M/S. NICHOLAS PLRAMAL INDIA LTD.versusCOMMNR. OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI

              [2010] 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R. 1165


          M/S. NICHOLAS Pl RAMAL INDIA LTD.                        A
                              v.
       COMMNR. OF CENTRAL EXCISE, MUMBAI
           (Civil Appeal No. 5829 of 2002)
                   NOVEMBER 29, 2010
                                                                   B
  [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA AND ANIL R. DAVE,
                    JJ.]

    Central Excise Act, 1944:
                                                                   c
     s.2(f) - Intermediate goods - Captive consumption of -
Levy of excise duty - Held: Intermediate goods captively
consumed are liable to levy of excise duty if they satisfy the
test of both manufacture and marketability - Crude vitamin
A emerged in the manufacture of Vitamin A - Emerged 0
product used in the manufacture of animal feed supplements
- The fact that assessee used the emerged product instead
of purchasing the same from market for the manufacture of
animal feed supplements would show that emerged product
was marketable - Duty leviable on the emerged product.
                                                               E
     s.2(f) - Marketability- Short shelf-life cannot be equated
with no shelf life and would not mean that it is not marketable.

     s.11A - Demand - Limitation - Suppression of facts -
Intermediate goods arising in the manufacture of final product     F
- Use of intermediate product in manufacture of another
product without payment of duty - Non- disclosure of this fact
to the revenue - Held: Extended period of /imitation is
invokable for demanding excise duty.

    Appeal:                                                        G

     Appeal before Supreme Court - Concurrent findings of
fact - Scope of interference - Held: Supreme Court should
be slow in interfering with the concurrent findings of fact
                            1165                                   H
    1166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (201 OJ 13 (ADDL.) $.C.R.


A   unless it is shown that the said findings were perverse or
    patently illegal.

       The appellant-assessee was engaged in the
  manufacture of Vitamin A in finished and marketable
  form. It was also manufacturing animal feed supplements.
8
  During the intermediate stage of manufacture of Vitamin
  A, Vitamin A in its crude form emerged. The department
  issued five show cause notices to the assessee
  demanding excise duty on the intermediate product
  consumed by the assessee in the manufacture of animal
C feed supplements. The Commissioner confirmed the
  liability to duty for the goods manufactured and cleared
  between December 1989 and February 1995 and imposed
  a penalty on the appellant. The Tribunal upheld the
  finding of the Commissioner as regards the excisability
D of the product in question. As regards the question that
  demands were barred by limitation, the Tribunal held that
  three notices relating to period November 1994 to
  February 1995 were within limitation. The instant appeal
  was filed by the assessee challenging the order of the
E Tribunal.

        Dismissing the appeal, the Court
       HELD: 1.1. The taxable event for the levy of excise
  duty is the manufacture of goods. The term
F "manufacture" is of wide import and may include various
  activities and processes which may not be termed as
  'manufacture' in the common parlance. But manufacture
  of goods alone is not enough. In order to attract the levy
  of excise duty, the goods should not only be
G manufactured, i.e., come into existence, but also should
  be articles or products that are known to the market and
  must be capable of being bought and sold. There cannot
  be any doubt that the intermediate products, even if
  captively consumed and not actually sold, may be liable
H to levy of excise duty if they satisfy the test of both
 NICHOLAS PIRAMAL INDIA LTD. v. COMMNR. OF CENTRAL 1167
                  EXCISE, MUMBAI

manufacture and marketability. The marketability of a         A
product is essentially a question of fact. Therefore, the
question of marketability has to be determined in the facts
of each case and cannot be strait-jacketed into pigeon
holes. The orders passed by the Commissioner as also
the Tribunal clearly demonstrated that the product in         B
question was commercially known and was capable of
being marketed. The fact that the appellants had chosen
not to sell the product in question would not mean that
the same was not capable of being marketed. There was
also no dispute that the said product in question was         c
used in the manufacture of the animal feed supplement
sold by the appellant. If the appellant had not used the
product in question, they would have had to buy the
same from the market to manufacture and sell the animal
feed supplement. This would clearly show that a               0
marketable product emerged. Furthermore, in dealing
with a question of fact, this Court would be reluctant in
interfering with concurrent findings of fact on the issue
of marketability unless it is shown that the said finding
is perverse or patently illegal. [Paras 10-12) [1173-C-H;
                                                              E
1174-A-D]
    T.N. State Transport Corporation Ltd v. CCE, Madurai
2004 (116) ELT 433 - relied on.

