Holding

Market fee is payable when title in the agricultural produce passes in the market area; thus Arihant Udyog must pay the fee, while other appeals are remanded for determination of title passage.

Summary

The Supreme Court examined whether licensees under the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act who purchase agricultural produce from outside Rajasthan and bring it into the market area are required to pay the market fee. The Court held that liability depends on when title in the goods passes; if ownership transfers only upon delivery in the market area, the fee is payable. Applying Sections 4 and 19 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 to the contract terms, the Court found that in Arihant Udyog the title passed at delivery in Jodhpur, so the market fee was due. The Court dismissed the appeal of Arihant Udyog but set aside the High Court judgments in the other related appeals, remanding them for fresh determination of title passage based on each contract. The Court also rejected the argument that processing the produce for manufacturing exempts the fee.

Issues considered

Whether appellants who purchase agricultural produce and bring it into the market area are liable to pay market fee under the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961 and Rules.
At what point does title in the goods pass from seller to buyer for purposes of market fee liability.
Whether the purpose of processing the produce for manufacturing affects the liability to pay market fee.

Legislation cited

Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Market Rules, 1963s. Rule 58
Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961s. 14, s. 17
Sale of Goods Act, 1930s. 19, s. 20, s. 21, s. 22, s. 23, s. 24, s. 4

Subjects

market feeagricultural produceRajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets ActSale of Goods Acttitle passagelicenseeprocessingjurisdictionmarket area

Judgment

[2017) 7 S.C.R. 157

MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG A
v.
STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS.
(Civil Appeal No. 8277 of 2017)
JUNE 09, 2017 B
11"· K. SIKRI AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.)
Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961- ss.14,
17 - Rajasthan Agriculture Produce Market Rules, 1963 - r.58 -
Agriculture Produce Market Fee - Payment of - Whether the C
appellants who are purchasing the material which is admittedly
'agriculture produce' and bringing the same to the market area are
liable to pay the market fee on the said produce - Held: The answer
would depend upon when and at what stage the title in the goods
passes from seller to appellant-buyer.- If the entire transaction takes
place outside the State and ownership in goods also passes outside D
the State, then the market fee is not payable - Further, it will depend
upon the applicability of s.4 r/w. s. I 9 of the Sale of Goods Act,
1930...:. S.4 deals with the contract of sale whereas as per s.19,
property passes from seller to buyer when it is intended to pass and
such intention is to be gathered from the contract - In the instant E
case, the terms and conditions of the contract indicate that
responsibility of the seller ceases as soon as goods are delivered,
which means the seller remained responsible till the delivery ofgoods
- Such a responsibility can be only if the ownership remains of the
seller - No document produced by the appellant demonstrated the
intention that property in goods passed in their favour before these F
goods were delivered - Therefore, sale was fructified only after the
goods were brought to the market area and ownership in the goods
passed from the seller to the appellants at the time when the goods
were delivered in the market area - Thus, market fee payable by the
appellants - Sale of Goods Act, 1930 - s.4 r/w. s.19 and ss. 20, 21.
G
Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961 -
Agriculture Produce Market Fee~ Plea of appellant that agriculture
produce bought by it was not meant for further sale but was further
processed at its factory, therefore, the Market Committee had no
right to impose any levy and realise the market fee - Held: It is to
H
157
158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A be first ascertained whether agricultural produce was bought and
sold in the market area or not which is a question which needs to be
determined in each case - In instant case, no document produced
by the appellant demonstrated the intention that property in goods
passed in their favour before these goods were delivered - Therefore,
B sale was fnictified only after the goocJs were brought to the market
area - Once the goods bought are agriculture produce on which
market fee is leviable in terms of the Schedule attached to the Act,
then the market fee is payable - If it is thereafter used as raw material
for manufacturing purpose, that would be of no consequence.
Disposing of the appeals, the Court
c
HELD:
Whether the appellants herein who are purchasing the
material which is admittedly 'agricultural produce' and bringing
the same to the area known as 'market area' and covered by the
D provisions of the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act,
1961 and Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Market Rules, 1963
are liable to pay the market fee on the said produce?
1. The applicability of Section 17 of the Rajasthan
Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961 read with Rule 58 of
E the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Market Rules, 1963 would
depend upon the question as to whether agricultural produce is
bought and sold by the licensee in the market area'. The answer
to the aforesaid issue would depend upon the question as to when
and at what stage the title in the goods passes. If the entire
transaction takes place outside the State of Rajasthan and the
F ownership in the goods also passes outside Rajasthan, then the
market fee is not payable. The answer to the aforesaid question
would depend upon the applicability of Section 4 read with Section
19 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, which provisions are to be
applied keeping in view the terms and conditions on which the
G goods are sold. That is the exercise which is done by the High
Court by looking into the terms on which the goods were sold to
appellant. Insofar as appellant is concerned, this was the only
invoice produced before the High Court and is also made
Annexure in the present proceedings. 'On going through the same,
there is no fault in the approach of the High Court. [Para 14][169-
H G-H; 170-A-B]
MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 159

