MEENAKSHIAMMAL (DEAD) THROUGH LRS. AND ORS.versusCHANDRASEKARAN AND ANR.

A
          MEENAKSHIAMMAL (DEAD) THROUGH LRS. AND ORS.
                                           v.
                        CHANDRASEKARAN AND ANR.

                                NOVEMBER 3, 2004
B
                    [ASHOK BHAN AND S.H. KAPADIA, JJ.]


          Succession Act,. /925-Section 63-'Will'~Execution-Validity of-
C Claim of property on the strength of Will-Allegation of forgery, 't undue
    influence and collilsidn in execution of will-Allegation not made       at
                                                                             trial
    stage-Trial Court held the Will pr~ved-L~wer appellate Court held the
    Will forged-High Court held the finding of forgery at appellate stage in
    absence of the plea at trial stage, not permissible-On appeal, held: The
    onus to prove the Will is on the propounder after removing all the legitimate
D   suspicions to the satisfaction of the Court-In the present case execution,
    attestation and genuineness of the Will proved by the propounder of the
    Will-In absence of allegation offorgery at trial stage, the onus to prove the
    a/legation not having been discharged, finding offorgery at appellate stage
    is erroneous.
E        Appellant-plaintiffs filed a suit for a declaration and for recovery of
   possession of the properties of 'S' on the ground that they being children of
   his real sister were entitled to succeed to his properties in preference to the
   respondent-defendants 1 and 2, they being children of his step-brother and
   step-sister. Defendants took the stand that they were in possession of the suit
F property on the strength of a Will executed by 'S' by which the suit. property
   was equally divided between the two defendants; that plaintiffs were excluded
                                                                                       f'"
   from 'Will' as 'S' and his sister were not in cordial terms and plaintiffs did
   not take care of 'S' in his old age; that at the time of execution of Will though
   'S' was 85 years of age and had suffered fracture, he was mentally alert; that
   the Will was in presence of the witnesses and he had read the Will before
G. signing it; that he was advised to get the Will registered, but he refused
   saying that he was in good health and would live longer.

          Trial Court dismissed the suit holding that.the 'Will' was proved and
    hence plaintiffs were not entitled to the relief of declaration and for recovery
H   of possession.                         898
         MEENAKSHIAMMAL(DEAD) THROUGH LRS. v. CHANDRASEKARAN              899

      Lower appellate Court allowed the appeal holding that the Will was not A
proved and the same was forged on the grounds that defendants were
instrumental in execution of the 'Will'; that no cogent reason has been given
for non-registration of the 'Will' and exclusion of the plaintiffs therefrom;
that the 'Will' was written in black ink while the signature of the testator
was in different ink; though 'S' was undergoing treatment in hospital, the B
'Will' was executed at home; that there were contradictions in the statements
of the witnesses.

      In second appeal, High Court reversed the judgment of lower appellate
Court on the ground that in absence of challenge to the validity of the Will
and allegation of forgery and undue influence in the plaint, it was not open to C
lower appellate Court to hold the Will as procured or forged. Hence it held
the execution of the Will as proved."

     In appeal to this Court, appellants contended that though in the plaint
forgery was not alleged. but in view of failure to remove the suspicion
surrounding the Will, lower appellate Court's finding of forgery was right; D
and that Will was not proved to be genuine.

      Dismissing the appeal, the Court

      HELD: t. The onus of proving the Will is on the propounder and in the
absence of suspicious circumstances surrounding the execution of the Will, E
proof of testamentary capacity and proof of the signature of the testator, as
required by law, is sufficient to discharge the onus. Where, however, there
are suspicious circumstances, the om~s is on the propounder to explain them
to the satisfaction of the Court before~it accepts the Will as genuine. Even
where the circumstances give rise to doubts, it is for the propounder to satisfy
the conscience of the Court. The suspicious circumstances may be regarding F
the genuineness of the signature of the testator, the condition of the testator's
mind, ~he disposition made in the Will being unnatural, improbable or unfair
in the light of relevant circumstapces, or there might be other indications in
the Will to show that the testator's mind was not free. In such a case, the
Court would normally expect that all legitimate suspicions should be G
completely removed before the document is accepted as the last Will of the
testator. 1904-E-GJ

