
·~ -
decisions that have to be made without a thorollgh knowledge of
H
GUJARAT PRADESH PANCHAVATPARISHADv. STATE OF GUJARAT[C.K. THAKKER, J.] 653

connected papers contained in original files. The Minister's A
dependence on his Secretary necessarily increases in a democratic
set-up. And aithough his leadership in the entire sphere of
administration is in theory recognized as all pervasive, the scope of
his actual operation does not go much beyond a clear understanding
and direction of policy matters, and not a knowledge of details. Thus,
the Maxwell Committee in 1937 laid down a principle calculated to B
ensure administrative efficiency within the frame-work of ministerial
responsibility. The Committee emphasized that as collective
ministerial responsibility maintained the political unity of
Government, so should the unity of administrative control of each
Department be ensured by concentrating. the responsibility to advise C
the Minister in one official, namely the Secretary".

(emphasis supplied)

38. It is evident from the above that there is clear distinction between
elected representatives and civil servants. Elected representatives of the D
people at District Panchayat level will fonnulate policy and civil servants will
Y execute it by implementing programmes and policy decisions. In matters of
formulation of policies and programmes also, civil servants may make significant
contribution by bringing the relevant data to the notice of the political
executive. Likewise, elected representatives may infonn civil servants about
problems and difficulties of people which can be taken care of by the E
administration. But, both the functions are to be performed by two wings
which are different though interdependent.

39. We are, therefore, unable to uphold the bald assertion of the learned
counsel for the appellant that the District Development Officer must exercise
statutory powers conferred on him by the Act only after consulting the F
President of the District Panchayat or the President of the District Panchayat
can issue omnibus directions to the District Development Officer to place all
files relating to recruitment, appointment, promotion, transfer, deputation,
disciplinary action, etc. before him prior to taking any action in such matters.

40. It was also urged by the learned counsel for the appellant that the G
High Court had committed an error of law in interpreting and relying on
' ......(
various Rules framed under the Act and in upholding the power of the District
Development Officer in relation to service matters under the District Panchayat.
It was submitted that it is settled law that the delegated legislation must be
subject to the parent Act and not vice versa. When the Act itself provides H
654 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A that the District Development Officer will exercise powers subject ~o the order
passed by the President of the District Panchayat, Rules cannot travel beyond
the said provision nor they can be interpreted to mean that President of the
District Panchayat has 'no place' in services under the Panchayat. In other
words, the authority of the District Development Officer cannot be upheld in
Panchayat service on the basis of the Rules framed under the Act.
B
41. Now it is true that the Rules (delegated Legislation) must be consistent
with the provisions of the Act (parent Legislation). But it cannot be said that
the High Court was wrong in referring to those rules while interpreting the
provisions of the Act. Reading the relevant provisions of the Act and the
Rules framed thereunder harmoniously, it appears to us to be crystal clear that
C in the matters of services under the Panchayats, the Legislature wanted the
DiStrict Development Officer and other officials of the District. Panchayats to
exercise statutory powers and the High Court was right in referring to the
Rules.

D 42. For the foregoing reasons, in our opinion, the view taken by the
High Court cannot be said to be contrary to law, inconsistent with the
provisions of the Act or infringing Part IX of the Constitution. We see no
infirmity in the judgment and order passed by the learned Single Judge and
confirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court. The appeal, therefore,
deserves to be dismissed and is accordingly dismissed, however, with no
E order as to costs.

K.KT. Appeal dismissed.

.}- .