NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LTD.versusTHE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MADRAS

                         •



A              NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LTD.
                               v.
            THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MADRAS

                                   JULY 29, 1997

B                  (SUHAS C. SEN AND K.T. THOMAS, JJ.)

         Companies (Profits) Surtax Act 1964: Section 2(8)-Computation of
  capital of a company for the purpose of surtax assessment-The amount set
  apa1t for redemption of Debentures-To be treated as provision-Not to be
C included in capital.
          Schedule 11 Rule 1 Explanation-'Sinking fund'-Created for redemp-
    tion of liabilities-Jn the nature of allocation Qf profits-Shown as 'rese1ve' in
    the prescribed balance sheet of the company-Not to be treated as rese1Ve for
    computation of capital.
D
          Companies Act 1956 : Part 111 Schedule VI Clauses 7(1) &
  (2}-'provision' and 'rese1Ve' defined-Issue of debentures-Not redeemable
  in the year of account-Nevertheless obligation to pay held to be present
  liability--Debitum in praesenti, solvendum in futuro-Amount set apart for
  redemption of debentures-Known liability to be treated as provision and not
E rese1Ve for surtax assessment.
         Amount appropriated for payment of gratuity to be treated as provision
    and not rese/Ve.

          Maxim : 'Debitum in Praesenti, solvendum in futuro'-Ap-
F plied-Obligation or liability to repay loan is a present one-Arises the
    moment the money is borrowed regardless of whether repayment deferred by
    agreement.

          The question was whether for assessment year 1967-68, the sum of
G Rs. 79 lakhs set apart by the assessee company for redemption of deben·
    tures was to be included in the capital of the company for the purpose of
    surtax assessment.

        The contention of the assessee was that the amount set apart for
  meeting current known liability will be 'provision' whereas the amount
H retained for future use is to be treated as 'reserve' and not as 'provision';
                                          140
     NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LTD. v. C.l.T., MADRAS                  141

that there was no existing liability for redeeming the debentures in the       A
relevant accounting year and the same would arise only when the amount
falls due for payment, and thus the amount ~d apart for dedenture
redemption is to be treated as reserve and is includible in the computation
of capital of the company for surtax assessment purposes.

      The High Court was of the view that the amount set apart to redeem       B
debentures was less than the company's liability on that account and is to
be treated as provision and is not includible in the capital of.the company.
In the present case there is no provision in excess of the liability which
only is required by law to be treated as reserve and not provision.

      Dismissing the appeals, this Court
                                                                               c
      HELD : 1 The High Court has come to a correct conclusion. An
amount set apart to meet a known liability cannot be regarded as 'Reserve'
and is to be treated as 'Provision'. [143-E)
                                                                               D
      1.1. The amount representing Debenture Redemption Reserve is an
amount set apart to meet a known liability and is to be treated as
'provision' and not 'reserve' in terms of the definitions provided in clause
7 of Part III Schedule VI of the Companies Act 1956. (145-F)

      1.2. Even though the debentures may not be redeemable in the year E
of account, the obligation to pay is a present obligation and the debentures
have to be shown as liability in the balance sheet of the company. The
amount set apart to redeem the debentures cannot be treated as a reserve
and is not to be included in the capital of the company for surtax purposes.
Only that amount, if any, which in the opinion of the Directors of the
company, is in excess of the liability, can be treated as 'reserve'. [146-A; G) F

      2. In terms of the explanation to rule 1 of the second schedule of the
Companies (Profits) Surtax Act 1964, even a 'sinking fund' created for
redemption of loans and shown as Reserve in the Balance Sheet is not to
be treated as reserve but as provision. (149-E)                                G
      2.1. Even though the amounts kept in the Sinking fund or in the
debenture redemption reserve, are merely appropriation of profit, and not
in the nature of charge against profit, and are available for utilisation as
working capital of the company or may be invested for enabling the
company to pay off its debts., the same are to be treated as provision and H
    142                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A not reserve. {149-C]
           2.2. The surplus in profit and loss account is also excluded from
    'reserves' for computation of capital of a company for surtax purposes.
    Therefore the availability of the amount as working capital of the company
    is not the deciding factor as to whether an amount retained from the profit
B   of the company is to be treated as a resen'e or not. [149-F-G]

          Vazir Sultan Tabacco Co. Ltd. v. CIT, A.P., 132 ITR 559; Kesoram
    Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. v. CWT (Central) Calcutta, AIR (1966) SC
    1370, relied on.

