Holding

The assignee was not a consumer as he lacked insurable interest, and the policy had lapsed under clause 9, so the insurer was not liable and the complaint was dismissed.

Summary

New India Assurance Co. Ltd. issued two marine insurance policies to cover consignment of computer waste from Antward to Bombay. The vessel was diverted to Muscat due to a port strike and the insurer stipulated that the goods must be re‑shipped within 60 days, otherwise liability would cease. The goods were not re‑shipped within that period; the insurer denied the claim and the assignee, B.N. Sainani, filed a complaint before the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission alleging deficiency in service. The State Commission and the National Commission upheld the complaint, but the insurer appealed. The Supreme Court examined whether the assignee qualified as a "consumer" under the Consumer Protection Act, whether the insurer’s refusal amounted to a deficiency, whether the policy had lapsed under clause 9, and whether the complaint was barred by limitation. The Court held that the assignee lacked an insurable interest in the goods and therefore was not a consumer; the policy had indeed lapsed because the 60‑day condition was not met, absolving the insurer of liability; and the complaint was timely but substantively untenable. Consequently, the appeal was allowed and the earlier orders set aside.

Issues considered

The assignee is a "consumer" within the meaning of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 for the purpose of filing a complaint.
Whether the insurer's refusal to extend coverage constitutes a deficiency in service under the Act.
Whether the insurance policy lapsed under clause 9 because the goods were not re‑shipped within 60 days, thereby absolving the insurer of liability.
Whether the complaint was barred by the Limitation Act, 1908.

Legislation cited

Consumer Protection Act, 1986s. 17, s. 18, s. 2(d), s. 2(g)
Limitation Act, 1908s. Article 44 of the Schedule
Marine Insurance Act, 1963s. 51, s. 52, s. 53

Subjects

consumer protectionmarine insuranceinsurable interestassignment of policylimitation perioddeficiency in servicepolicy lapseinsurance claim

Judgment

A NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD.
v.
SHRI B.N. SAINANI

JULY 9, 1997

B [K. RAMASWAMY AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.]

Consumer Protection Act, 1986 :

Section 2 clauses (d) and (g)-lnsurance Policies covering the risk of
C consignment on shipme/11-Vessel bringing the goods diverted due to
strike-consignment not reshipped within sixty days from the date of dis-
charge as infom1ed by the insurer-No extension of policy to cover the
risk-Short landing of consignment on transshipment-Claim against the
insurer-Allowed by State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission-<:011-
fimzed by National Commission-On .appeal, held, goods were neither
D transshipped within 60 days of their discharge nor the policy was extended
beyond the period-No deficiency in service by the insurer-Absolved from
any claim under the policy-Marine Insurance Act, 1963: Sections 51, 52 and
53.

E Section 2(d)-Maintainability of claim-Assignee assigned with the
right to recover the loss-No insurable interest in the subject matter of goods
insured-Whether such assignee a consumer-Held n~Hence he cannot
maintain a complaint under the Act.

Limitation Act, 1908 : Article 44 of the Schedule-claim on policy
F denied by insurer by letter dated July 25, 1989-Complaint filed by assignee
on July 23, 199l-Held, complaint filed within a period of three years from
the date of denial of poli~ot barred by limitation.

Respondent was an assignee of two insurance policies taken by the
consignee from the appellant-insurance company on February 24, 1984 to
G cover the risk of computer wastes computer print out for reshipment from
the port of Antward to Bombay. The consignee informed the
appellant-insurer that due to strike in Indian Ports, the vessel bringing
the goods had been diverted to Muscat and therefore requested the insurer
to cover the risk accordingly. The appellant-insurer replied the consignee
H that consignment be reshipped within 60 days the date of discharge, failing
750
NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. B.N. SAINANI 751

which there would be not liability of any claim of risk under the policies. A
It was informed on June 8. 1984 that the consignment was reshipped in
·another shipping company and brought to Bombay Port. There was short
landing of consignment under transhipment. The appellant-insurer by a
letter dated June, 25, 1989 informed the assignee that the insured consign-
ment reached the Port about a year after the discharge of consignment and B
as there was no extension of the insurance cover, the liability to cover the
risk under the policies has ceased. The respondent-assignee files com-
plaints before the State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
against the appellant-insurer alleging deficiency in rendering service. The
said complaint was allowed. On appeal, the National Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission confirmed the order of State Commission. Hence C
the present appeal by the insurer.

