NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPN. LTD.versusCOMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX

                         [2010] 1 S.C.R. 16


A     NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPN. LTD.
                              v.
             COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX
                (Civil Appeal No. 6 of 2010)
                         JANUARY 5, 2010
B
             [S.H. KAPADIA AND AFTAB ALAM, JJ.]

       Income Tax Act, 1961: s.115JB, Explanation-I Clause (b)
  - Applicability of - Advance against depreciation -(AAD) -
C Held: AAD is a timing difference - It is not carried to profit
  and loss account - It is income received in advance subject
  to adjustment in future and not a reserve and hence clause
  (b) of Explanation (I) to s. 115JB is not applicable.

D     Assessee is supplier of electricity at notified tariff rate.
  The sale price included Advance against Depreciation
  (AAD) which is shown by assessee as sales in its profit
  and loss account. While computing the book profit,
  assessee deducted the AAD component from total sale
  price and took only balance amount into the profit and
E loss account.

      According to the Authority for Advance Rulings,
  reduction of AAD from the sales was reserve which had
  to be added back on the basis of Clause (b) of
F Explanation-I to Section 115JB of the Income Tax Act,
  1961.

        Allowing the appeal, the Court

      HELD: On reading Explanation-I, to Section 115JB of
G Income Tax Act, 1961, it is clear that to make an addition
  under clause (b}, the two conditions which must be
  jointly satisfied are that there must be a debit of the
  amount to the profit and loss account and the amount so

H                                16
 NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPN. LTD.                   17
          v. COMMNR. OF INCOME TAX
 debited must be carried to the reserve. Since the amount A
 of AAD is reduced from sales, there is no debit in the
 profit and loss account. The amount did not enter the
 stream of income for the purposes of determination of net
profit at all, hence clause (b) of Explanation-I was not
applicable. Further, "reserve" as contemplated by clause B
(b) of the Explanation-I to Section 115JB of the Act is
 required to be carried through the profit and loss
account. There are broadly two types of reserves, viz.
those that are routed through profit and loss account and
those which are not carried via profit and loss account, c
for example, a Capital Reserve such as Share Premium
Account. AAD is not a reserve. It is not appropriation of
profits. It is an amount that is under obligation, right from
the inception, to get adjusted in the future, hence, cannot
be designated as a reserve. It is nothing but an D
adjustment by reducing the normal depreciation
includible in the future years in such a manner that at the
end of useful life of the Plant (which is normally 30 years)
the same would be reduced to nil. At tho end of the life
of the Plant, AAD will be reduced to nil. In fact, Schedule E
XII-A to the balance sheet for the financial years 2004-05
onwards indicates recouping. AAD is "income received
in advance". It is a timing difference and represents
adjustment in future which is in-built in the mechanism
notified on 26.5.1997. This adjustment may take place F
over a long period of time. [Paras 10 and 11] [20-A-H;
21-A]                                               .

     CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 6
of 2010.
                                                                  G
    From the Judgment & Order dated 17.12.2004 in AAR
550 of 2010 of the Authority for Advance Rulings (Income Tax),
New Delhi.

     Soli Dastur, Nishant Thakker, Sunita Dutt, Rajiv Mehta for
the Appellant.                                                    H
    18       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2010] 1 S.C.R.


A       Parag P. Tripathi, ASG, D.K. Singh, Kuna! Bahri, Rahul
    Kaushik, B.V. Balaram Das for the Respondent.

         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

         S.H. KAPADIA, J. 1. Leave granted.
B
        2. In this civil appeal filed by the assessee we are
    concerned with accounting treatment of Advance Against
    Depreciation ("AAD", for short).

c        3. We are concerned with assessment year 2001-02.

      4. Assessee is a public sector enterprise registered under
  the Companies Act, 1956. Its accounts are prepared in
  accordance with Parts II and Ill of Schedule VI to the Companies
  Act. The entire shareholding of the assessee is with
D Government of India. Its accounts are audited by Comptroller
  and Auditor General of India. They are laid before both the
  Houses of Parliament.

          5. Assessee is required to sell electricity to State Electricity
E   Board(s), Discoms etc. at tariff rates notified by CERC. The
    tariff consists of Depreciation, AAD, Interest on loans, Interest
    on working capital, Operation and Maintenance Expenses,
    Return on equity.