C         CIT, v. Peico Electronics & Electricals, 166 ITR 299; CIT v. Modi
    Industries Ltd., (No. 2) 197 ITR 655, overruled.

         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 431 of
    1989 Etc.

D        From the Judgment and Order dated 27.9.88 of the Bombay High
    Court in I.T.R. No. 166A of 1975.

         T.A. Ramachandran, Ms. A.K. Verma for Mis. J.B.D. & Co. for the
    Appellants.
E         J. Ramamurthy and B.S. Ahuja for the Respondent.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          SEN, J. The point that falls for determination in this case is whether
    a sum of Rs. 79 lakhs representing Debenture Redemption Reserve was
F   includible in computing the capital of the assessee-Company for the pur-
    pose of the Companies (Profits) Surtax Act, 1964.

        The High Court took the view that the amount set apart to redeem
  the debentures has to be treated as 'provision' and not as 'reserve'. The
G facts stated by the High Court in this regard are as follows :
             "From the balance-sheets for the said periods, we find that in the
             calendar year 1965, the development rebate reserve was Rs.
             79,00,000. However, in the next calendar year 1966, which is
             relevant to the assessment year 1967-68, the figure of debenture
H            redemption reserve has gone up to Rs. 1,12,00,000. A perusal of
        NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LTD. v. C.LT., MADRAS [SEN,J.]          143 ·

        the balance-sheet further shows that the assessee company had A
        floated and actually issued 6-1/2 per cent secured redeemable
        mortgage debentures, as pointed out earlier, against the security
        of land, buildings and machinery of the company and a floating
        charge on the undertaking. None of these debentures appear to
        have been redeemed during the relevant previous years. There is B
        no dispute regarding any of these facts. In these circumstances, it
        clearly appears to us that the debenture redemption reserve must
        be regarded as a provision made by the assessee company to enable
        it to redeem the said debentures when they became due for
        redemption. Since the aggregate amount of such debentures is
        much larger than the amount of the debenture redemption reserve, C
        we fail to see how it can be said that there was any .excess as such
        in this appropriation which could be taken as reserve. It is true
        that all the debentures had not become redeemable during the
        relevant previous .years, but that does not make any difference
        because an amount set aside to meet a future liability, which was D
        certain to come into existence, as in this case, must be regarded
        as a provision and not as a reserve."

        We are of the view that the High Court has come to a correct
conclusion The basic principle is that an amount set apart to meet a known
liability cannot be regarded as 'Reserve'. 'Provision' and 'Reserve' have          E
been defined in Part III, Schedule VI of the Companies Act itself :

        "7. (1) For the purposes of Part I and II of this Schedule, unless
        the context otherwise requires, -
                                                                                   F
        (a) the expression "provision" shall, subject to sub-clause (2) of this
        Clause, mean any amount written off or retained by way of
        providing for depreciation, renewals or diminution in value of
        assets, or retained by way of providing for any known liability
        of which the amount cannot be determined with substantial
        accuracy;                                                                  G

        (b) the expression "reserve" shall not, subject as aforesaid, include
        any amount written off or retained by way of providing for
        depreciation, renewals or diminution in value of assets or retained
        by way of providing for any known liability;                          H
    144                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A           (c) the expression "capital reserve" shall not include any amount
            regarded as free for distribution through .the profit and loss ac-
            count; and the expression revenue reserve shall mean any reserve
            other than a capital reserve;

            and in this sub-clause the expression "liability'' shall include all
B           liabilities in respect of expenditure contracted for and all dispute
            or contingent liabilities.

            (2) Where - .


c           (a) any amount written off or retained by way of providing for
            depreciation, renewals or diminution in value of assets, not being
            an amount written off in relation to fixed assets before the com-
            mencement of this Act; or

            (b) any amount retained by way of providing for any known
D           liability; is in excess of the amount which in the opinion of the
            directors is reasonably necessary for the purpose, the excess shall
            be treated for the purposes of this Schedule as a reserve and not
            as a provision.