The contentions of the appellant-insurer were that the complaint
filed by the assignee was barred by limitation; and that the assignee was
not a consumer within the meaning of the Consumer Protection Act and
under Clause 9 of the policy he was absolved from claim as the policy had D
lapsed.

Allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1.1. The respondent-assignee has been unable to show that E
he is a consumer and there has been deficiency in service by the insurer.
He, therefore, could not maintain a complaint under the Consumer Protec-
tion Act, 1986. Thus the orders of National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission and State Commission are set aside. [763-F-G]

1.2. Under para 11 in order to prefer a claim under the policy the F
insured must have an insurable interest in the subject-matter insured at
the time of loss. The interest of the insured must exist in the case of marine
insurance at the time of loss and the assured must have some relation to
or concerned in the subject of the insurance. The service which the insurer
offers is with reference to the goods and the insurable interest has to be G
in respect of the goods. To come under the scope of the word "consumer"
as defined in the Ad it should be possible for the assured to assign his
insurable interest in th~ goods subject matter of the policy for the assignee
as a consumer to enjoy the benefit of the policy with reference to the goods
which are insured. What has been assigned in the present case is the
amount of loss suffered by the assured on account of shortlanding of the H
752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A goods, meaning thereby that right to recover the loss is assigned to the
assignee and not that any service is to be rendered under the policy by the
insurer with reference to the goods. Unless the assignee has some in- .
surable interest in the property, the subject matter of the insurance uptil
the time the policy terminates, he cannot be beneficiary of any service
B required to be rendered by the insurer under the policy. Admittedly it was
much after the goods had reached the port of destination and ap-
propriated that the policy was transferred by the insured to the complaint
to recover the amount of loss suffered by the assured. Thus, what is
assigned is in effect a mere right to sue for the loss on account of
shortlanding of the goods. It is difficult to see as to how it could be said
C that the respondent, that is the assignee, is the beneficiary of any service
under the policy. He may, however, have right to recover the loss from the
insurer by filing a suit in a civil court but certainly to seek remedy under
the Act he must be a consumer. [762-E-H; 763-A-C]

D 2.1. In the instant case, there is no evidence that the goods were
transhipped within 60 days of their discharge nor the policy was extended
beyond the period. That being so the policy would lapse in terms of the
agreement between the parties. Thus the appellant-insurer is absolved
from any claim under the policy in view of para 9 of the policy and it could
E not be said that there was any deficiency in service to be provided by the
insurer under the policy. [763-D]

2.2. Under sub-para 8.3 of the policy which is subject to clause 9,
the insurance remains in force during the delay beyond the control of the (
F assured. But then under p'lra 9 the insurance terminates if owing to the
circumstances beyond the control of the assured as mentioned therein
unless prompt notice is given and continuation of cover is requested. In
that case insurance shall remain in force subject to an additional premium
is required (1) within 60 days of the arrival of the goods at such port or
place other than that named in the policy or until those goods are sold
G whichever shall occur first unless otherwise specially agreed or (2) if the
goods are forwarded within the period of 60 days to the destination named
in the policy or within any further extension if agreed to. Since the
extension of the period was not agreed to by the insurer the goods had to
be forwarded or transhipped from Muscat to Bombay within 60 days of
H the discharge of the goods there. [759-C-F]
NEWINDIAASSURANCECO.LTD;v. B.N.SAINANl(D.P. WADHWA,J.] 753

3. The complaint filed by the assignee is within the period of limita- A
ti on. When the complaint in the instant case was· filed, section 24A of the
Act was not inserted in the Act and therefore the provisions of Limitation
Act are applicable. Article 44 of the Scheduled to the Limitation Act
provides that a complaint can be filed within a period of three years from
the date of occurrence causing the loss or from the date when the claim
on the policy was denied by the insurer. It appears that the complaint was B
filed on the basis that claim on the policy was denied wholly by the insurer
which was by letter dated July 25, 1989. The cause of section, therefore
arose on July 25, 1989 and the complaint filed by the assignee on July 23,
1992 is within the period oflimitation. [757-A-C]

CIVIL APPELLANT JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4319 of C
1997.