     2. In the present case, the propounders of the Will have proved that the
Will was signed by 'S'; that at the time of execution of the Will, he had a
sound disposing state of mind; and that he had reasons to exclude the plaintiffs H
    900                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A. who did not care for him in his old age. The onus to prove forge!"y, undue
    influence or collusion was on the plaintiffs who have alleged that the Will
    was forged. In the absence of such a plea, the lower appellate Court had erred
    in holding that the Will was forged. In view. of the evidence, execution,
    attestationand genuineness of the Will has been proved. (907-G~H; 908-A)

B         Madhukar D. Shende v. Tarabai Aha Shedage, AIR (2002) SC 637,
    relied on.

         Smt. Chinmoyee Saha v. Debendra Lal Saha and Ors., AIR (1985) Cal.
    349 and Ryali Kameswara Rao v. Bendapudi Suryaprakasarao and Ors., AIR
    (1962) AP 178, referred to.
c
          . CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1387of1999.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.97 of the Madras High Court
    in S.A.No.1996 of1982;

D ·       K.B. Sounder Rajan for the Appellant.

          V. Ramasubramanian and V. Krishna Murthy for the Respondents.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

E        KAPADIA, J. This civil appeal, by_ grant of special leave, is directed
    against a judgment and order dated 20.1 I .1997 of a Single Judge of the
    Madras High Court allowing Second Appeal No. I 996 of 1982.

          For the· s&ke of convenience, the parties herein are referred to as they
    are arrayed in the trial Court.
F
          The brief facts giving rise to this appeal are as follows: -

           One Velu Pillai had two wives~ The said Velu Pillai by his first wife had
    a daughter by nam,e Kamakshi and a son by name Sivaperumal (hereinafter
    referred to as "Siva"), The said Velu Pillai by his second wife had a son by
G   name Sadasivam and two daughters, Kaveri (spinster) and Gnanambal. That,
    Kamakshi, the real sister of Siva, had three children, namely, Meenakshi
    Am ma I (plaintiff no. I), Arunachalam Pillai (plaintiff no.2) and Palani Vclu Pillai
    (plaintiff no.3). Appellants herein are the legal representatives of the said
    plaintiffs.
H
    MEENAKSHIAMMAL(DEAD)THROUGH LRS. ''· CHANDRASEKARAN [KAPADIA, J.] 90}

      Defendant no.I, Chandrasekaran (respondent no.I) is the son of A
Sadasivam whereas defendant no.2, Vadivelu (respondent no.2) is the son of
Gnanambal. They are the children of the step brother and the step sister of
Siva.

      Siva died as bachelor on 6.11.1978. Siva and his step brother Sadasivam
had jointly executed a deed of settlement on 10.6.1956. Under the said B
settlement, the two brothers settled some of their properties in favour of
Kaveri and divided the rest of their properties amongst themselves.