E         The definition clearly indicates that if an amount is retained by way
    of providing for any known liability that amount shall not be treated as
    reserve. Clause 7(2)(b) makes it clear that only an amount with is in excess
    of what is reasonably necessary for meeting a known liability shall be
    treated as reserve and not as provision. The directors will have to form an
    opinion as to what is reasonably necessary for meeting the known liability
F   of a Company. The opinion of an accountant or an auditor or a lawyer is
    quite immaterial for this purpose.

        The finding of fact in this case is that the amount set apart for
  redemption of debentures is less than the Company's liability on this
  account. Therefore, the answer to the question raised must be that the
G amount of Rs. 79 lakhs representing Debenture Redemption Reserve
  cannot be included in the capital of the Company for the purpose of Surtax
  assessment. The facts stated in the judgment of the High Court go to show
  that the amount was not larger than the amount which had to be paid for
  redemption of the debentures. Therefore, there is no question of any excess
H provision in this case.
        NATIONAL RA YON CORPORATION LTD. v. C.1.T., MADRAS (SEN, J.)    145

       In the case of Vazir Sultan Tobacco Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of         A
Income Tax, A.P., 132 I.T.R. 559, it was held that 'Provision' and 'reserve'
had not been defined under the Companies (Profits) Surtax Act, 1964.
Therefore, the two concepts 'reserve' and 'provision' which are fairly well
known in commercial accountancy and which are used under the Com-
panies Act dealing with preparation of Balance Sheets and Profit and Loss      B
Accounts, will have to be gathered from the meaning attached to them by
the Companies Act itsdf. Moreover, in Vazir Sultan's case, it was pointed
out that even if a sum of money which had been set apart for a certain
purpose was held not to be a 'provision', it did not automatically follow
that it would be a reserve. It was held :
                                                                               c
        ''But it is clear beyond doubt that if any retention or appropriation
        of a sun• is not a provision, that is to say, if it is not designated
        to meet depreciation, renewals or diminution in value of assets or
        any known liability, the same is not necessarily a reserve. We are
        emphasising this aspect of the matter because during the hearing D
        almost all counsel for the assessees strenuously contended before
        us that once it was shown or became clear that the retention or
        appropriation of a sum out of profits and surplus was for an
        unknown liability or for a liability which did not exist on the
        relevant date, it must be regarded as a reserve. The fallacy under-
        lying the contention becomes apparent if the negative and non-ex- E
        haustive aspects of ihe definition of reserve are borne in mind."

      It has been conten.ded by S~ri T.A. Ramachandran on behalf of the
assessee that what. is set apart for meeting the current year's known or
estimated liability will be 'provision'. An amount set apart for future use F
will not be 'provision'. This argument is without any merit. It goes against
the very definition of 'provision' and 'reserve' provided by the Companies
Act. In the form of Balance Sheet in Schedule VI of the Companies Act
provisions have to be made, inter alia, for Contingencies, Provident Fund
Scheme, Insurance, Pension and Staff benefit schemes. Amounts set apart
for the aforesaid purpose will mostly be for future use. Question of pay- G
ment of pension or provident fund can only arise when an employee retires.

       Mr. Ramachandran advanced another argument that there was no
present liability to pay any amount to the debenture-holders. That liability
will arise only when the amount falls due for payment. Therefore, there H
    146                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A was no existing liability for redei::ming the debentures in the relevant year ·
    of account.

          We are unable to uphold 'this' argument. The liability to repay arises
    the moment the money is borrowed. The amount borrowed may be repay-
    able immediately or in future. The date of repayment of loan may be
B   deferred by agreement but the obligation or the liability to repay will not
    cease on that account. The obligation is a present obligation; Debitum in
    Praesenti, solvendum in futuro. This aspect of the matter was explained in
    the judgment of this Court in Kesoram Industries and Cotton Mills Ltd. v.
    The Commissioner of Wealth Tax (Central), Calcutta, A.l.R. (1966) SC 1370.
c       By issuing the debentures, the company had taken a loan against the
  security of its assets. This loan may not be repayable in the year of account.
  But the obligation to pay the loan is a present obligation. Any money set
  apart in the accounts of the company to redeem the debentures must be
  treated as moneys set apart to meet a known liability. The debentures will
D have to be shown in the Company's Balance Sheet of the year as 'Liability'.


