MADAN LAL AND ANR.versusSTATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

A                            MADAN LAL AND ANR.
                                          v.
                        STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

                                AUGUST 19, 2003.

B              [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.]


          Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985:

         Section 42-Compliance of-Plea that no proof that information
C regarding transportation ofnarcotic drugs transmitted to superior authority--
    Held: On facts, material establishing that information sent without delay to
    superior officer-Thus provision of Section 42(2) complied with.

          Section 50-Scope and applicability of-Held: Section 50 is applicable
    in case of personal search of person and not search of vehicle or container
D   or bag or premises.

          Section 20-Possession of narcotic drug-Plea that sample sent for
    analysis varied in weight and there was tampering-Held: when variation
    in weight is minimal and almost ignorable, there cannot be any tampering.

E         Sections 20, 35 and 54-Jntercepiion of car carrying accused-Seizure
    of narcotic drug-Conscious possession of narcotic drug-Plea to the
    contrary-Held: Evidence establishing that accused in conscious possession
     ofcontraband articles-Presumption available by application oflogic flowing
    from Sections 35 and 54 applicable to accused-Hence, accused rightly
F   convicted by courts below.

          Words and Phrases:

          "Possession"-Meaning of

          "Conscious "-Meaning of
G         An Assistant Superintendent of Police received a secret telephonic
    message that charas was being transported in a car. Information was recorded
    and was tr.msmitted to the Superintendent of Police. Raiding party intercepted
    the car carrying appellant-accused persons. Accused M was driving a car
    and the remaining accused were sitting therein. Charas was seized from the
H                                        716
                       MADAN LAL v. ST ATE OF H.P.                           717
car. Samples were sent to the Police station. FIR was registered. Chemical          A
examiner analyzed the samples and filed a report that the samples were of
charas. Thereafter, chargesheet was framed and the accused were put on trial.
Trial Court convicted and sentenced the accused under Sectio11 20 of the
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Appellants-accused
filed appeals which were dismissed. Hence the present appeals. SLP of accused
G was dismissed.                                                                    B
       Appellants-accused contended that there was no material to show that
the information which was required to be transmitted to the superior authority
was so done; that the finding that there was no requirement to comply with
the requirement of Section 50 when a vehicle has been searched is not
correct; that the officials had tampered with the samples as the weight of the      C
sample was less than what was indicated; that there was no material to prove
that there was any conscious possession of the contraband articles; that M
was only the driver of the vehicle and was not supposed to know what the other
occupants were bringing; and that since the accused whose SLP has been
dismissed, admitted that the seized charas belonged to him, other accused           D
appellants should not have been convicted.

      Dismissing the appeals, the Court

      HELD: 1. The judgments of trial Court and the High Court that the
appellants-accused committed offence punishable under Section 20 of the             E
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 suffer from no
infirmity to warrant interference. (719-E; 726-C]

      2.1. The materials clearly establish that the information about
transportation of charas was sent without delay to the immediate superior
officer by the Assistant Superintendent of Police. Thus, the submission             F
regarding non-compliance of provisions of Section 42 of the Act is without
substance. (723-H; 724-A]

      2.2. A bare perusal of Section 50 of the Act shows that it only applies
in case of personal search of a person. It does not extend to search of a vehicle
or a container or a bag, or premises. The language of Section 50 is implicitly      G
clear that the search has to be in relation to a person as contrasted to search
of premises, vehicles or articles. Thus, the submission regarding non-
compliance of Section 50 of the Act is without any substance. (724-B, CJ

      Kalema Tumba v. State of Maharashtra and Anr., JT [1999) (8) SC 293;          H
    718                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   The State of Punjab v. Baldev Singh, JT (1999) 4 SC 595 and Gurbax Singh
    v. State of Haryana, 12001) 3 SCC 28, relied on.