2. In the case of appellant, intention is to be gathered from A
the terms and conditions of contract, which mentions that
responsibility of the seller ceases as soon as goods are delivered,
which means the seller remained responsible till the delivery of
goods. Therefore, intention was to retain the title in the goods
till its delivery inasmuch as till that ·time it is the seller who was B
responsible for the goods. This condition would clearly spell out
that if the goods are destroyed or lost in transit, i.e. before their
delivery, responsibility will be that of the seller. Such a
responsibility can be only if the ownership remains of the seller.
No other document was produced by appellant which could
demonstrate the intention that property in goods passed in their C
favour before these goods were delivered. Thus, insofar as
judgment of the High Court in appellant's case is concerned, no
fault can be found therein. However, it is to be first ascertained
whether agricultural produce was bought and sold in the market
area or not which is a question which needs to be determined in
D
each case after applying the principles of law. [Paras 21, 22 and
28][172-D-G; 174-C]
3. It was argued by appellant that the agricultural produce
bought is not meant for further sale but is processed at the factory
of the licensees and, therefore, the Market Committee had no
right to impose any levy and realise the market fee, which can be E
done only on the transactions of purchase and sale and not when
the agricultural produce is bought for the purpose of manufacture
or further processing. This plea of the appellant is of no
consequence. In the impugned judgment the High Court has
rightly repelled this argument by observing that once the goods F
bought are agricultural produce on which market fee is leviable
in terms of Schedule attached to the Act, then the market fee is
payable. If it is thereafter used as raw material for manufacturing
purpose that would be of no consequence.[Paras 25, 27][173-D;
174-A-B]
G
Gujarat Ambuja Exports Limited & Anr. v. State of
Uttarakhand & Ors. (2016) 3 SCC 601 : (2015]
12 SCR 304; Agricultural Market Committee v.
Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. (1997) 5 SCC 516 :

H
160 SUPREME COURT REPORTS r20 I 7J 7 s~c.R.

A [1997) 1 Suppl. SCR 164; Agricultural Produce Market ·
Committee v. Biotor Industries Limited & Anr. (2014) 3
SCC 732 : [2013) 16 SCR 939 - referred to.
Case Law Reference
[2015) 12 SCR 304 referred to Para 10
B [1997) 1 Suppl. SCR 164 referred to Para.11
[2013) 16 SCR 939 referred to Para 13
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 8277
of 2017.
C From the'Judgment and Order dated 14.05.2012 of the High Court
ofRajasthan at Jodhpur in DBCWP No. 7715 of2010
• WITH
Civil Appeal Nos. 8293, 8279, 8278, 8280, 8282, 8281, 8283, 8285, ·
8286,8284,8300,8302,8299,8287,8297,8296,8295,8294,8288,8289,
D 8290, 8298, 8291, 8292, 8304, 8303, 8301, 8305, 8306, 8307 and 8308 of
2017.
H. L. Tiku, Sr. Adv., Rishabh Sancheti, Ms. Padma Priya, Dhruv
Sharma, T. Mahipal, Pankaj T., Shubhankar Sengupta, Ms. Arti Singh,
H. D. Thanvi, Ms. Jakhmala, Rishi Matoliya, Mukul Kumar, M .. P.
Devanath, Aditya Bhattacharya, Victor Das, Ms. Apeksha Mehta, Anil
E Dutt, Rameshwar Prasas Goyal, Ashwarya Sinha, Milind Kumar, M/s
Equity Lex Associates, Ms. Pragati Neekhra, Ajay Choudhary, Pankaj
Kumar Singh, Dr. VinodKumarTewari, K. L. Janjani, Ms. Ruchi Kohli,
Anish Maheshwari, Ms. Farha Malik and Sanjeev Agarwal, Advs. for
the appearing parties.
F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
A. K. SIKRI, J. I. Leave. granted.
2. Singular question oflaw; which is common in all these app\'.ills,
that arises for consideration is as to whether the appellants herein who
G are purchasing the material which is admittedly 'agricultural produce'
and bringing the same to the area known as 'market area' and covered
by the provisions of the Rajasthan Agricultural Produce Markets Act,
1961 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') and Rajasthan Agricultural
Produce Market Rules, 1963 (for short, the 'Rules') are liable to pay the
market fee on the said produce. Admittedly, the legal position is that if
H the agricultural produce is brought to the market area and sold there,
M/S ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 161
[A. K. SIKRI, J.)

