Holding

Discount on debentures is revenue expenditure, but only the proportionate amount corresponding to the accounting year may be deducted, not the whole discount.

Summary

Madras Industrial Investment Corporation Ltd. issued debentures at a 2% discount, creating a liability of Rs. 3,00,000 payable over 12 years. For the assessment year 1968‑69 it wrote off Rs. 12,500 as the proportionate discount for six months. The Income‑Tax Appellate Tribunal allowed deduction of the entire discount, but the Madras High Court held that no expenditure existed in the balance Rs. 2,87,500. The Supreme Court examined whether the discount constituted revenue expenditure under Section 37 of the Income‑Tax Act and whether the whole amount could be deducted in the year of issue. It held that the discount is an accrued liability incurred for business purposes, but because it is a continuing liability spread over 12 years, only the proportionate amount may be deducted each year. Consequently, only Rs. 12,500 is allowable in AY 1968‑69 and the balance cannot be claimed.

Issues considered

Whether the discount on debentures issued at a discount constitutes 'expenditure' within the meaning of Section 37 of the Income‑Tax Act, 1961.
Whether the entire discount amount can be deducted in the year of issue or only a proportionate part spread over the period of the debentures.

Legislation cited

Income Tax Act, 1961s. 10(2)(xv), s. 256(1), s. 30, s. 31, s. 32, s. 33, s. 34, s. 35, s. 36, s. 37, s. 44A

Subjects

Income TaxSection 37Discount on DebenturesRevenue ExpenditureAccrued LiabilityProportionate DeductionBusiness Expenditure

Judgment

MADRAS INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT A
CORPORATION LTD.
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX,
TAMIL,NADU I, MADRAS

APRIL 4, 1997 B

[S.C. AGRAWAL AND SUJATA V. MANOHAR, JJ.]

Income Tax Act, 1961: Section 37.

Income Tax-Business Expenditure-AY 1968-69-Discount on Deben-
c
tures issued by assessee-Held : Discount on such debentures was business
expenditure in the nature of revenue expenditure-Hence, an allowable deduc-
tion-flowever, since the liability to pay the discount was spread over a
number of years, only prop01tionate part, and not the entire amount, of the
discount could be deducted in the assessment year in question. D
Words and Phrases :

"Expenditure''--Meaning of-In the context of S.37 of the Income Tax
Act, 1961.
E
The appellant-Company issued debentures at a discount of 2%
redeemable after 12 years with interest at a stipulated rate. For AY 1968-69
the appellant wrote off Rs. 12,500 out of the total discount of Rs. 3 lakhs
being the proportionate amount of discount for the period of six months
ending with 30-6-1967. The Income tax Appellate Tribunal not only allowed
the deduction of Rs. 12,500 but also allowed the deduction of the balance F
amount of Rs. 2,87,500. The question before the High Court was 'Whether
there was any expenditure in the sum of Rs. 2,87,500 and whether it was
revenue expenditure"? The High Court answered the first part of the
question in the negative and did not answer the second part. Hence this
appeal. G
Disposing of the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1.1. "Expenditure" is not necessarily confined to the money,
which has been actually paid out. It covers a liability which has accrued
or which has been incurred although it may have to be discharged at a H
593
594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] 3 S.C.R.

A future date. However, a contingent liability, which may have to be dis-
charged in future, cannot be considered as expenditure. [600-F-G]

Indian Molasses Co. (Private) Ltd. v. CIT, (1959) 37 ITR 66 and
Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. CIT, (1969) 37 ITR 1, relied on.

B 1.2. Although expenditure primarily denotes the idea of spending or
paying out, it may, in given circumstances, also cover an amount of loss
which has not gone out of the assessee's pocket but which is all the same,
an amount which the assessee has had to give up. It also covers a liability
which the assessee has incurred in presenti although it is payable in
C futuro. A contingent liability that may arise in future is, however not
"expenditure". It would. cover not just a one-time payment but a liability
spread out over a number of years. [602-B-C]

CIT v. Chandulal Keshavlal & Co., (1960) 38 ITR 601, relied on.

D CIT v. Indian Jute Mills Association, (1982) 134 ITR 68, approved.