      In the present matter, we are concerned with the separate properties of
Siva (since deceased).
                                                                                c
       Meenakshi, Arunachalam Pillai and Palani Velu Pillai, child1.:11 of
Kamakshi, instituted title suit bearing O.S. No.247 of 1981 in the Court of
District Munsif ofThiruthuraipundi (hereinafter for the sake of brevity referred
to as "the trial Court" for a declaration and for recovery of possession of the
suit properties of Siva alleging that they were the children of his real sister D
and, consequently, were entitled to succeed to his properties; that defendant
nos. I and 2 were the children of the step brother and the step sister of the
deceased and in the circumstances they, the plaintiffs, were entitled to succeed
to the properties of Siva, in preference to the defendants. According to the
plaintiffs, neither Sadasivam nor Gnanambal, much less than their children,
were entitled to succeed to the properties of late Siva.                         E
         In the written statement, the aforestated defendants denied that Siva
died intestate. That, Siva died on 6.11.1978 leaving behind the will dated
 I 9. I0.1978 (Ex.8/8). In the written statement, it was submitted that at the time
of his death, Siva was in sound disposing state of mind. It was further alleged
that Siva had devised all his properties under the said will to be taken in equal F
share by the said two defendants. That, the said defendants were put in
possession and that they were cultivating the said lands since then. It was
alleged that the said Kamakshi and Siva were not on cordial terms; that she
never looked after her brother, Siva, who resided all along with his step sister
Kaveri. That, Palani Velu, plaintiff no.3 herein, had sued Siva, during his life G
time. In the circumstances, it was urged that Siva disinherited the plaintiffs
vide the aforestated will (Ex.8/8), which was duly executed and attested in
accordance with the provisions of section 63 of the Succession Act, 1925.

      On the above pleadings, five issues were framed by the trial Court. We
                                                                                H
    902                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   are mainly concerned with first two issues, namely, (l) Whether the will Ex.Bl
    8 was true and valid?; and (2) whether the will Ex.B/8 was acted upon?

           In proof of the aforestated will, Ex.B/8, the defendants examined five
    witnesses including the 2nd defendant (DWI) who deposed that the deceased,
    Siva, had asked the defendants to fetch a scribe and the attesting witnesses
B   as he wanted to execute the will in their favour. Accordingly, they went and
    fetched the attesting witnesses and the scribe. DWI further deposed that
    Siva was 85 to 90 years old when he died on 6.1 I. I 978 and that he died after
    15 days from the date of execution of the said will. DWI further deposed that
    Siva was unable to walk freely as he had a fracture in his thigh and that he
C   was bed-ridden for a period of six months before his death. However, DWI
    further stated that Siva was hale and hearty in other respects and he was in
    sound disposing state of mind. DWI further deposed that he was attending
    on the deceased during his treatment. DWI further deposed that the plaintiffs
    resided in the village, Vettaikaran, about I5 miles away from the suit village
    where Siva was living. DWI further deposed that Siva was looked after by
D   Kaveri and Sadasivam and, therefore, the will, Ex.B/8, was duly executed by
    Siva in favour of the defendants. DWI denied that the deceased Siva had
    become senile and that he was incapable of judging things for himself. DWI
    denied that Ex.B/8 was executed at the instance of the defendants and without
    the knowledge of the deceased - testator who allegedly had lost all his mental
E   faculties. DW2, Vaithinathan, the scrihe deposed that as requested by Siva,
    he was taken by DWI to Siva's residence, where in the presence of Siva and
    under his instructions, the will was written and that too in the presence of
    the attesting witnesses. That in the presence of DW2, Siva, had read the
    contents of the will before subscribing his signature thereon. Further, in the
    present case, the defendants also examined the attesting witnesses, who have
F   deposed in proof of the execution of the said will. They have deposed that
    the deceased Siva ·was in a sound disposing state of mind and he had
    executed the will on his own.

           In the light of the above evidence, vide judgment and decree dated
    30.9.1981; passed by the trial Court, it was held, that, the said will, Ex.B/8, was
G   really and voluntarily executed by Siva in favour of the defendants. The trial
    Court also found that the defendants had taken possession of the properties
    bequeathed to them under Ex.B/8 in pursuance of the said will. That th~
    defendants were in possession and enjoyment of the suit lands in their own
    right in pursuance of the said will. That the will was proved and acted upon
H
     MEENAKSHIAMMAL(DEAD)THROUGH LRS. v. CHANDRASEKARAN [KAPADIA, J.] 903

by the defendants and consequently, the plaintiffs were not e;ntitled to the A
relief of declaration and for recovery of possession. In view of the said
find\ngs, the suit was dismissed.