market fee is payable thereon. The question in these appeals is as to A
whether the goods were bought and sold at the market place. The
appellants maintain that the sale of the agricultural produce took place
and was concluded outside the State of Rajasthan and before these
goods were brought to the market area, they had already become the
owner thereof by virtue of the sale outside the State and, hence, are not.
liable to pay any market fee. On the other hand, the respondents, including B
the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (respondent No.3), argue
that the sale was fructified only after the goods were brought to .the
market area and the ownership in the goods passed from the seller to
the appellants herein at that time when the goods were delivered in the
market area. On this reckoning, the respondents claim that the market C
fee is payable by the appellants.
3. The appellants had challenged the action ofrespondent No.3 in
demanding the market fee payable under the Rules by filing writ petitions ·
in the High Court. Fifteen such writ petitions were decided by the High
Court ofRajasthan vi de common judgment dated May 14, 2012 accepting D
the stand taken by respondent No.3 and it dismissed the writ petitions as
bereft of any merit. The writ petitions of other appellants were dismissed
by various orders following the said judgment. In view thereof, it would
be appropriate to discuss the facts and the reasons given by the High
Court for arriving at the said conclusion.
E
4. Before the High Court, lead case was that of Arihant Udyog,
which is the position herein as well. Arihant Udyog is a small-scale
industry registered as such with the Government of Rajasthan.
According to Arihant Udyog, since it is purchasing the agricultural
produce from outside the State for industrial purpose, it is not liable to
pay any market fee'. It is, however, a licensee under the Act, obtained F
· by it under Section 14 thereof. Likewise, all other appellants are also
licensees.
5. Some relevant provisions of the Act, Rules and. the
Administrative Circulars require a mention at this stage, which read as
follows: G
"Section 14 of the Act
Power of market committee to issue Licence. - (1) Where a
market is established under the provisions of this Act, the market
committee may issue and.renew Licence, in accordance with the
H
162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A rules and bye-laws, to traders, brokers, weighmen, measurers,
processors, surveyors, warehousemen or other persons to operate
in the market on payment of the prescribed fees.
(2) The market committee may also grant Licence, - (a) for direct
purchase from the agriculturists for the following purposes,
B namely:-
.(i) to processor for processing;
(ii) to exporters for export of agricultural produce;
(iii) for trade of agricultural produce of particular specification;
c and
(iv) for grading, packing and transacting in other way by value
addition of agricultural produce:
"irovided that no sale or purchase shall be permitted under this
clause within the market proper except for the purposes specified
D in sub clause(i) and (iv)."
Section 17 of the Act
Power to collect market foes. - The market committee shall collect
market fees from the Licences in the prescribed manner on
agricultural produce bought or sold by them in the market area at
E
such rate as may be specified by the State Government, by
notification in the official gazette, subject to a maximum of Rs 21
- per hundred rupees worth of agricultural produce.
[Provided also that Mandi Fee leviable on the sale or purchase of
Mustard Seed shall be Rs. 1/- on one hundred rupees.]
F
[Provided also that Mandi Fee leviable on the sale or purchase of
Oil Seeds shall be Rs. 1/- on one hundred rupees.] ·
Rule 58 of the Rules
Market area Cess -
G
( 1) A market area committee shall collect cess on agricultural
produce bought and sold in the market area at such rate as may
be specified by the Government by way of notification:
Provided that no cess shall be levied on any such notified
agricultural produce on which cess has been levied in any market
H
MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 163
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]