2.1. When a company issues debentures at a discount, it incurs a
liability to pay a larger amount than what it has borrowed, at a future date.
The company incurs such a liability for the purposes of its business in
order to generate funds for its business activities. The company uses the
E amounts so obtained by issue of debentures for the purposes of its busi-
ness. This would, therefore, be expenditure. [603-E-G]

M.P. Financial Corporation v. CIT, (1987) 165 ITR 765 (MP), ap-
proved.

F Spicer and Pegler's: "Book-Keeping and Accounts'~ 17th Edn., P. 240
and Batliboi: "Principles and Practice of Auditing, referred to.

2.2. Whether a particular expenditure is revenue expenditure in-
curred for the purpose of business must be determined on a consideration
of all the facts and circumstances. And by the application of principles of
G commercial trading. The question must be viewed in the larger context of
business necessity or expediency. If the outgoing or expenditure is so
related to the carrying on or conduct of the business, that it may be
regarded as an integral part of the profit-making proceeds and not for
acquisition of an asset or a right of a permanent character, the possession
H of which is a condition of the carrying on of the business, expenditure may
·~
'
MADRAS INDL. INVESTMENT CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. 595

be regarded as revenue expenditure. [604-C] A
Indian Cemel!fs Ltd. v. CIT, (1966) 60 ITR 52 and Bombay Steam
Navigation Co. Ltd. v. CIT, (1965) 56 ITR 52, relied on.

Texas Land and Mortgage Co. v. William Holtham, (1894) 3 Tax Cases B
255 and Lomax (Inspector of Taxes) v. Peter Dixon and Son Ltd., 12 Suppl.
ITR 513, referred to.

3.1. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal's conclusion, that since the
entire liability to pay the discount had been incurred in the accounting
year in question, the appellant was entitled to deduct the entire amount of C
Rs. 3 lakhs in that accounting year, is not justified looking to the nature
of the liability. It is true that the liability has been incurred in the
accounting year. But the liability is a continuing liability, which stretches
over a period of 12 years. Ordinarily, revenue expenditure which is in-
curred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business must be allowed D
in its entirety in the year in which it is incurred. It cannot be spread over
a number of years even if the assessee has written it off in his books over
a period of years. However, the facts may justify an assessee who has
incurred expenditure in a particular year to spread and claim it over a
period of ensuing years. In fact, allowing the entire expenditure in one year
might give a very distorted picture of the profits of a particular year. E
[605-C-E]

Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. v. CIT, (1983) 144 ITR 474
(Cal.), approved.

3.2. In issuing debentures at a discount, although the assessee has F
incurred the liability to pay the discount in the year ofissue of debentures,
the payment is to secure a benefit over a number of years. There is a
continuing benefit to the business of the company over the entire period.
The liability should, therefore, be spread over the period of the debentures.
The appellant, therefore, had, in its return, correctly claimed a deduction G
only in respect of the proportionate part of discount of Rs. 12,500 over the
relevant accounting period in question. The view taken herein is also in
conformity with the accounting practice of showing the discount in "dis·
count on debentures account" which is written off over the period of the
debentures. [605-G-H, 606-A] H
596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] 3 S.C.R.

A M.P. Fi11a11cial C01poratio11 v. CIT, (1987) 165 ITR 765 M.P., ap-
proved.

4. The balance expenditure of Rs. 2,87 ,500 cannot be deducted in the
assessment year in question. The question before the High Court is
answered in tho negative in so far as it relates to the deduction of Rs.
B 2,87,500 in the assessment year in question though for reasons entirely
different from those given by the High Court. But only a proportionate
part of the discount can be deducted in the assessment year in question
as set out earlier. [606-C]

C CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3531 of
1982.

From the Judgment and Order dated 5.11.79 of the Madras High
Court in T.C. No. 179/75 R. No. 162 of 1975.

Ms. Janki Ramachandran for the Appellant.
D
Dr. V. Gaurishankar and Ms. Lakshmi Iyengar for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR, J. The appellant is a public limited
E company. The present appeal filed by it pertains to the accounting year
ending June 30, 1967 relevant to the assessment year 1968-69.