     Union of India v. Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd
                                                             F
(1997) 5 SCC 767; Nirlon Synthetic Fibres and Chemicals
Ltd v. Collector of C. Excise 1996 (86) ELT 457; Hindustan
Zinc Ltd v. CCE, Jaipur 2005 (181) ELT 170; CCE, Baroda
v. United Phosphorus Ltd 2000 (117) ELT 529; Gip/a Ltd v.
CCE, Bangalore 2008 (225) ELT 403; A.P. State Electricity G
Board v. CCE, Hyderabad 1994 (70) ELT 3; Hindustan Zinc
Ltd. v. Commissioner of Central Excise, Jaipur 2005 (181)
ELT 170 (SC); Union of India v. Delhi Cloth & General Mills
Co. Ltd. 1997 (92) ELT 315 (SC); Cadila Laboratories Pvt.
Ltd. v. Commissioner 2003 (152) ELT 262 (SC) - referred
to.                                                          H
    1168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A      1.2. Shelf-life of a product would not be a relevant
  factor to test the marketability of a product unless it is
  shown that the product has absolutely no shelf-life or the
  shelf-life of the product is such that it is not capable of
  being bought or sold during that shelf-life. It was brought
B on record by the appellants themselves that the product
  had a shelf-life of 2 to 3 days. Short shelf-life cannot be
  equated with no shelf-life and would not ipso facto mean
  that it cannot be marketed. A shelf-life of 2 to 3 days is
  sufficiently long enough for a product to be commercially
c marketed. [Para 13) [1174-E-F]
       2. The Tribunal found that while the show cause
  notice for the period from February 1993 to October 1993
  dated 29.12.1994 was barred by limitation, but in so far
  as other three notices relating to the period November
D 1994 to April 1994, May 1994 to October 1994 and
   November 1994 to February 1995 were concerned, they
   were held to be within limitation. The records showed that
  the appellant did not disclose to the revenue that it was
  manufacturing the product in question. The assessee
E also did not maintain an account and paid no duty on it.
  Therefore, the Commissioner as also the Tribunal were
  justified in holding that the extended period of limitation
  under the proviso to Section 11 A (1) of the Central Excise
  Act, 1944 was invokable. In that view of the matter,
F demand made for the said three periods cannot be said
  to be time-barred. [Para 14) [1175-A-D]

         T.N. State Transport Corpn. Ltd. v. Collector of Central
    Excise, Madurai 2004 (166) ELT 433 (SC) - relied on.
G                        Case Law Reference:
        (1997) 5 sec 767            referred to         Para 8
        1996 (86) ELT 457           referred to         Para 8

H       2005 (181) ELT 170          referred to         Para 8
NICHOLAS Pl RAMAL INDIA LTD. v. COMMNR. OF CENTRAL 1169
                  EXCISE, MUMBAI

    2000 (117) ELT 529           referred to           Para 8         A
    2008 (225) ELT 403           referred to           Para 8

    1994 (70) ELT 3              referred to           Para 9

    2004 (116) ELT 433           relied on             Para 9,
                                                                      B
                                                       13, 15

    2005 (181) ELT 170 (SC) referred to                Para 10

    1997 (92) ELT 315 (SC)       referred to           Para 10

    2003 (152) ELT 262 (SC) referred to                Para 10        c
    CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.
5829 of 2002.

    From the Judgment & Order dated 16.5.2002 of the
Customs Excise Gold Control Appellate Tribunal, West Zonal            D
Bench, Mumbai in appeal No. E/2406/96-Bom.