area if the seller or the purchaser of such notified produce files a A
declaration in Form XI, in the prescribed manner, that no notified
agricultural produce, cess has already been levied in any other
market area of the State.
Explanation- (a) For the purpose of this rule a sale ofagricultural
produce shall be deemed to have taken place in a [Market area] B
if it has been weighed or measured or surveyed by a licensed
weighman, measurer or surveyor in the Market area for the
purpose of sale, notwithstanding the fact the property in the
agricultural produce has by reason of such sale, passed to a person
in place outside the market area.
c
(b) Further for the Purpose of this rule, all notified agricultural
produce taken out or proposed to be taken out of the market area
shall, unless the contrary is proved, be presumed to be bought and
sold within such market area.
(2) The cess levied as per sub-rule (1) shall not be levied more D
than once on agricultural produce bought or sold in the market
area.
(3) The market area committee shall also levy and collect licence
fee from traders, brokers, weighman, measurer, surveyors,
warehousemen and other persons operating in the market area as E
provided in the bye-laws.
(4) Deleted 1"
1
Sub-Rule (4) of Rule 58, before deletion, read as under:
"(4) No cess shall be levied on agricultural produce brought from outside the market
into the market for use therein by the industrial concerns situated in the market or for F
export and in respect of which a declaration has been made and a certificate has been
obtained in Form-V:
Provided that if such agricultural produce brought into the market for export is not
exported or removed therefrom before the expiry of twenty days from the date -0n
which it was so brought, the market committee shall levy and collect cess on such
agricultural produce from the person bringing the produce into the market at such rates
as may be specified in the bye-Jaws: G
Provided further that if the industrial concerns that brought the agricultural produce
from outside the market. into the market for the purpose of use by them, an4 who do
not make any declaration and do not obtain a certificate in Form-Vas prescribed above,
shall be deemed to be responsible for the contravention of this rule, and shall, on
conviction be punished under Sub-section (3) of Section 36 of the Act with a fine
which may extend to Rupees two hundred."
H
164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A 6. As per Section 14 of the Act, a trader is required to obtain a
licence and is under lawful obligation to make good the market fee.
Insofar as levy of market fee is concerned, power is given to the Market
Committee in this behalf to prescribe the market fee on agricultural
produce, bought and sold by the licensee in the market area. Rule 58 is
the Rule under which this market fee is prescribed. Initially, when the
B
Rules were framed in the year 1963, Rule 58 contained sub-rule (4) as
well, which empowered the Market Committee to exempt payment of
market fee in respect of certain market produce. Circular dated March
07, 1992 was issued under sub-rule (4) of Rule 58 of the Rules whereby
agricultural produce was exempted from market fee ifthe product was
c purchased outside the State of Rajasthan. However, amendment to
Rule was carried out by the State Government vide Notification dated
April 27, 2005 vide which sub-rule (4) of Rule 58 was deleted. Effect
thereof was that Circular dated March 07, 1992 issued under sub-rule
(4) of Rule 58 was rendered otiose. Consequently, in terms of Section
D 17 of the Act, all the agricultural produce, bought and sold in the market
area, became liable for payment of market fee. Vires of Notification
dated April 27, 2005, vide which sub-rnle (4) of Rule 58 was deleted,
were challenged by certain traders by filing writ petitions in the High
Court of Rajasthan. The High Court, however, repelled that challenge
thereby holding that deletion of sub-rule (4) of Rule 58 of the Rules was
E a valid exercise of power.
7. The instant matters were argued before the High Court having
regard to the aforesaid statutory framework as per which market fee is
payable.on agricultural produce bought and sold by the licensees in the.
market area on the rates stipulafed in Rule 58 of the Rules. It is in this
F context the question raised was as to whether the appellants had bought
the agricultural produce within the market area. In all these cases the
seller of the goods is situated outside the State of Rajasthan. Those
goods, after purchase, are brought in the market area and deliv.ery thereof
is taken there. In case the title in goods in question had passed on to the
buyers (appellants herein) outside the State ofRajasthan and only delivery
G was taken within the market area, market fee will not be payable as the
ingredient of buying and selling the goods in the market area would not
be established in such a contingency. On the contrary, ifthe title in the
goods passed in favour of the licensees/ appellants while taking the
delivery of the goods in the market area, market fee would become
H payable.
M/S ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 165
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]