On December 10, 1966 a public issue of the debentures of the
appellant-company was made. The total value of the debentures was Rs.
1.5 crores repayable with interest at the rate of 5-3/4% per annum. The
F debentures were issued at a discount of 2%, redeemable after 12 years.
The issue price of a debenture of Rs. 100 was Rs. 98. The total discount
on the issue of Rs. 1.5 crores amounted to Rs. 3 lakhs. For the assessment
year 1968-69 the appellant-company wrote off Rs. 12,500 out of the total
discount of Rs. 3 lakhs being the proportionate amount of discount for the
G period of six months ending with June 30, 1967, taking into account the
period of 12 years which was the period of redemption and dividing the
discount of Rs. 3 lakhs over the period of 12 years.

Earlier the appellant had issued debentures at a discount of 1%
redeemable after 10 years. The discount relating to these debentures was
H being written off periodically. For the assessment year 1968-69 the appel-
MADRAS INDL INVESTMENT CORPN. LID .v. C.l.T. (MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR, J,)597

lant-company wrote off a discount of Rs. 10,000. Thus, in the balance- A
sheet as of 30th of June, 1967, on the Liabilities side the debentures
issued during the relevant accounting year were shown at the figure of
Rs. 1.50 crores. On the Assets side, the discount account of these
debentures was as follows :

"Discount allowed on issue of Bonds B
(to the extent not written oft)

Upto last balance sheet Rs. 22,500
Additions during the year Rs. 3,00,000

Rs. 3,22,500 c
Less : Amount written of Rs. 22,500

Rs. 3,00,000

The discount of Rs. 22,500 represented Rs. 12,500 written off out of the
• discount of Rs. 3,00,000 and Rs. 10,000 written off as discount on the D
previous issue.

The Income-tax officer by his assessment order dated January 31,
1969 disallowed the claim of the appellant for deduction of Rs. 22,500 on
the ground that discoµnt on bonds and debentures was not allowable as an E
expenditure. On appeal, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner by his
order dated July 4, 1969 held that the discount allowed at the time of the
issue of debentures was to be treated as a part of the expenditure for such
issue. He upheld the claim for deduction of Rs. 12,500 but rejected the
claim as regards Rs. 10,000 on the ground that it related to discount on
debentures issued in an earlier year and hence it did not pertain to the F
relevant previous year.

The assessee then preferred an appeal before the Appellate
Tribunal. The assessee contended, inter alia, that (1) The Appellate Assis-
tant Commissioner had erred in sustaining the disallowance of Rs. 10,000
on the ground that it related to an earlier year and (2) The Appellate G
Assistant Commissioner having held that discount allowed at the time of
issue of debentures was to be treated as part of the expenditure incurred
for such issue, should have further allowed a sum of Rs. 2,87,500 being
balance amount of the total discount of Rs. 3,00,000 relating to the issue
of debentures of Rs. 1.5 crores. Before the Tribunal the department H
598 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) 3 S.C.R.

A contended that the appellant -company had, for the first time made a new
claim before the Tribunal for deduction of Rs. 2,87,500 and the Tribunal
had no jurisdiction to examine this claim. This objection was rejected by
the Tribunal. The Tribunal held that the expenditure of Rs. 3,00,000 was
incurred during the relevant previous year although it was proportionately
written off over a period of 12 years. The expenditure of Rs. 3,00,000 was
B allowable as expenditure incurred for the purpose of business. But the
mere fact that for accountancy purposes this amount was spread over 12
years and only Rs. 12,500 was written off, being the proportionate amount
for 6 months ending with June 30, 1967, cannot make any difference.
Therefore, the Tribunal allowed a deduction of Rs. 2,87,500 also. On the
C application of the Department, the Tribunal stated a case under Section
256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 to be decided by the Madras High
Court. The following two questions were referred to the Madras High
Court:

(1) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
D Tribunal was justified in permitting the assessee to raise the con-
tention that the entire amount of Rs. 3,00,000 being the discount
relating to the issue of debentures for Rs. 1.5 crores during the
relevant previous year was to be allowed as a permissible deduc-
tion?
0
E
(2) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
Tribunal was justified in holding that the assessee had incurred an
expenditure of Rs. 3,00,000 during the relevant previous year by
way of discount paid to the persons who had subscribed to the
debentures issued by it for Rs. 1.5 crores during the relevant
F previous year and the same was allowable as a revenue expendi-
ture?"