       6. On 26.5.97, GOI introduced a mechanism to generate
F additional cash flow by allowing generating companies to collect
  AAD by way of tariff charge. It was decided that the year in
  which Normal Depreciation fell short of original scheduled loan
  repayment installment (capped at 1/12th of the original loan)
  such shortfall would be collected as Advance against Future
G Depreciation. In other words, once the loan stood re-paid, the
  Advance so collected would get reduced from the Normal
  Depreciation of the later years, and such reduced depreciation
  would be included in the tariff, in turn lowering the tariff.

H
NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPN. LTD.                        19
 v. COMMNR. OF INCOME TAX [S.H: KAPADIA, J.]
      7. How to account for such an advance is the issue before       A
us?

      8. According to the Authority for Advance Rulings (MR),
the assessee supplied electricity at the tariff rate notified by
CERC and recovered the sale price; which became its income;
                                                                      8
that, in future the said sale price was neither refundable nor
adjustable against the future bills; that, the sale price (which
includes MD) was shown as "sales" in the profit and loss
account; that, it was received in terms of the invoice raised by
the assessee and, therefore, it was "income" in the year of           C
receipt. However, according to AAR, when it came to
computation of book profit, assessee deducted the MD
component from total sale price and only the balance amount
net of MD was taken into profit and loss account and book
profit. Consequently, MR ruled (which is challenged herein)
that reduction of MD from the "sales" was nothing but a               D
reserve which has to be added back on the basis of clause (b)
of Explanatfon~ r to Section 11 SJB of the Income-tax Act, 1961
("1961 Act", for short).

     9. We quote hereinbelow Explanation-I to Section 115JB           E
of the 1961 Act which reads as under:

      "Explanation 1 - For the purposes of this section, "book
      profit" means the net profit as shown in the profit and loss
      account for the relevant previous year prepared under sub-      F
      section (2), as increased by -

       (a)   xxx

       (b)   the amounts carried to any reserves, by whatever
             name called, other than a reserve specified under        G
             section 33AC; or

             xxx

      if any amount referred to in clauses (a) to (h) is debited to
      the profit and loss account, and as reduced by ... "            H
    20      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2010] 1 S.C.R.


A       10. We find merit in this civil appeal. On reading
    Explanation-I, quoted above, it is clear that to make an addition
    under clause (b) two conditions must be jointly satisfied:

         (a) There must be a debit of the amount to the profit and
B        loss account.

         (b} The amount so debited must be carried to the reserve.

          11. Since the amount of AAD is reduced from sales, there
    is no debit in the profit and loss account. The amount did not
C   enter the stream of income for the purposes of determination
    of net profit at all, hence clause (b} of Explanation-I was not
    applicable. Further, "reserve" as contemplated by clause (b) of
    the Explanation-I to Section 115JB of the 1961 Act is required
    to be carried through the profit and loss account. At this stage
D   it may be stated that there are broadly two types of reserves,
    viz, those that are routed through profit and loss account and
    those which are not carried via profit and loss account, for
    example, a Capital Reserve such as Share Premium Account.
    AAD is not a reserve. It is not appropriation of profits. AAD is
E   not meant for an uncertain purpose. AAD is an amount that is
    under obligation, right from the inception, to get adjusted in the
    future, hence, cannot be designated as a reserve. AAD is
    nothing but an adjustment by reducing the normal depreciation
    includible in the future years in such a manner that at the end
F   of useful life of the Plant (which is normally 30 years) the same
    would be reduced to nil. Therefore, the assessee cannot use
    the AAD for any other purpose (which is possible in the case
    of a reserve) except to adjust the same against future
    depreciation so as to reduce the tariff in the future years. As
G   stated, above, at the end of the life of the Plant AAD will be
    reduced to nil. In fact, Schedule XII-A to the balance sheet for
    the financial years 2004-05 onwards indicates recouping. In our
    view, AAD is "income received in advance". It is a timing
    difference. It represents adjustment in future which is in-built in
H   the mechanism notified on 26.5.1997. This adjustment may
 NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPN. LTD. 21
  v. COMMNR. OF INCOME TAX [S.H. KAPADIA, J.]
take place over a long period of time. Hence, we are of the view    A
that AAD is not a reserve.

     12. For the aforestated reasons, we hold that AAD is a
timing difference, it is not a reserve, it is not carried through
profit and loss account and that it is "income received in
                                                                    8
advance" subject to adjustment in future and, therefore, clause
(b) of Explanation-I to Section 11 SJB is not applicable.
Accordingly, the impugned ruling is set aside and the civil
appeal filed by the assessee stands allowed with no order as
to costs.
                                                                    c
D.G.                                           Appeal allowed.