8. Insofar as Arihant Udhyog is concerned, it had filed the copy A
of an invoice, through which the goods were delivered, as AnAexure-1 to.
the writ petition. As per this invoice, the seller is one Jawahar Exim Ltd.
of Jalgaon in Maharashtra, which is admittedly outside the State of
Rajasthan. As per this invoice 'Toor Whole' (an agricultural produce)
was sold by the said seller to the appellant which was loaded in a truck.
B
.Truck number is mentioned in the invoice, so also weight of the goods,
rate at which the goods are sold and total amount of the invoice. This
invoice is dated March 22, 2006. It contains the following three terms
and conditfons:
"I. Goods once sold & delivered will not be taken back.
c
2. Responsibility of the seller ceases as soon as the goods are
delivered.
3. Interest@24% per annum is payable on all payments received
after l 0 days."
D
9. Condition No.2 prescribes that responsibility of the seller would
• cease as soon as goods· are delivered. It would mean that till the goods
are delivered, the seller would remain responsible. Admittedly, the goods
were to be delivered only at Jodhpur (i.e. within the market area), which
is so stipulated in the invoice. On the basis of the aforesaid conditions,
the High Court held that as per the provisions of Sale of Goods Act, E
1930 the ownership in the goods stood transferred to the appellant only
on the delivery of the goods, which delivery took place within the market·
area at Jodhpur and, therefore, the transaction of buying and selling was
completed at Jodhpur. On this analogy, the High Court came to the
conclusion that the market fee is payable. F
10. It was argued by Mr. Rishabh Sancheti, learned counsel
appearing for Arihant Udhyog, thatthe appellant's case stands covered
by a recent pronouncement of this Court in the case of Gujarat Ambuja
Exports Limited & Anr. v: State of Uttarakhand & Ors. 2 wherein the
court held that if the agricultural produce is brought into the market for G
the purpose of manufacture or further processing, but not for the purpose
of sale, then the market fee is not payable inasmuch as the State
Legislature does not have competence to enact a provision for levyip.g

2
(2016) 3 sec 601
H
166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A the market fee on agricultural produce which is not brought for the purpose
of sale. Paragraph 36 of the said judgment was quoted by the learned
counsel in support of this submission, which reads as under:
"36. A perusal of the abovementioned judgments makes it clear
that List I Entry 52 governs the process of manufacture and
B production. Therefore, in the instant case, the State Legislature
did not have the competence to enact the impugned provisions
which sought to levy market fee and development cess even on
those agricultural produce which were not being brought into the
market for the purpose of sale, but for the purpose of manufacture
or further processing. Since the State Legislature was not
c competent to enact the impugned provision ofSection27(c)(iii) of
the Act, the same is liable to be struck down as the same was
enacted by the State Legislature without having the legislative
competence to do so."
11. It was also argued that the High Court noted the contention
D that the appellant is a small-scale industry and that it had purchased
legumes from outside the State ofRajasthan and by processing it in its
premises by different scientific ways it prepares various dais. Thus, the
legumes which are purchased are not meant for further sale but for
processing by the appellant in its factory. The learned counsel stressed
E that the appellant is purchasing produce from outside the State for
industrial purpose and the High Court, presumably, proceeded on the
basis as ifthe appellants were 'trading' in agricultural goods, which was
factually not true. Learned counsel also argued that even the provisions
of Section 17 would not apply as they are applicable only when the
agricultural produce is 'bought and sold' in the market area. He
F emphasised that both the conditions of buying as well as selling in the
market area have to be satisfied, as is clear from the word 'and'. Learned
counsel also relied upon the following observations from the judgment of
this Court in Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical
Works Ltd. 3 :
G "38. Section 20 indicates that in case ofunconditional contract of
sale in respect of specified goods in a deliverable state, the property
in the goods passes to the buyer at such time as the parties intend
it to be transferred. Section 19(3) provides that Sections 20 to 24
contain the rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to
H '(1997) s sec s16
MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 167
[A. K. STKRI, J.]

the time at which the property in the goods shall be treated to A
have passed to the buyer. Both Sections 19 and 20 apply to the
sale of "specific" or "ascertained" goods.
39. Section 20, which contains the first rule for ascertaining the
intention of the parties, provides that where there is an
unconditional contract for the sale of "specific goods" in a .B
"deliverable state", the property in the goods passes to the buyer
when the contract is made. This indicates that as soon as a contract
is made in respect of specific goods which are in a deliverable
state, the title in the goods passes to the purchaser. The passing
of the title is not dependent upon the payment of price or the time
of delivery of the goods. If the time for payment of price .or the C
time for delivery of goods, or both, is postponed, it would not affect
the passing of the title in the goods so purchased.
40. In order that Section 20 is attracted, two conditions have to
be fulfilled: (i) the contract of sale is for specific goods which are
in a deliverable state; and (ii) the contract is an unconditional D
contract. If these two conditions are satisfied, Section 20 becomes
applicable immediately and it is at this stage that it has to be seen
whether there is anything either in the terms of the contract or in
the conduct of the parties or in the circumstances of the case
which indicates a contrary intention. This exercise has to be done E
to give effect to the opening words, namely, "Unless a different
intention appears" occurring in Section 19(3). In Hoe Kim
Seing v. Maung Ba Chit [AIR 1935 PC 182 : 62 IA 242 : 39 CWN
1217] it was held that intention of the parties was the decisive
factor as to when the property in goods passes to the purchaser.
If the contract is silent, intention has to be gathered from the F
conduct and circumstances of the case.
xx xx xx
42. In the instant case, the goods which were the subject-matter
of sale were ascertained goods. They were also in a deliverable G
state. On the order being placed by the respondent, the seller in
the State ofKerala, loaded the goods on the lorry and despatched
the same to Hyderabad. It is at this stage that the conduct of the
parties becomes extremely relevant. It was one of the terms of
the contract between the parties that the seller would not be liable
H
,'•,