The Madras High Court by its judgment and order dated November 5, 1979
(reported in 1980 124 ITR 454) answered the first question in favour of the
G appellant-assessee. The High Court reframed the second question as fol-
lows:

"Whether there was any expenditure in the sum of Rs. 2,87,500 and
whether it was revenue expenditure?

H It held that the discount of Rs. 3,00,000 did not represent any payment
MADRAS INDL INVESTMENTCORPN.LTD.v. C.l.T. [MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR,J,]599

made to any one so as to constitute expenditure. It held that no expenditure A
was laid out or incurred by the assessee/appellant-company which could be
allowed as a deduction. It noted that out of the total discount of Rs.
3,00,000 a discount of Rs. 12,500 had been allowed by the Tribunal which
the Department had not challenged. Hence the High Court was concerned
only with the balance amount of Rs. 2,87,500 which the High Court held B
could not be considered as expenditure. Therefore, the second part of the
question whether it was revenue expenditure or not, did not require
consideration.

The present appeal is filed by the appellant-company against the
second question as reframed by the Madras High Court and answered as C
above. We have first to consider whether the discount of Rs. 3,00,000 on
debentures which were issued by the appellant-company is expenditure
incurred by the appellant-company for the purposes of its business. The
appellant-company actually received Rs. 1.47 crores as against which it
incurred a liability to return a sum of Rs. 1.50 crores with interest at the D
end of 12 years (the date of redemption). This liability which the assessee
incurred to pay the amount of Rs. 3,00,00 in addition to what it actually
received, is being written off over the period of 12 years. Can it be treated
as expenditure? In the case of Indian Molasses Co. (Private) Ltd. v. Com-
missioner of Income-tax, West Bengal, (1959) 37 ITR 66 this Court con-
sidered the meaning of "expenditure" under Section 10(2)(xv) of the E
Income-tax Act 1922. The High Court was concerned with sums which
were transferred by the company to trustees to take out an annuity policy
on the life of the managing director or the longest life policy in favour of
the managing director and his wife. There was a provision in the policy for
surrendering the annuity for a capital sum after giving notice. The payment p
by the company to the trustees was contingent and the liability itself was
contingent. The Court said that expenditure which is deductiable for
income tax purposes is one which is towards a liability actually existing at
the time. Putting aside of money which may become expenditure on the
happening of an event is not expenditure. Dealing with what is expenditure,
this Court said (page 78) that "expenditure" is equal to "expense" and G
"expense" is money laid out by calculation and intention. The idea of
spending in the sense of "paying out or away" money is the primary
meaning. Expenditure is what is paid out or away, something that is gone
irretrievably. In the case of Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-
tax, West Bengal, (1969) 37 ITR 1 decided in the same month, the assessee H
600 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] 3 S.C.R.

A bought lands and sold them in plots for building purposes. The assessee
undertook to develop the plots by laying out roads, providing a drainage
system, installing lights etc. When the plots were sold the purchasers paid
only a portion of the purchase price and undertook to pay the balance in
instalments. The assessee undertook to carry out the development of these
B plots. In the relevant accounting year, the assessee who followed the
mercantile system of accounting, actually received in cash only a sum of
Rs. 29,392 towards the sale price of lands; but it credited in its accounts
the sum of Rs. 43,692 representing the full sale price of lands and at the
same time it also debited an estimated sum of Rs. 24,809 as expenditure
for the development it had undertaken to carry out even though that
C amount was not actually spent. The department disallowed this expendi-
ture. Upholding the claim of the assessee to deduction, this Court said that
the undertaking given by the assessee imported a liability on the assessee
which accrued on the dates of the deeds of sale though that liability was
to be discharged at a future date. It was thus an accrued liability and the
D estimated expenditure which would be incurred in discharging the same
could be deducted from the profits and gains of business. The difficulty in
the estimation of liability did not convert the accrued liability into a
conditional one. This Court said that the expression 'profits or gains' in
Section 10(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1922 had to be understood in its
commercial sense; and there could be no computation of such profits and
E gains until the expenditure which is necessary for the purpose of earning
the receipt is deducted therefrom, whether the expenditure is actually
incurred or the liability in respect thereof has accrued even though it may
have to be discharged at some future date.