           2.3. With regard to the submission that there was reduction in weight
    of the samples sent for analysis and there was tampering, trial Court recorded
    the reasons for rejecting the same that the seals were intact and there was
B   no tampering, and High Court endorsed the view. There was very minimal
    and almost ignorable variation in weight, thus there is no reason to interfere
    with the findings. (724-D, E)

           2.4. Whether there was conscious possession has to be determined with
    reference to the factual backdrop. In the instant case, not only possession but
C   conscious possession has been established. It has not been shown by the
    accused-appellants that the possession was not conscious in the logical
    background of Sections 35 and 54 of the Act. The facts which can be culled
    out from the evidence on record is that all the accused persons were traveling
    in a vehicle and they were known to each other and it has not been explained
D   or shown as to how they travelled together from the same destination in a
    vehicle which was not a public vehicle. They know about transportation of
    charas, and each had a role in the transportation and possession with
    conscious knowledge of what they are doing. The case of appellant-accused
    M does not stand on a different footing merely because he was a driver of the
    vehicle. The logic applicable to other accused-appellants also applies to M.
E   Therefore, the presumption available by application of logic flowing from
    Sections 35 and 54 of the Act clearly applies to the facts of the instant case.
                                                              (724-G, H; 726-B-CJ

           2.5. The statement of search witness that G told him that contraband
    articles belonged to him was made totally out of context and no credence can
F   at all be attached to the statement. The accused G in his examination under
    Section 313 Cr.P.C. did not state that he was alone in possession of the
    contraband articles. On the contrary, he stated that he did not know anything     .
                                                                                      -
    about the alleged seizure. 1724-FI

G         3.1. The expression 'possession' is a polymorphous term which
    assumes different colours in different contexts. It may carry meanings in
    contextually different backgrounds. (725-C)

          Superintendent & Remembrancer of legal Affairs, West Bengal v. Anil
    Kumar Bhunja and Ors., AIR (1980( SC 52 and Gunwant/al v. The State of
H   M.P., AIR 11972( SC 1756, referred to.
                MADAN LAL v. STATE OF H.P. (PASAYAT,J.]                        719

     Health v. Drown (19721 2 All ER 561 (HL) and Sullivan v. Earl of                 A
Caithness, f1976) l All ER 844 (QBD), referred to.

       3.2. The word 'conscious' means awareness about a particular fact. It
is a state of mind which is deliberate or intended. [725-DI

,     CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 786                       B
ofioo2.
     from the Judgment and Order dated 10.l.2001 of the Himachal Pradesh
High Court in Cr!. A.No. 219 of 2000.

                                     WITH                                             c
      Crl.A.Nos. 788/2002 and 905 of2003.

    · Mrs. Subhadra Chaturvedi (A.C.) for the Appellant.

      J.S. Atrri, Addi. Advocate General for State of H.P. in Cr! A:No. 788/200.2     D
for the Respondent.
      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
      ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Since these three appeals involve identical issues
they are disposed of by this common judgment.

      The appellants and one other person faced trial for alleged commission          E
of offence punishable under Section 20 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act, 1985 (in short 'the Act').

      All the five accused were found guilty of the alleged offence and all of
them were sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a term of I 0 years          F
and to pay a fine of Rs. I lakh with a default stipulation of a further rigorous
imprisonment of 3 months in case of default to pay the fine.

     By the impugned judgment the High Court of Himachal Pradesh at
Shimla dismissed the appeals filed by the accused appellants.

       In appeal Nos. 786/2002 and 788/2002 at the Special Leave Petition
                                                                                      G
stage, there were fou~ petitioners. The special leave petition so far as petitioner
Goyal Nc:th is concerned was dismis:;ed by an order dated 5.8.2002.