     A.R. Madhav Rao, Priyanka, Alok Yadav, V. Balachandran
for the Appellant.
                                                                      E
    Arijit Prasad, Sunita Rani Singh, B.K. Prasad for the
Respondent.

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

     DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J. 1. The short question F
which arises for determination in this Civil Appeal filed by the
Assessee under Section 35L{b) of the Central Excise Act,
1944 is whether "Vitamin A Acetate Crude" and "Vitamin A
~almitate" (hereinafter referred to as the product in question)
or "Crude Vitamin A" is excisable to duty.                       G

     2. The present appeal filed by the appellant - assessee
herein under Section 35L(b) of the Central Excise Act, 1944
(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') arises out of an order dated
16.05.2002 passed by the Customs, Excise Gold Control ·
                                                                      H
     1170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A Appellate Tribunal, West Zonal Bench at Mumbai (hereinafter
  referred to as 'the CEGAT') in appeal No. E/2404/96-Bom
  holding that "crude vitamin A" is marketable and hence liable
  to duty.

        3. The appellant - assessee is engaged in the
8 manufacture of Vitamin A in a finished and marketable form.
  These are cleared on payment of applicable excise duties
  under Heading 29.36 of the Schedule to the Central Excise
  Tariff Act, 1985. The assessee is also engaged in the
  manufacture of animal feed supplements with the brand name
C 'Rovimix' (now called 'Endomie') and 'Rovibe' (now called
  'Endobee').

        4. During the intermediate stage of manufacture of vitamin
  A, "Vitamin A Acetate Crude" and "Vitamin A Palmitate" or
D Vitamin A in its crude form emerges. The crude Vitamin A
  acetate is subjected to further process of crystallization using
  Methanol and the crystals centrifuged and dried to obtain
  finished Vitamin A, which is marketed by the appellant.

.E     5. Five show cause notices were issued to the appellant
  demanding excise duty on the product in question consumed
  by the appellant in the manufacture of animal feed supplements.
  Adjudicating upon these five show cause notices issued to the
  appellant, the Commissioner confirmed the liability to duty for
  the goods manufactured and cleared between December 1989
F and February 1995 and imposed a penalty on the appellant.
  The relevant portion of the finding of the Commissioner is
  reproduced herein :

        "SOURCE: MARTINDALE                      THE     EXTRA
G       PHARMACOPOEIA

        From the above it can be seen that this is a commercially
        known and marketable product. Merely because it is
        unstable at room temperature does not exclude it from
        commercial marketability.
H
NICHOLAS PIRAMAL INDIA LTD. v. COMMNR. OF CENTRAL 1171
    EXCISE, MUMBAI [DR MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]

    Intermediate goods of distinctly and differently known in the A
    commercial sense of the word constitute manufacture under
    Section 3 of Central Excises & Salt Act, 1944. Vitamin A
    acetate crude and Vitamin A Palmitate are different
    commercial item from that of Rovimix and Rovibe. It is also     .---·
    known in different pharmacopoeia as such. Merely because B ·
    the company has not sold the product does not excl1Jde it
    from the purview of commercial marketability. It has to be
    kept in an oxygen free environment to prevent oxidizing by
    other agents which similarly is the case in many drugs and
    chemical compositions. The fact that it has no standard C
    specification and potency does not exclude it from distinct
    commercial entity as it still remains Vitamin A acetate and
    Vitamine A Palmitate.

    Apart from the aforesaid the Tariff head 2936.00 of Central
    Excise Tariff Act, 1985 covers "Provitamins and Vitamins, D
    natural or reproduced by synthesis (including natural
    concentrates), derivatives thereof used primarily as
    Vitamins and intermixtures of the foregoing whether or not
    in any so!vent and Vitamin A acetate and Vitamin A
    Palmitate clearly falls within the parameter of this Tariff E
    head. This clearly indicates that there are commercially
    marketable entities and supports the earlier arguments of
    distinct commercial entity"

    6. The Tribunal considered the entire facts and the records F
and on appreciation thereof, upheld the finding of the
Commissioner. The Tribunal also considered the fact that ·
nobody would manufacture a pharmaceutical of such purity
unless the manufacturer was interested in its sale. The Tribunal
however remanded the matter back to the adjudicating
authorities for the purposes of determining the valuation of the G
products in question.