Thus "expenditure" is not necessarily confined to the money which
F
has been actually paid out. It covers a liability which has accrued or which
has been incurred although it may have to be discharged at a future date.
However, a contingent liability which may have to be discharged in future
cannot be considered as expenditure.

G In the case of Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay North v. Chan-
dulal Keshavalal and Co., (1960) 38 ITR 601 the assessee-firm was the
managing agent of a company. In accordance with the managing agency
agreement the commission for the relevant accounting year was a sum of
Rs. 3,09,114. But at the request of the managed company the assessee
H agreed to accept a sum of rupees one lakh only as its commission. The
'
MADRAS INDL INVESTMENTCORPN. LTD.v. C.I.T. (MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR,J,]601

Appellant Tribunal found that (i) the financial position of the managed A
company was rather unsatisfactory, (ii) that the assessee had been remitting
a part or whole of its commission in the past whenever the profits of the
managed company were unsatisfactory, (iii) that the waiver was neither a
bounty nor mala fide and (iv) that the business of the assessee was so linked
up with the managed company that if the latter was put on a sounder B
position the assessee would get a larger commission in the future. It held
that the part of the commission remitted by the assessee was given up for
reasons of commercial expediehcy and was business expenditure allowable
under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Income-tax Act 1923. In deciding whether
a payment of money is deductible expenditure, one has to take into
consideration questions of commercial expediency and the principles of C
ordinary commercial trading. What is relevant to note in this case is that
the assessee had not paid out any amount but has relinquished a part of
its claim.

In the case of Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal v. Indian Jute D
Mills Association, (1982) 134 ITR 68, Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. as he then
was, in the Calcutta High Court, considered the meaning of the expression
"expenditure" and said that the expression must be understood in the
context in which it is used. The Legislature has used the expression
"allowances and depreciation" in several sections in the scheme in Chapter
IV of the Income-tax Act, 1961. Section 37 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, E
enjoins that any expenditure not being expenditure of the nature described
in Sections 30 to 36 laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the
purpose of the business or profession should be allowed in computing the
income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profes-
sion". In Sections 30 to 36 the expression "expenses incurred" as well as F
"allowances and depreciation" has been used. Therefore, the Legislature
'\"as using the expression "any expenditure" in Section 37 to cover both. He
interpreted Section 44A and the term "expenditure incurred" occurring
there in the light of Sections 30 to 36 and 37(1). In that case, the Calcutta
High Court was required to consider the claim of the assessee which was
a non-trading association to depreciation on furniture, air-conditioner etc. G
which were debited in its account. The Department contended that the
assessee could not claim depreciation since it was a non-trading associa-
tion. The Calcutta High Court held that having regard to the purpose of
Section 44A the depreciation claimed should be construed as "expenditure
incurred" and the assessee would be entitled to the beneficial construction H
___.,,..- --

602 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) 3 S.C.R.

A of the provision. The Calcutta High Court differed in that case from the
view taken by the Madras High Court in the judgment which is under
challenge before us.

Therefore, although expenditure primarily denotes the idea of spend-
ing or paying out, it may, in given circumstances, also cover an amount of
B loss which has not gone out of the assessee's pocket but which is all the
same, an amount which the assessee has had to give up. It also covers a
liability which the assessee has incurred in presenti although it is payable
in futuro. A contingent liability that may arise in future is, however, not
"expenditure". It would also cover not just a one-time payment but a liability
C spread out over a number of years.