      Accusations which led to the trial of the accused appellants in a nutshell
                                                                                      H
    720                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A is as follows:
           On 5.10.1999, a secret telephonic message was recorded by Sunder Lal,
    A.S.P. (PW~I l) that charas was being transported in a Maruti Esteem blue car
    bearing No.CHO-IE-2764 which was coming towards Oachghat. The information
    was reduced by him into writing. He gave directions to the SHO, Police
B   Station, Solan to send the information to the Superintendent of Police and
    thereafter proceeded towards the spot where the car was expected to come.
    On reaching the spot, he formed a raiding party consisting of Jainarain (PW-
    1) and Ashwani Kumar Gupta (PW-2) and the car was stopped by the raiding
    party. Accused, Manjit Singh was driving the car and the remaining accused
    persons were sitting therein. In the presence of witnesses, Jainarain (PW-I)
C   gave an option to the accused persons as to whether they wanted to be
    searched by a Magistrate or by him. Accused appellants. consented for the
    search by Jainarain (PW-I). On personal search of the accused persons
    nothing incriminating was found on their person. When the car was searched,
    a black coloured bag was found which contained a steel doloo kept in a
D   plastic bag. The said doloo contained 820 grams of charas. After separating
    two samples of 25 grams each the remaining charas were separately sealed
    and samples ·were senf to the Officer Incharge, Police Station, Solan for
    registration of a case. On the basis of the inforination FIR was recorded at
    the Police Station. The car along with the documents and the key were also
    seized. The sealed parcels of the case property were handed over to the SHO
E   (PW-9) who re-sealed them. The samples were analysed by the Chemical
    Examiner who filed a report vi de Ext.PW- I0/A with the finding that the samples
    were that of charas. On being satisfied about commission of offence under
    Section 20 of the Act, a charge-sheet was submitted. After framing of charge,
    the accused persons faced trial.
F         To substantiate its accusation, prosecution examined 11 witnesses. The
    accused appellants pleaded innocence: On consideration of the evidence on
    record, the accused persons were convicted and sentenced as aforesaid. The
    appeals preferred by the accused appellants were dismissed by the impugned
    judgment.
G         Mrs. Subhadra Chaturvedi, learned amicus curiae appearing for the
    accused appellants submitted that the prosecution was totally without basis
    and there were several irretrievable infractions of statutory provisions which
    render the trial vitiated and consequently the judgments are unsustainable.

          Firstly, it was submitted that the mandatory requirements of Sections
H
               MADAN LAL v. STATE OF H.P. [PASA YAT, J.]                  721

42nd 50 were not complied with. Further, the officials had tampered with the      A
samples as the weight of the sample was less than what was indicated.

      Elaborating the different pleas, it was submitted that there was no
material to show that the information which was required to be transmitted
to the superior authority was so done. Further, the finding that there was no
requirement to comply with the requirement of Section 50 when a vehicle has       B
been searched is not correct. When accused Goyal Nath whose SLP has been
dismissed, admitted that the seized charas belonged to him, other accused
appellants should not have been convicted. There was no material to prove
that there was any conscious· possession of the contraband articles.

      In case of accused-appellant Manjit Singh it was addjtionally submitted     C
that he was only the driver of the vehicle and was not supposed to know
what the other occupants were bringing.

      In response, it was submitted by learned Additional Advocate Genera!
appearing for the State of Himachal Pradesh that all the points presently         D
urged were considered by the Trial Court and the High Court, and after
detailed analysis of the legal and factual position have been rightly rejected.

     The first aspect which needs to be considered is whether there was any
non-compliance of Sections 42 and 50 of the Act as pleaded. So far as these
two provisions are concerned, they read as follows:                               E
        "Section 42: Power of entry, search, seizure and arrest without
        warrant or authorization:

        (I) Any such officer (being an officer superior in rank to a peon,
        sepoy or constable) of the departments of central excise, narcotics, F
        customs, revenue intelligence or any other depar.tment of the Central
        Government including para-military forces or armed forces as is
        empowered in this behalf by general or special order by the Central
        Government, or any such officer (being an officer superior in rank to
        a peon, sepoy or constable) of the revenue, drugs control, excise,
        police or any other department of a State Government as is empowered G
        in this behalf by general or special order of the State Government, if
        he has reason to believe from persons knowledge or information given
        by any person and taken down in writing that any narcotic drug, or
        psychotropic substance, or controlled substance in respect of which .
        an offence punishable under this Act has been committed or any H
    722                   SUPRE\1E COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A         document or other article which may furnish evidence of the commission
          of such offence or any illegally acquired property or any document
          or other article which may furnish eviGence of holding any illegally
          acquir1od property which is liable for seizure or free·drg or forfeiture
          under Chapter VA of this Act is kepi: or concealed in any building,
          conveyance or enclosed place, may between sunrise and sunset,-
B
              (a) enter iilto and search any such building, conveyance or place;