           In the case of Commissioner of Income Tax v. Peico Electronics &
    Electricals, 166 ITR 299, the Calcutta High Court held that the debenture
    redemption reserve will have to be treated as a 'reserve' and not 'provision'
E   becausi::, none of the debentures became redeemable during the accounting
    period. The liability to redeem the debenture was a future liability. The
    debentures had been separately shown in the balance sheet as a liability.
    The reserve had been created by appropriation of profits and not by way
    of a charge on revenue.
F
        We are of the view that this approach is erroneous and overlooks the
  definitions of 'provision' and 'reserve' given in the Companies Act. The
  debentures were nothing but secured loans. Merely because, the deben-
  tures were not redeemable during the accounting period, the liability to
  redeem the debentures did not cease to exist. It was redeemable or
G repayable at a future date. But is was a known liability. In the form of
  balance sheet prescribed by the Act in Schedule VI, the secured loans have
  to· be shown under the heading 'liabilities'. Secured loans include (1)
  debentures, (2) loans and advances from banks, (3) loans and advances
  from subsidiaries and (4) other loans and advances. The secured loans
H might not be immediately repayable, but the liability to repay these loans
        NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LTD. v. C.l.T., MADRAS (SEN, J.J      147

was an existing liability aQ.d has to be shown in the Company's Balance A
Sheet for the relevant year of account as a liability. Amounts set apart to
pay these loans cannot be 'reserve'. The interpretation clause of the
Balance Sheet in Schedule VI of the Companies Act specifically lays down
that reserves shall. not include any amount written off or retained by way
of providing for a known liability.                                         B
     The Delhi High Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax v.
Modi Industries Ltd. (No. 2), 197 ITR 655 also took the view that the
amount set apart out of profits to redeem the debentures had to be treated
as reserves because, there was no liability in the current year to redeem
the debentures.                                                                 C
      We are unable to agree with this view for the reasons given earlier
in the judgment.

       Apart from this, the argument that found favour with the Courts in
the cases of Peico Electronics & Electricals and Modi Industries Ltd. (supra)   D
that if the retention or appropriation of a sum out of profits and surpluses
was for an unknown liability or for a liability which did not exist on the
relevant date it must be regarded as a 'reserve', was specifically rejected
by this Court in Vazir Sultan's case (supra). This argument of the assessee
was held io be fallacious (Page. 571 of the report).                            E
      There is another aspect of this case. In the prescribe form of
Balance Sheet, under the heading "RESERVES AND SURPLUSES"
seven types of reserves have to be shown :

      (1) Capital Reserves,                                                     F
      (2) Capital Redemption Reserve,

      (3) Share Premium Account

      (4) Other reserves,                                                       G
      (5) Surplus, i.e., balance in profit and loss account.

      (6) Proposed additions to reserves.

      (7) Sinking funds.                                                        H


                              •
    148                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         However, for the purpose of computation of capital of a company
    under the Companies (Profits) Surtax Act, 1964, items 5, 6, and 7 will not
    be treated as Reserve.s. The Second Schedule of the Surtax Act lays down
    the rules for computation of the capital. Rule 1 contains an Explanation to
    the folloWing effect :
B           "Explanation. • For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that
            any amount standing to the credit of any account in the books of
            a company as on the 1st day of the previous year relevant to the
            assessment year which is of the nature of Item (5) or Item (6) or
            Item (7) under the heading "RESERVES AND SURPLUS" or of
c           any item under the heading "CURRENT LIABILITIES AND
            PROVISIONS" in the column relating to "Liabilities" in the
            "FORM OF BALANCE-SHEET' given in Part I of Schedule VI
            to the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), shall not be regarded as
            a reserve for the purposes of computation of the capital of a
            company under the provisions of this Schedule."
D
          In Batliboi's Advanced Accountancy, 27th Edn. p. 678, the nature of
    a Sinking Fund is explained as under :

             "Sinking Fund. · A Sinking Fund is a fund created with the object
             of providing means for the redemption of liabilities like debentures
E            or any other loan. It is formed by setting aside, half yearly or yearly,
             a fixed sum of money for a definite period, such sum to be invested
             at compound interest, so that at the end ottlie' period, the annual
             amounts, with accumulations of interest, will be sufficient to dis-
             charge a prescribed loan. In such a case, the amount set aside
F            should not be debited to Revenue Account but to a Net Revenue
             Account or Profit and Loss Appropriation Account, as being
             rather in the nature of an allocation of profits than a charge against
             them."