The question whether a discount on bonds should be treated as
"expenditure", directly arose before the Madhya Pradesh High Court in the
case of M.P. Financial Corporation v. Commissioner of Income-tax, (1987)
165 ITR 765. The Madhya Pradesh High Court was required to deal with
D a case where State Financial Corporation had issued bonds at a discount.
The Court held that the expression" expenditure" as used in Section 37 of
the Income-tax Act, 1961 may, in the circumstances of a particular case,
cover an amount which is really a loss and the said amount has not gone
out from the pockets of the assessee. In the case of issue of bonds at a
E discount, it said that the same principles as are applicable in the case of
issue of debentures at a discount, would be attracted. The amount of
discount, in effect, represents deferred interest and an assessee would not
be justified in claiming deduction of the entire amount of discount in the
accounting year in question. But it would be entitled to proportionate
deductions spread over the period for which the bonds remain outstanding.
F The High Court has relied upon a passage in Spicer and Pegler's "Book-
Keeping and Accounts" (seventeenth edition) at para 240 which is as
follows :

"The discount on the issue is, in effect, deferred interest, and
should accordingly be written off over the period having the use
G of the money raised by the debentures, unless a sinking fund is
created to accumulate the full redemption price, including the
discount."

It has also relied upon a paragraph in Batliboi's "Principles and Practice
H of Auditing" which is as follows :
MADRAS INDL INVESTMENT CORPN. LID. v. C.l.T. [MRS. SUJATA V. MANO HAR, J,]603

"When debentures are issued at discount, an account styled A
'Discount on Debentures Account', will be debited with the dis-
count allowed on the issue. The debentures account will be
credited in the books at their nominal value and will appear at that
value as a liability in the balance-sheet. The loss thus arising need
not be completely written off in the year in which the debentures B
are issued, since the benefit to be derived from the amount bor-
rowed will continue till the debentures are redeemed. Where the
debentures are redeemable at the end of a fixed period, a propor-
tionate amount of discount should be written off out of revenue
every year during which the debentures are outstanding."
c
The Madhya Pradesh High Court also referred to the judgment of the
Madras High Court which is under challenge before us and differed from
it, preferring the decision of the Calcutta High Court in the case of
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Indian Jute Mills Association (supra). The
Madhya Pradesh High Court held that the assessee would not be justified D
in claiming deduction of the entire amount of discount in the accounting
year in question but it would nevertheless be entitled to proportionate
deduction spread over the period for which the bonds would remain
outstanding.

Tlierefore, when a company issues debentures at a discount, it incurs E
a liability to pay a larger amount than what it has borrowed, at a future
date. We need not go into the question whether this additional liability
equivalent to the discount, which is incurred in presenti but is payable in
futuro, represents deferred interest or not. That may depend upon the
totality of circumstances relating to the issue of debentures, including its F
terms. The liability, however, to pay the discounted amount over and above
the amount received for the debentures, is a liability which has been
incurred by the company for the purposes of its business in order to
generate funds for its business activities. The amounts so obtained by issue
of debentures are used by the company for the purposes of its business.
This would, therefore, be expenditure. G

Section 37(1) further requires that the expenditure should not be of
a capital nature. In the case of India Cements Ltd. v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, Madras, (1966) 60 ITR 52 the appellant-company had obtained
a loan of Rs. 40 lakhs from the Industrial Finance Corporation secured by H
604 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) 3 S.C.R.

A a charge on its fixed assets. In connection with this loan it spent a sum of
Rs. 84,633 towards stamp duty, registration fees, lawyer's fee, etc., and
claimed this amount as business expenditure. This Court considered
whether the expenditure so incurred was business expenditure or whether
it was capital expenditure. This Court quoted with approval the observa-
B tions of Shah, J. in Bombay Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of
Income-tax, (1965) 56 ITR 52 at 59, that whether a particular expenditure
is revenue expenditure incurred for the purpose of business must be
determined on a consideration of all the facts and circumstances, and by
the application of principles of commercial trading. The question must be
viewed in the larger context of business necessity or expediency. If the
C outgoing or expenditure is so related to the carrying on or conduct of the
business, that it may be regarded as an integral part of the profit-making
process and not for acquisition of an asset or a right of a permanent
character, the possession of which is a condition of the carrying on of the
business, the expenditure may be regarded as revenue expenditure. This
D Court went on to observe that the provisions of the English Income-tax Act
in this regard are somewhat different from those of the Indian Income-tax
Act. It referred to the English case of Texas Land and Mortgage Co. v.
William Holtham, (1894) 3 Tax cases 255, 260, where a mortgage company
had raised money by the issue of debentures and debentures stock and
incurred expenses in this connection. The English High Court said that the
E expenses could not be deducted as trading expenses because the amount
paid was for raising capital. Differing from the observations made therein,
this Court observed that a loan is a liability and has to be repaid and in its
opinion it is erroneous to consider a liability as an asset or an advantage.
This Court disagreed with the English view that borrowing money by the
F issue of debentures was an acquisition of capital asset and that any com-
mission or expenditure incurred in respect thereof was of a capital nature.
It said; "we are of the opinion that (a) the loan obtained is not an asset or
advantage of an enduring nature; (b) that the expenditure was made for
securing the use of money for a certain period; and (c) that it is irrelevant
to consider the object with which the loan was obtained. Consequently, in
G the circumstances of the case, the expenditure was revenue expenditure
within Section 10(2)(xv)". The same ratio would apply here also.