              (b) in case of resi5tance, break open any door and remove any
          obstacle to such entry;

c             (c) seize such drug or substance and all materials used in the
          manufacture thereof and any other article and any animal or
          conveyance which he has reason to .'Jelieve to be liable to confiscation
          under this Act and any document or·0ther article w.hich he has reason
          to believe may furnish evidence of the commission of any offence
          punishable under this Act or furnish evidence of holding any illegally
D         acquired prop~rty whi.:.,h is liable for seizure or freezing or forfeiture
          under Chapter VA of this Act; and

             (d) detain and search, a· .d, if he thinks proper, ~.rrest any person
                                                                                       (
          whom he has reason to believe to h.ave committed any offence
          punishable uuder f .is Act.
E
              Providea that if such officer has reason to belie.v.~ that a search
          warrant or authorization cannot be obtained without affording
          opportunity for the concealment or evidence or facility for the escape·
          of an offender, he may enter and search SUC'h building, conveyance
          or enclosed place at any time between sunset and sunrise after
F         recording the grounds of hL> belief.

          (2) Where an officer takes down any infonnation in writing under
          sub-section (I) or recorc'.~ grounds for his belief under the proviso
          thereto, he shall within seventy-two hours send a copy thereof to his
          immediate official superior.
G
          Section 50: Cond/tivns under which search of persons shall be
          conducted-

          (l) When any officer duly authorized under Section 42 is about to
          search any person under the provisions of Section 41, section 42 or
H         section 43, he shall, if such person so requires, take such petsori
               MADAN LAL v. STATE OF H.P. [PASAYAT,J.]                       723

       without unnecessary delc.. y to the· nearest Gazetted Officer of any <?f      A
       the departments mentioned in section 42 or to the nearest Magistrate.

       (2) If such requisit' on is made, the officer may detair. the person until
       he can bring him before the Gazetted Officer or the Magistrate referred
       to in sub-section ( 1).
                                                                                     B
        (3) The Gazetted Officer or the Magistrate before whom any such ·
        person is brou;,;ht shall, if he sees no reasonable ground for search,
      . forthwith discharge the person but otherwise shall direct that search
       ·be made.

       (4) No female shall be searched by anyone excepting a female.                 C
       (5) When an officer duly authorized under section 42 has reason to
       believe that it is not possible to take the person to be searched to the
       nearest Gazetted Officer or Magistrate without the possibility of the
       person to be searched parting with possession of any narcotic drug
       or psychotropic substance, or controlled substance or article or              D
       document, he may, instead of taking such person to the nearest
       Gazett~d Officer or Magistrate, proceed to search the person as
       provided under section 100 of the Code ofCrimiml Procedure, 1973(2
       of l.974).

       (6) After a search is :onducted under s.:.b-section (5), the offi::er shall   E
       record the reasons for such belief which necessi•ated such search and
       within seventy-two hours send a copy thereof to his immediate official
       superior."

      The evidence of the witnesses i.e. PWs. 5, 8 and 11 throw considerable
light on this controversy. In fact the original register which recorded the          F
transmission of the information to the Superintendent of Police was perused
by the High Court. On 27 .12.2000 after perusing the register, the High Court
noted that there was no over-writing or cutting in respect of the relevant
entries. Constable (PW-:) has stated that he had taken a copy of th'! daily
diary regarding receipt of information about transportation of charas (Ext.PW-       G
5/A) and handed over to the reader of the Superintendent of Police at 10.40
a.m. the relevant document. PW-5 has corroborated this statement of PW-8
about deliyery of the copy of information and he has stated that the same
was placed before the concerned Superintendent of Police. In other words,
the materiais clearly establish that the information was sent without delay to
the immediate superior officer of PW-11 i.e. Superintendent of Police. That          H
    724                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   being the position, contention regarding non-compliance of provisions of
    Section 42 is clearly without suhstance.

         Now comes the question whether there was non-compliance of Section
    50 of the Act.

B         A bare reading of Section 50 shows that it only applies in case of
    personal search of a person. It does not extend to search of a vehicle or a
    container or a bag, or premises. See Kalema Tumba v. State of Maharashtra
    and Anr., JT (1999) 8 SC 293, The State ofPunjab v. Baldev Singh, JT (1999)
    4 SC 595, Gurbax Singh v. State of Haryana, [2001] 3 SCC 28. The language
C   of Section 50 is implicitly clear that the search has to be in relation to a person
    as contrasted to search of premises, vehicles or articles. This position was
    settled beyond doubt by the Constitution Bench in Baldev Singh 's, case
    (supra). Above being the position, the contention regarding non-compliance
    of Section 50 of the Act is also without any substance.