168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A for any future loss of goods and that the goods were being
despatched at the risk of the respondent. The respondent had
also obtained insurance of the goods and had paid the policy
premium. He, therefore, intended the goods to be treated as his
own so that if there was any loss of goods in ·transit, he could
. B validly claim the insurance money. The weighment of the goods
at Hyderabad or the collection of documents from the bank or
payment of price through the bank at Hyderabad were immaterial,
inasmuch as the property in the goods had already passed at Kerala
and it was not dependent upon the payment of price or the delivery
of goods to the respondent."
c 12. Mr. H.L. Tiku, learned senior counsel appearing for M/s.
Deepak Enterprises, also emphasised that the appellant was purchasing
the agricultural produce (sugar/paddy) from outside the State ofRajasthan
which is brought to its factory in Rajasthan for processing the same into
mishri, patasa, makhana, burra, etc. from sugar and rice from the
D paddy, which goods are not 'agricultural produce' as per Schedule-I of
the Act. It was, thus, argued that the appellant was not dealing with sale
and purchase of any agricultural produce in market area. His further
submission was that purchase of agricultural produce was outside the
State ofRajasthan which was transported to Rajasthan at the appellant's
risk and cost, as per the provisions of the invoice. The goods are
E ascertained and in deliverable state. The invoices itself mention the
terms and conditions that the goods are being sold at the risk of the
appellants, in clear terms and i.n some of the cases the appellant has
even obtained the insurance of goods in its name. A.ft er the goods were
entrusted to the carrier, the sellers from outside the State ofRajasthan
F had absolutely no liability with regard to any future losses. When goods
have been delivered to a common carrier to be sent to the appellants, the
carrier becomes the agent of the appellant and such a delivery amounts
to delivery to the purchaser under Section 23(2) of the Sale of Goods
Act, 1930. There was, thus, complete sale outside the market area the
moment the goods le.ave the factory of the seller. As such, as soon as
G · the goods leave the factory of the seller (outside the State ofRajasthan),
the ownership in the goods passes on to the appellant, In such a situation,
the place of delivery within the market area of agricultural produce is
not a relevant factor. The appellant relied upon the terms and conditions
of the invoices and also in some of the cases insurance is taken by the
H
MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 169
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]