Our attention was drawn to the case of Lomax (Inspector of Taxes)
v. Peter Dixon and sons, Ltd., a decision of the English Court of Appeal
H reported in (12 Suppl. ITR 513) where the English Court had treated
MADRAS INDL INVESTMENT CORPN. LTD. v. C.l.T. [MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR, J,]605

discount or premium in the hands of the recepient as a receipt of a capital A
nature. But the character of payment in relation to the payer can be
different from the character of that payment in the hands of the recepient.
In the light of the ratio laid down by this Court in the case of Indian
Cements Ltd. (supra) any liability incurred for the purpose of obtaining the
loan would be revenue expenditure.
B
The Tribunal, however, held that since the entire liability to pay the
discount had been incurred in the accounting year in question, the assessee
was entitled to deduct the entire amount of Rs. 3,00,000 in that accounting
year. This conclusion does not appear to be justified looking to the nature
of the liability. It is true that the liability has been incurred in the account- C
ing year. But the liability is a continuing liability which stretches over a
period of 12 years. It is, therefore, a liability spread over a period of 12
years., Ordinarily, revenue expenditure which is incurred wholly and ex-
•• clusively for the purpose of business must be allowed in its entirely in the
year in which it is incurred. It cannot be spread over a number of years D
even if the assessee has written it off in his books over a period of years.
However, the facts may justify an assessee who has incurred expenditure
in a particular year to spread and claim it over a period of ensuing years.
In fact, allowing the entire expenditure in one year might give a very
distorted picture of the profits of a particular year. Thus in the case of
Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, E
Calcutta-I, (1983) 144 ITR 474 the Calcutta High Court upheld the claim
of the assessee to spread out a lump sum payment to secure technical
assistance and training over a number of years and allowed a proportionate
deduction in the accounting year in question.

F
Issuing debentures at a discount is another such instance where,
although the assessee has incurred the liability to pay the discount in the
year of issue of debentures, the payment is to secure a benefit over a
number of years. There is a continuing benefit to the business of the
company over the entire period. The liability should, therefore, be spread
over the period of the debentures. G

The appellant, therefore, had, in its return, correctly claimed a
deduction only in respect of the proportionate part of discount of Rs.
12,500 over the relevant accounting period in question. In this connection,
we agree with the reasoning and conclusion of the Madhya Pradesh High H
606 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) 3 S.C.R.

A Court in the case of M.P. Financial Co1poratio11 v. Commissioner of Income-
tax (supra). The view that we have taken is also in conformity with account-
ing practice of showing the discount in "discount on debentures account"
which is written off over the period of the debentures.

The appellant is, therefore, entitled to deduct a sum of Rs. 12,500
B out of the discount of Rs. 3,00,000 in the relevant assessment year. The
balance expenditure of Rs. 2,87,500 cannot be deducted in the assessment
year in question. Question No. 2 (as reframed) therefore, which is the
subject matter of appeal before us, is answered in the negative in so far as
it relates to the deduction of Rs. 2,87,500 in the assessment year in question
C though for reasons entirely different from those given by the High Court.
The second part of the reframed question is answered in the affirmative
But only a proportionate part of the discount can be deducted in the
assessment year in question as set out earlier. The appeal is disposed of
accordingly and the judgment of the High Court is set aside. There will be
no order as to costs in the circumstances of the case.
D
v.s.s. Appeal disposed of.