          A Sinking Fund created for redemption of debentures will not be
G treated as Reserve even though (1) it has to be shown as "Reserve" in the
  Balance Sheet and (2) the amount .kept in this fund is in the nature of
  allocation of profits and not a charge against them. It is difficult to see, in
  the context of this rule in the Second Schedule, why a Debenture Redemp·
  tion Reserve is to be treated as "Reserve" on the ground that the amounts
H set apart for redemption of debentures are not in the nature of a charge
         NATIONAL RAYON CORPORATION LID. v. C.I.T., MADRAS (SEN, J.J     149

 against profits but merely appropriation of profit. In Peico Electronics & A
 Electricals case (supra), one of the grounds which weighed with the Court
 was the argument that the Sinking Fund had to be utilised by making
 investments and did not form part of the working capital of the Company
 but the amount lying to the credit of Debenture Redemption Reserve was
 available to the Company to be used as working capital.
                                                                                B
        We fail to comphrehend this distinction. What has to be computed
  under Rule 1 of the Second Schedule of the Surtax Act is the capital of
· the Company and not its working capital. The amount shown as Sinking
  Fund may be invested in a fruitful way so that the principal and gains from
  the investments taken together will enable the Company to pay off its debts. C
  Investment of monies standing to the credit of the Sinking fund is nothing
  but utilisation of the Company's assets for the discharge of its liabilities.
  There is not rational explanation why a Sinking Fund for redemption of
  debentures will not be a reserve but a Debenture Redemption Reserve
  created with the same purpose will be treated as reserve and included in D
  computation of capital of the Company for surtax purposes. A construction ·
  which leads to absurdity should be avoided.

       The basic principle is that any amount retained by way of providing
 for a known liability will not be 'reserve'. Explanation to Rule 1 of the      E.
 Second Schedule of the Surtax Act takes this principle to its logical
 conclusion by the providing that even a Sinking fund, which has to be
 shown as a reserve in the prescribed form of Balance Sheet, will not be
 treated as 'Reserve' for the purpose of computation of capital.

        It is further to be noted that the surplus and unallocated balance in
                                                                                F
 the Profit and Loss Account has been specifically excluded from "reserves"
 for computation of capita1 under the Surtax Act. Therefore, availability of
 the amount for utilisation as working capital of the Company or for
 distribution of dividend cannot be a criterion for deciding where a
 particular amount retained from the profits of the Company will be treated     G
 as its reserve or not.

       In the premises, we are of the view that the judgment under appeal
 was rightly decided. We are unable to uphold the contrary decisions in the
 cases of Peico Electronics & Electricals and Modi Industries Ltd. (supra). H
    150                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A            This appeal is, therefore, dismissed. There will be no order as to
    costs.

    CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 2/95, 198/89, 432/89 and 433/89

B        Appeals are dismissed in view of the above decision. There will be
    no order as to costs.

    Civil Appeal No. 2970/81

             In this appeal, we are concerned with the following question :
c
               "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
               sums of Rs. 38,98,970 anc! Rs. 6,66,159 constituted reserve and was
               required to be taken into account in the computation of the capital
               under the Super Profits Tax Act, 1963."
D
           However, we are concerned in this appeal only with the amount of
    Rs. 6,66,159 which was appropriated to gratuity reserve. The question is
    whether this should be treated as reserve or provision. The point is well-
    settled by the decision of this Court in the case of Vazir Sultan (supra).
    The answer to the question will be that the amount of Rs. 6,66,159 will have
E   to be treated as provision and not reserve. We answer the question accord-
    ingly. The order of the High Court to the above extent is set aside.

          A point has been taken on behalf of the respondent that the amount
    was more than what was actually required to be set apart as liability for
F   gratuity .. We are not expressing any opinion as to that because that is a
    question of fact. It does not appear from the High Court's order or the
    question raised that this point was at all in issue before the Court or the
    Tribunal.

          The assessee can raise this question, if it can lawfully do so, before
G   the Tribunal. The appeal is allowed.

    R.C.                                                      Appeals dismissed.