       Being aggrieved, the plaintiffs preferred an appeal bearing A.S. No.48
of 1982 in the Sub-Court, Nagapattinam (hereinafter for the sake of brevity
referred to as "the lower appellate Court") which came to the conclusion, that, B
the defendants were instrumental in execution of the will (Ex.B/8) inasmuch
as DWl had brought the attesting witnesses to the house of Siva. That,
although the will was dated 19.10.1978 and though Siva was hale and hearty
as alleged, no steps were taken to get the will registered till 6.11.1978 when
the testator died. That, no cogent reason had been given for non-registration C
of the will during the said period. That, no reason had been given as to why
Siva had excluded the children of his own sister, Kamakshi. That, the will is
written by DW2 in black ink whereas the signature of the testator is in a
different ink and consequently Ex.B/8 was forged. That, although Siva was
undergoing treatment in the hospital, Ex.B/8 was executed at his residence.
That, there were contradictions in the evidence of the witnesses. In the D
circumstances, it was held, that the will dated 19.10.1978 executed by Siva was
not proved. In the result, the appeal was allowed and the judgment and decree
of the trial Court was set aside.

      Aggrieved, the respondents herein preferred Second Appeal No.1996/
82 in the High Court. In the said appeal, the High Court formulated the E
following substantial question of law:

         "Whether the Lower Appellate Court is right in law in holding that
         suit "Will" was procured and forged one in spite of the fact that there
         was no pleading and no evidence to that effect?"
               ., .                                                                F
       Answerii;ig the above question, it was held by the High Court that in
the plaint, there was no challenge to ·the validity or genuineness of the will
despite the fact that full particulars of the will were supplied to the plaintiffs
by the reply dated 26.1.1979. That, the will was produced in the suit by the
defendants who had proved the same. It has been further held that the G
plaintiffs had not alleged forgery or undue influence in the plaint and in the
absence of such pleas, it was not open to the lower appellate Court to hold
that the will was procured or forged. The High Court examined the evidence
and came to. the conclusion that the execution of the will by Siva was proved;
that Siva was at the time of execution of the will having sound disposing min~
                                                                                 H
    904                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   and in the circumstances, the findings recorded by the lower appellate Court
    were perverse and not proper. In the result, the appeal was allowed and the
    judgment and decree of the trial Court, dismissing the suit, was res~ored.
    Hence, this civil appeal.

          Mr. K.B. Sounder Rajan, learned advocate appearing on behalf of the
B   appellants submitted that the plaintiffs had instituted the suit for declaration
    and for recovery of possession in which the defendants set up Ex.B/8. He
    submitted that although in the plaint, forgery was not alleged, the lower
    appellate Court was right in returning the finding of forgery as the defendants
    who relied on the will had failed to remove the suspicious circumstances
C   surrounding the will, including use of different ink between the signature of
    Siva in Ex.B/8 and the contents thereof. In this connection, learned advocate
    for the appellants submitted that the attesting witnesses were brought to the ,
    house of Siva by_ the defendants. That, the defendants, who were the sole
    beneficiaries, were instrumental in procuring the will. That, there was no
    reason for Siva to exclude the plaintiffs. That, no reason has been given for
D   not getting the will registered till 23.4.1980. That, Siva had become senile and
    was ailing at the time of the will. That, the will was got made under undue
    influence. In the circumstances, it was urged, that, the will is not prov~d to
    be genuine. It was urged that the High Court had erred in interfering with the
    well reasoned judgment of the lower appellate Court.

E         We do not find any merit in this civil appeal. The onus of proving the
   will is on the propounder and in the absence of suspicious circumstances
   surrounding the execution of the will, proof of testamentary capacity and
   proof of the signature of the testator, as required by law, is sufficient to
   discharge the onus. Where, ·however, there are suspicious circumstances, the
F onus is. on the propounder to explain them to the satisfaction of the Court
   before it accepts the will as genuine. Even wnere the circumstances give rise
                                                          1
   to doubts, it is for the propounder to satisfy the coii stience of the Court. The
   suspicious circumstances may be regarding the genuineness of the signature
   of the testator, the condition of the testator's mind, the Clisposition made in
  "the will being ·unnatural, improbable or unfair in the light· of relevant
G circumstances, or there might be other indications in the will to show that the
   testator's mind was not free. In such a case, the Court would normally expect
   that all legitimate suspicions should be completely removed before the document
   is accepted as the last will of.the testator.