D         Coming to the plea that there was reduction in weight of the sampies
    sent for analysis and there was tampering, it has to be noted that this aspect
    has also been considered by the Trial Court which has recorded the rea$ons
    for rejecting the same. It has been noted that the seals were intact and there
    was no tampering. The view has been endorsed by the High Court. On
    considering the reasoning indicated that there was very minimal and almost
E   ignorable variation in weight, we find no reason to interfere with the findings.

          The other plea which was emphasized was the alle'ged statement of
    accused Goyal Nath that he alone was in possession of the contraband bags.
    The plea centers round a statement of search witness PW-I, who stated that
    Goyal Nath told him that contraband articles belonged to him. The statement
F   was made totally out of context and no credence can at all be attached to the
    statement. The accused Goyal Nath in his examination under Section 313 of
    the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the 'Code') did not state that
    he was alone in possession of the contraband articles. On the contrary, he
    stated that he did not know anything about the alleged seizure.
G
          Whether there was conscious possession has to be determined with
    reference to the factual backdrop. The facts which can be culled out from the
    evidence on record is that all the accused persons were travelling in a vehicle
    and as noted by the Trial Court they were known to each other and it has
    not been explained or shown as to how they travelled together from the same
H   destination in a vehicle which was not a public vehicle.
                MADAN LAL v. STATE OF H.P.[PASAYAT,J.]                     725
      Section 20(b) makes possession of contraband articles an offence. Section   A
20 appears in chapter IV of the Act which relates to offence for possession
of such articles. It is submitted that in order to make the possession illicit,
there must be a conscious possession.

     It is highlighted that unless the possession was coupled with requisite
mental element, i.e. conscious possession and not mere custody without            B
awareness of the nature of such possession, Section 20 is not attracted.

      The expression 'possession' is a polymorphous term which assumes
different colours in different contexts. It may carry different meanings in
contextually different backgrounds. It is impossible, as was observed in          C
Superintendent & Remembrancer of Legal Affairs, West Bengal v. A nil Kumar
Bhunja and Ors., AIR (1980) SC 52, to work out a completely logical and
precise definition of "possession" uniformally applicable to all situations in
the context of all statutes.

      The word 'conscious' means awareness about a particular fact. It is a       D
state of mind which is deliberate or intended.

      As noted in Gunwantla/ v. The State of MP., AIR (1972) SC 1756
possession in a given case need not be physical possession but can be
constructive, having power and control over the article in case in question,
while the person whom physical possession is given holds it subject to that       E
power or control.

      The word 'possession' means the legal right to possession (See; Health
v. Drown (1972) (2) All ER 561 (HL). In an interesting case it was o.bserved
that where a person keeps his fire arm in his mother's flat which is safer than
his own home, he must be considered to be in possession of the same. See          F
Sullivan v. Earl ofCaithness, (1976) 1 All ER 844 (QBD).

      Once possession is established the person who claims that it was not
a conscious possession has to establish it, because how he came to be in
possession is within his special knowledge. Section 35 of the Act gives a
statutory recognition of this position because of presumption available in law.   G
Similar is the position in terms of Section 54 where also presumption is
available to be drawn from possession of illicit articles.

      In the factual scenario of the present case not only possession but
conscious possession has been established. It has not been shown by the           H
    726                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A accused-appellants that the possession was not conscious in the logical
    background of Sections 35 and 54 of the Act. ·

          In fact the evidence clearly establishes that they knew about
    transportation of charas, and each had a role in the transportation and
    possession with conscious knowledge of what they are doing. The accused-
B   appellant Manjit Singh does not stand on a different footing merely because
    he was a driver of the vehicle. The logic applicable to other accused-appellants
    also applies to Manjit Singh.

           Therefore, the presumption available by application of logic flowing
C   from Sections 35 and 54 of the Act clearly applies to the facts of the present
    case. The judgments of the Trial Court and the High Court suffer from no
    infinnity to warrant interference. The appeals deserve dismissal, which we
    direct.

    N.J.                                                       Appeals dismissed.