appellant and premium thereagainst was also paid by the appellant. A
13. Learned counsel for the State, on the other hand, referred to
the invoice produced by Arihant Udhyog and submitted that construing
the terms thereof, the High Court has rightly held that the goods are
bought and sold in Jodhpur in the market area. On that basis, he submitted
that since there is a purchase and sale of goods in the market area, B
conditions stipulated in Section 17 of the Act as well as Rule 58 of the
Rules stand satisfied and the Market Committee was justified in
demanding the market fee. He referred to the judgment in the case of
Agricultural Produce Market Committee v. Biotor Industries
Limited & Anr. 4 and particularly paragraph 21 thereof which, according
to him, squarely covers the instant case, and the same is reproduced c
below:
"21. On the basis of the said material facts the learned Single
Judge arrived at the conclusion that the respondent Company
placed order for purchase of castor seeds from its suppliers from
outside the market area but no payment was immediately made D
for the same. On the demand of the respondent Company, the
quantity of castor seeds so requisitioned by it was transported by
the supplier which was received by it within the market area. It is
an'undisputed fact that the consignment so received was weighed
by the Company within the market area. Thereafter, on finding E
out the exact weight of castor seeds received by it, the payment
at the agreed rate was made by the Company to the supplier.
Therefore, the learned Single Judge came to the conclusion on
the basis of appreciation of the aforesaid facts and held that the
sale was not effected till the consignment was received by the
respondent Company and the same was weighed within the market F
area."
14. From the aforesaid arguments it becomes clear that applicability
of Section 17 of the Act read with Rule 58 of the Rules would depend
upon the question as to whether agricultural produce is bought and sold
by the licensee in the market area. It is also the common case of the G
parties that the answer to the aforesaid issue would depend upon the
question as to when and at what stage the title in the goods passes. If
the entire transaction takes place outside the State ofRajasthan and the
ownership in the goods also passes outside Rajasthan, then the market
• c2014) 3 sec 732 H
170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A fee is not payable. It is also the common case of the parties that answer
to the aforesaid question would depend upon the applicability of Section
4 read with Section 19 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, which provisions
are to be applied keeping in view the terms and conditions on which the
goods are sold. That is the exercise which is done by the High Court by
looking into the terms on which the goods were sold by Jawahar Exim
B
Ltd. to Arihant Udyog. Insofar as Arihant Udhyog is concerned, this
was the only invoice produced before the High Court and is also made
Annexure P-3 in the present proceedings. On going through the same,
we do not find any fault in the approach of the High Court.
15. Section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act deals with the contract of
c sale and defines 'sale' as well as 'agreement to sell'. It reads as under:
"4. Sale and agreement to sell
(1) A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller
transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer
D for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-
owner and another. •
(2) A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.
(3) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods is
transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a
E sale, but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take
place at a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to
be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell.
(4)An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or
the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the
F goods is to be transferred."
The very distinction between the sale and agreement to sell
enumerated in the aforesaid provision points out that a sale takes place
when the property in goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer. If
transfer of property in the case is to take place at a future time or subject
- G to conditions that are stipulated in the contract of sale of goods, then the
contract is merely an agreement to sell. Section 19 is contained in
Chapter-III of the Sale of Goods Act, title whereof is "Effects of the
Contract (Transfer of Property as between Seller and Buyer)". As per
this provision, property passes from seller to buyer when it is intended to
.pass and such an intention is to be gathered from contract for the sale
H
M/S ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 171
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]

when. it pertains to sale of specific or ascertained goods. To understand A
fully. the implication of this provision, we reproduce hereunder the
provisions of Section 19:
"19. Property passes when intended to pass
(1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific or ascertained
goods the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such B
time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred.
(2) For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties
regard shall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of
the parties and the circumstances of the case.
c
(3) ~nless a different intention appears, the rules contained in
sections 20 to 24 are rules for ascertaining the intention of the
parties as to the time at which the property in the goods is to pass
to the buyer."
· 16. Sub-section (3) of Section 19 is another significant provision D
which mentions that rules contained in Sections 20 to 24 are the rules for
ascertaining the intention of the parties, unless a different intention
appears in the contract for the sale of specific or ascertained goods. It
means, if such an intention as to when the parties to the contract intend
the property in. goods to be transferred cannot be gathered from the
contract, rules contained in Sections 20 to 24 would be applied. E
17. Section 20 deals with a situation where specific goods are in a
deliverable state. In that case property in goods passes to the buyer
when the contract is made, even when time of payment of the price or
the time of delivery of the goods or both is postponed. In order that
· Section 20 is attracted, two conditions have to be fulfilled: (i) the contract F
of sale is for specific goods which are in a deliverable state; and (ii) the
.. contract is an unconditional contract. Ifthese two conditions are satisfied,
Section 20 becomes applicable {See-Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd.}.
1; ..
. ... 18. However, Section 21 is exception to Section 20 which states
that where there is a contract for sale of specific goods and the seller is G
bound to do something to the goods for the purpose of putting them into
a deliverable state, the property does not pass until such a thing is done
and the buyer has notice thereof. Likewise, Section 22 carves out another
exception and mentions that even when the specific goods are in a
deliverable state but the seller is bound to weigh, measure, test or do
H
172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS .[2017] 7 S.C.R.

A some' other act or thing with reference to the goods for the purpose of
ascertaining the price, the property does not pass until such Act or thing
is done and the buyer has notice thereof. -
19. Section 23 deals with sale ofuncertain goods and appropriation,
with which we are not concerned here. Likewise, Section 24 deals with
B a situation where goods are sent on approval or 'on sale or retiun' basis,
which is also not relevant for our purposes.
20. A conjoint reading of the aforesaid provisions makes it clear
that title in goods is transferred from the seller to buyer only on the sale
of goods. As to when such a sale fructifies and the property passes is to
c be ascertained from the intention of the parties having regard to the
terms of the contract. If no such intention can be gathered from the
terms of the contract, the property in goods passes where the goods are
in a deliverable state and there is unconditional contract for sale of
_specific goods.