     7. So far the other issue with regard to demands being
barred by limitation was concerned, the Tribunal held that the
show cause notice dated 29.12.1994 would be barred by H
          1172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


      A limitation for the period from February 1993 to October 1993
        but so far other three notices relating to the period November
        1994 to April 1994, May 1994 to October 1994 and November
        1994 to February 1995 were concerned, they were held to be
        within limitation. The aforesaid findings and conclusions arrived
      B at by the Tribunal are under challenge in this appeal on which
        we heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties.

               8. The Counsel appearing for the appellant submitted that
          crude vitamin A, on which duty is being demanded by the
          Revenue is an intermediary and that such demand is untenable
. '   c   and unjustified inasmuch as the said product cannot be termed
          as "goods" and is incapable of being marketed, particularly in
          view of the fact that the life of the item would not be more than
          two days. He also submitted that the burden to prove the
          "marketability" of a product would always rest on the respondent
      D   and that the department has failed to lead any evidence
          indicating its capability of being marketed, particularly owing
          to the fact that it is unstable if it is not stored in sub-zero degree
          centigrade. He also submitted that the anti-oxidants which are
          needed to give stability to the product are not added to the
      E   crude vitamin A separately but are added to crude vitamin A
          simultaneously along with other ingredients in a single operation
          to obtain the final product, namely the animal feed supplement
          and therefore demand raised by the Revenue is unwarranted.
          In support of his submissions, reliance was placed on Union
      F   of India v. Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd reported in
          (1997) 5 SCC 767; Nirlon Synthetic Fibres and Chemicals
          Ltd v. Collector of C. Excise reported in 1996 (86) ELT 457;
          Hindustan Zinc Ltd v. CCE, Jaipur reported in 2005 (181) ELT
          170; CCE, Baroda v. United Phosphorus Ltd reported in 2000
      G   (117) ELT 529; Cipla Ltd v. CCE, Bangalore reported in 2008
          (225) ELT 403.

               9. The aforesaid contentions of the counsel appearing for
          the appellant were, however, refuted by the counsel appearing
          for the respondent contending, inter a/ia, that the products in
      H
NICHOLAS PIRAMAL INDIA LTD. v. COMMNR. OF CENTRAL 1173
    EXCISE, MUMBAI [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]

question admittedly retain its properties for a period of 1-2 days    A
and therefore it is a marketable product. He also submitted
marketability of the said product is a finding of fact, having been
so decided by the Tribunal as also by the Commissioner and
therefore, such a finding of fact should not be disturbed unless
the same is perverse. Reliance was placed on T.N. State               8
Transport Corporation Ltd v. CCE, Madurai reported in 2004
(116) ELT 433; A. P. State Electricity Board v. CCE,
Hyderabad reported in 1994 (70) ELT 3.

      10. The taxable event for the levy of excise duty is the C
manufacture of goods. The term "manufacture" is of wide import
and may include various activities and processes which may
not be termed as 'manufacture' in the common parlance. But
manufacture of goods alone is not enough. In order to attract
the ·levy of excise duty, the goods should not only be
manufactured, i.e., come into existence, but also should be D
articles or products that are known to the market and must be
capable of being brought and sold. Some emphasis has to be
laid on the use of the word capable as actual sale of the product
or article is not essential and required. This has been settled
in a number of authorities of this Court and no longer res E
integra. There cannot be any doubt that intermediate products,
even if captively consumed and not actually sold, may be liable
to levy of excise duty if they satisfy the test of both manufacture
and marketability. The aforesaid legal principle has been laid
down by this Court in the judgments in Hindustan Zinc Ltd. v. F
Commissioner of Central Excise, Jaipur, reported in 2005
(181) E.L.T. 170 (S.C.), Union of India v. Delhi Cloth &
General Mills Co. Ltd., reported in 1997 (92) E.L.T. 315 (S.C.),
Cadila Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner, reported in
2003 (152) E.L.T. 262 (S.C.). In the decision in Hindustan Zinc G
Ltd. (supra), decided by three Judge Bench of this Court, it was
also held by this Court that marketability of a product is
essentially a question of fact.