          In the present case, the evidence on record indicates that Siva was a
H
     MEENAKSHIAMMAL(DEAD)THROUGH LRS. t'. CHANDRASEKARAN [KAPADIA. J .] 905

bachelor. His relationship with his real sister Kamakshi was not cordial. The     A
deceased used to live with his step sister Kaveri, At the time of the execution
of the will, Siva was 85 years old and had suffered fracture. He was mentally
alert. He was looked after by the defendants. The plaintiffs were nowhere in
sight during his hospitalization or his treatment. In the circumstances, the
defendants have proved the reason for exclusion of the plaintiffs from the        B
benefits under the will.

       In the matter of execution of the will, the evidence of DW2 shows that
DWI had come to fetch him at the behest of Siva. DW2 wrote the will under
the instructions of Siva. Before signing, Siva had read the will. The will was
signed in the presence of the attesting witnesses. The said witnesses had C
attested in presence of Siva. There is no evidence on record to indicate that
Siva had become senile. In this connection, it may be pointed out that in
October, 1978, Siva had alienated one of his several properties for consideration
whith circumstance shows that he had a sound disposing mind and that there
was no substance in the allegation of the plaintiffs that the testator had
become senile. As rightly pointed out by the trial Court, it was the plaintiff's D
own case, while cross-examining DWl, that Siva was a prudent and wise man.
Further, we are in agreement with the view expressed by the trial Court that
even in the cross-examination, there was no sugi:;estion put to DWl that the
signature on Ex.B/8 was not that of Siva. That, in the cross-examination, no
motive was suggested against DW2 to DW5 for supporting the case of the E
defendants. Further, the evidence indicates that Siva was hale and hearty and
he was advised to get the will registered, which he refused, saying that he
was in good health and expected to live long.

       In the case of Sm. Chinmoyee Saha v. Debendra Lal Saha and Ors.,
reported in AIR (1985) Calcutta 349, it has been held that if the propounder F
takes a prominent part in the execution of the will, which confers a substantial
benefit on him, the propounder is required to remove the doubts by clear and
satisfactory evidence. Once the propounder proves that the will was signed
by the testator, that he was at the relevant time in a sound disposing state
of mind, that he understood the nature and effect of the disposition and put
his sig~ature out of his own free will, and that he signed it in presence of G
the witnesses who attested it in his presence, the onus, which rests on the
propounder, is discharged and when allegation of undue influence, fraud or
coercion is made by the caveator, the onus is on the caveator to prove the
same.
                                                                                  H
    906                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A        In the case of Ryali Kameswara Rao v. Bendapudi Suryaprakasarao
    and Ors., reported in AIR (1962) AP 178 this Court while discussing the
  provisions of section 63 of the Succession Act, 1925, has held that the
  suspicion alleged must be one inherent in the transaction itself and not the
  doubt that may arise from conflict of testimony which becomes apparent on
B an investigation of the transaction. That suspicious circumstances cannot be
  defined precisely. They cannot be enumerated exhaustively. They must depend
  upon the facts of each case. When a question arises as to whether a will is
  genuine or forged, normally the fact that nothing can. be said against the
  reasonable nature of its provisions will be a strong and material element in
  favour of the probabilities of the will. Whether a. will has been executed by
C the testator in a sound and disposing state of mind is purely a question of
  fact, which will have to be decided in each case on the circumstances disclosed
  and the nature and quality of the evidence adduced. When the will is alleged
  to have been executed under undue 'influence, the onus of proving undue
  influence is upon the person making such allegation and mere presence of
  motive and. opportunity are not enough.
D
         In the case of Madhukar D. Shende v. Tarabai Aha Shedage reported
    in AIR (2002) SC 637, it has been held as follows:

           "8. The requirement of proof of a Will is the same as any other
           document excepting that the evidence tendered in proof of a Will
E          should additionally satisfy the requirement of Section 63 of the Indian
           Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
           If after considering the matters before it, that is, the facts and
           circumstances as emanating from the material available on record of
           a given case, the Court either believes that the Will was duly executed
F          by the testator or considers the existence of such fact so probable
           that any prudent person ought, under the circumstances of that
           particular case, to act upon the ,!)upposition that the Will was duly
           executed by the testator, then the factum of execution of Will shall be
           said to have been proved. The delicate structure of proof framed by
           a judicially trained mind cannot stand on weak foundation nor survive
G          any inherent defects therein but at the same time ought not to be
           permitted to be demolished by wayward pelting of stones of suspicion
           and supposition by wayfarers and waylayers.· What was told by
           Baron Alderson to the Jury in R v. Hodge, ( 1838), 2 Lewis CC 227 may
           be apposite to some extent-"The mind was apt to take a pleasure in
           adapting circumstances to one another and even in straining them a
H
    MEENAKSHIAMMAL(DEAD)THROUGHLRS. v. CHANDRASEKARAN[KAPADIA, J.] 9()7

       little, if need be, to force them to form parts of one connected hole; A
       and the more ingenuous the mind of the individual, the more likely
       was it, considering such matters, to overreach and mislead itself, to
       supply some little link that is wanting, to take for granted some fact
       consistent with its previous theories and necessary to render them
       complete." The conscience of the Court has to be satisfied by the
       propounder of Will adducing evidence so as to dispel any suspicions B
       or unnatural circumstances attaching to a Will provided that there is
       something unnatural or suspicious about the Will. The law of evidence
       does not permit conjecture or suspicion having the place of legal
       proof nor permit the~ to demolish a fact otherwise proved by. legal
       and convincing evidence. Well founded suspicion may be a ground C
       for closer scrutiny of evidence but suspicion alone cannot form the
       foundation of a judicial-verdict positive or negative.

       9. It is well-settled that one who propounds a Will must establish the
       competence of the testator to make the Will at the time when it was
       executed. The onus is discharged by the propounder adducing prima D
       facie evidence proving the competence of the testator and execution
       of the Will in the manner contemplated by law. The contestant opposing
       the Will may bring material on record meeting such prima facie case
        in which event the onus would shift back on the propounder to
       satisfy the Court affirmatively that the testator did know well the
       contents of the Will and in sound disposing capacity executed the E
       same. The factors, such as the will being a natural one or being
       registered or executed in such circumstances and ambience, as would
        leave no room for suspicion, assume significance. If there is nothing
       unnatural about the transaction and the evidence adduced satisfies
       the requirement of proving a will, the court would not return a finding F
       of 'not proved' merely on account of certain assumed suspicion or
       supposition. Who are the persons propounding and supporting a will
       as against the· person disputing the will and the pleadings of the
       parties would be relevant and of significance."

      In the present case, the propounders of the will have proved that the G
will was signed by Siva; that at the time of execution of the will, he had a
sound disposing state of mind; and that he had reasons to exclude the
plaintiffs who did not care for him in his old age. Lastly, as stated above, the
onus to prove forgery, undue influence or collusion was on the plaintiffs who
have alleged that Ex.B/8 was forged. In the absence of such a plea, the lower
                                                                              H
    908                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   appellate Court had erred in holding that the will was forged. We are satisfied
    on examination of the evidence that execution, attestation and genuineness
    of the will has been proved as held by the impugned judgment and in the
    circumstances, we find 'no merit in this appeal.

          In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed, with no order as to costs.
B
    K.KT.                                                         Appeal dismissed.