D 21. In the case of Arihant Udhyog, intention is to be gathered
from the terms and conditions, which have already been noted above. It
mentions that responsibility of the seller ceases as soon as goods are
delivered, which means the seller remained responsible till the delivery
of goods. Therefore, intention was to retain the tit!e in the goods till its
delivery inasmuch as till that time it is the seller who was responsible for
E the goods. This condition would clearly spell out that if the goods are
destroyed or lost in transit, i.e. before their delivery, responsibility will be
that of the seller. Such a responsibility can be only if the ownership
remains of the seller. No other document was produced by Arihant
Udhoyg which could demonstrate the intention that property in goods
F passed in their favour before th~se goods were delivered.
- 22. Thus, insof~r as judgment of the High Court in Arihant Uqhyog
is conct:rned, no fault can be found therein. The appeal filed by Arihant
Udhyog is, accordingly, dismissed.
23. Having said so, we find that the High Court has passed
G impugned commoµjudgment deciding as many as fifteen writ petitions.
Other writ petitions are also dismissed taking into consideration the terms
and conditions of the contract of sale between Arihant Udhyog and its
seller. This is clearly a wrong approach. In each case the High Court
was supposed to go into the contract for sale between the licensees and
H their sellers and in view of the terms and conditions contained in each o.f
MIS ARIHANT UDHYOG v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. 173
[A. K. SIKRI, J.]

the case, the High Court was supposed to decide as to whether in their A
cases also ownership in goods transferred only in the market area within
the State of Rajasthan.
24. Insofar as the case of Mis: Deepak Enterprises is concerned,
the same is decided by the High Court by separate judgment dated July
27, 2012. However, the High Court has simply followed the earlier B
judgment dated May 14, 2012 fa Arihant Udhyog without going into the
invoices of Mis. Deepak Enterprises. Therefore, the appeal has to be
allowed and the impugned judgment will have to be set aside on this
ground itself by remitting the case back to the High Court to decide the
same on the basis of the terms and conditions contained in the invoice
which would decide what was the intendment between the appellant C
and the seller who sold the goods. Ordered accordingly.
25. One more aspect, however, needs to be dealt with by us. It
was argued before us that the agricultural produce bought is not meant
for. further sale but is processed at the factory of the licensees and,
therefore, the Market Committee had no right to impose any levy and D
realise the market fee, which can be done only on the transactions of
purchase and sale and not when the agricultural produce is bought for
the purpose of manufacture or further processing. In support of this,
judgment of this Court in Biotor Industries Limited & Anr. was pressed
into service. E
26. We have gone through the said judgment and find that no such
principle, as sought to be advanced by the appellants, is laid down therein.
That was a case where the respondent had purchased castor seeds
from suppliers outside the market area but weighment arid payment
whereof was made at the mill site within the market .area. The Court F
concluded that the respondent company had become owner of the goods
only once the exact weight of the castor seeds was ascertained and
purchase voucher was obtained and, therefore, the sale had take11 place
. within the market area and the respondent was liable to pay market fee
thereon. To that extent, the aforesaid judgment is against the appellants.
However, there was one more issue involved in the said case. The G
respondent industry was using the castor seeds for manufacturing of oil
therefrom. In this manufacturing, de-oiled seed cake·emerged as a bye-
product. The Market Committee wanted to levy market fee on this bye-
.product also, which was held to be impermissible. The Court also held
that the item mentioned in Schedule to the Act was 'oil cake' which is H
174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 7 S.C.R.

A different and distinct from 'de-oiled cake'.
27. This plea of the appellant, therefore, is ofno consequence. ln
the impugned judgment the High Court has rightly repelled this argument
by observing that once the goods bought are agricultural produce on
which market fee is leviable in terms of Schedule attached to the Act,
B then the market fee is payable. If it is used as raw material for
manufacturing purpose thereafter would be of no consequence.
28. However, as mentioned above, it is to be first ascertained
whether agricultural produce was bought and sold in the market area or
not is the question which needs to be determined in each case after
c applying the principles of law as enumerated above. The High Court
would be required to ascertain this on the basis of terms and conditions
of sale in each case and that would determine the fate of each of the
writ petitions filed by the appellants. This exercise is not done and after
dealing with the case of Arihant Udhyog, other writ petitions are also
dismissed. Thus, except Arihant Udhyog, where we have upheld the
D judgment of the High Court, orders of the High Court in other cases are
set aside and writ petitions are remanded back to the High Court to
decide them in the light of the law stated by us in this judgment.
29. The consequence is that the appeal of Arihant Udhyog is
dismissed and other appeals are allowed in the manner mentioned above.
E
No costs.

Ankit Gyan Appeals disposed of.