     11. Therefore, the question of marketability, being a            H
   1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A question of fact, has to be determined in the facts of each. case
  and cannot be strait-jacketed into pigeon holes. The orders
  passed by the Commissioner as also the Tribunal clearly
  demonstrate that the product in question is commercially known
  and is capable of being marketed. The facts that the appellants
B have chosen not to sell the product in question does not mean
  that the same is not capable of being marketed. The matter can
  be looked from another angle. There is also no dispute that the
  said product in question is used in the manufacture of the
  animal feed supplement sold by the Appellant. Had the
c Appellant not used the product in question, they would have had
  to buy the same from the market to manufacture and sell the
  Animal Feed Supplement. This clearly shows that a marketable
  product emerges.

        12. Furthermore, in dealing with a question of fact, this
D Court should be reluctant in interfering with concurrent findings
  of fact on the issue of marketability unless it is shown that the
  said finding is perverse or patently illegal.

        13. One of the arguments placed by the Counsel for the
E Appellant is that the product in question does not have shelf·
  life and hence cannot be said to satisfy the test of marketability.
  The said argument is contradicted by the evidence adduced
  by the Appellant themselves. It has been brought on record by
  the Appellants themselves that the product has a shelf-life of 2
F to 3 days. Short shelf-life cannot be equated with no shelf-life
  and would not ipso facto mean that it cannot be marketed. A
  shelf-life of 2 to 3 days is sufficiently long enough for a product .
  to be commercially marketed. Shelf-life of a product would not
  be a relevant factor to test the marketability of a product unless
G it is shown that the product has 2bsolutely no shelf-life or the
  shelf-life of the product is such that it is not capable of being ·
  brought or sold during that shelf-life. This Court in T.N. State
   Transport Corporation Limited (supra) has held that a shelf-
  life of 8 to 10 hours was enough to market the product in issue
H before the Court in that case.
 NICHOLAS PIRAMAL INDIA LTD. v. COMMNR. OF CENTRAL 1175
     EXCISE, MUMBAI [DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J.]

     14. It was further urged by the counsel appearing for the A
appellant that the aforesaid show cause notices for the
remaining three periods were also barred by limitation.
However, the Tribunal found that while the show cause notice
for the period from February 1993 to October 1993 dated
29.12.1994 was barred by limitation, but in so far as other three B
notices relating to the period November 1994 to April 1994,
May 1994 to October 1994 and November 1994 to February
1995 were concerned, they were held to be within limitation. It
is also disclosed from the records that the appellant did not
disclose to the revenue that the assessee was manufacturing       c
the aforesaid product. Assessee also did not maintain an
account and paid no duty on this. Therefore, the Commissioner,
Central Excise as also the Tribunal were justified in holding that
the extended period of limitation under proviso to Section 11A
(1) of the Central Excises & Salt Act, 1944 could be invokable.
                                                                   0
We find no reason to interfere with the said finding. In that view
of the matter, demand made for the aforesaid three periods
cannot be said to be time-barred.

     15. In coming to the aforesaid conclusion, both on merit
and also on limitation, we are supported by the Division Bench E
decision of this Court in T.N. State Transport Corpn. Ltd. v.
Collector of Central Excise, Madurai reported in 2004 (166)
E.L.T. 433 (S.C.). The facts of the said decision are almost
similar to the facts of the present case and almost identical
issues which are raised in the present appeal were also raised F
by the assessee in the said case. We, therefore, draw our
support from the ratio of the aforesaid decision in arriving at
the conclusion in the present case.

     16. We, therefore, find no infirmity in the findings of facts G
arrived at by the Commissioner of Central Excise, Mumbai-Ill
as also the Tribunal. The appeal stands dismissed but we leave
the parties to bear their own costs.

D.G.                                        AppE:!al dismissed.
                                                                  H