From the Judgment and Order dated 30.9.96 of the National Con-
sume Disputes Redressal Commission at New Delhi in F.A. No. 792/94.

J.R. Midha, D.N. Motiwala and Mr. C.P. Pandey for the Appellant. D
N.K. Mudnaney, S.M. Tripathi and Rani Jethmalani for the Respon-
dent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
E
D.P. WADHWA, J.

Leave granted.

This appeal is directed against the order of the National Consumer
Disputes Redressal Commission dismissing the appeal of the appellant and F
confirming the order of the Maharashtra State Commission by which order
the State Commission had allowed the complaint of the respondent filed
under sections 17/18 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (for short 'the
Act'). In fact, there were two complaints before the State Commission; in
one complaint the claim of the complainant against the appellant was
settled for Rs. 5,04,841.23 and the second for Rs. 9,99,500. The complaint G
was also awarded costs of Rs. 500 in each of the two complaints.

In this judgment the appellant M/s. New India Assurance Company
Ltd. is described as 'insurer', the respondent as 'complaint' or 'assignee'
and M/s Ajanta Paper and General Product Ltd. as the 'consignee' or
'assured'. H

•
754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A The complainant is an assignee of two insurance policies taken out
by M/s. Ajanta Paper and General Products Ltd., from the appellant being
the insurer. One policy was to insure 244 bales computer wastes computer
print out valued at Rs. 5,87,000 and the second was for 170 bales computer
waste computer print out valued at Rs. 4,04,000 to cover the risk from the
B port of Antward to Bombay. The policies were taken out on February 27,
1984. By letter dated April 12,1984 the consignee informed the insurer, the
appellant herein, .that it had been given to understand that due to strike in
Indian Ports the vessel s.s. 'IRISH MAPLE' which was bringing the goods,
had been diverted to Muscat and the cargo had been discharged there. The
C consignee, therefore, requested the in;urer to cover the risk accordingly.
The insurer replied by its letter dated May 4, 1984. It informed the
consignee that the consignments in question were required to re-shipped
from Muscat to Bombay within 60 days' time from the date the same were
discharged at Muscat and that failing which there would be no liability of .
D any claim covered under the two policies in question. The consignee again
wrote to the insurer on May 21, 1984 informing it that the consignment had
not been brought to Bombay by the steamer company and same was still
lying at Muscat and further that consignee was arranging to bring the cargo
from Muscat in order to avoid further delay, pilferage and damage and
also to minimise financial losses. The consignee also stated in this letter
E that by doing so it was helping the insurer and, therefore, the additional
expenditure such as freight from Muscat to Bombay, warehousing charge
at Muscat and other incidental expenses that might be levied by the
-
Steamer Company shall be on account of the insurer. It, therefore,
requested the insurer to endorse the certificate for covering the risk for
F forced transshipment from Muscat to Bombay. By letter May 24, 1984 the
insurer repeated what was written in its letter of May 4, 1984. It had
informed the consignee that it was consignee's responsibility to arrange for
the re-shipment of the consignment to Bombay within the specified
time-limit and that insurer would not be responsible for any Joss or damage
G resulting from non-cooperation of the steamer agent of the consignee in
arranging re-shipment of Cargo to Bombay. The consignee was specifically
told that under no circumstances insurer was liable for additional expenses
,.
incurred by the consignee by way of extra freight, warehousing etc. in the
process of re-shipment of the cargo from Muscat to Bombay. Again on
H June 3, 1992 the consignee wrote to the insurer informing it that

•
NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. B.N. SAINANI [D.P. WADHWA, J.] 755

arrangement was being made to bring the cargo as early as possible. The A
• insurer was, however, requested to extend the validiiy of the Certificate
· while itself agreeing to pay necessary charges for the same. Again on June
8, 1984, the consignee informed the insurer that the shipping company had
agreed to bring the cargo and that the subject consignment was being
loaded per M.V, 'MICHEL 'C' which was expected at Bombay Port B
shortly. It may be noted that earlier the consignment was being brought by
s.s. 'IRISH MAPLE' which had off-loaded the consignment at Muscat.
The insurer acknowledged the letter of June 2, 1984 of the consignee but
at the same time the request of the consignee for extension of the time
, beyond 60 days was not granted. The consignee was informed that on the
expiry of 60 days' time limit from the date of discharge at the port of
c
Muscat, the risk under the policy in question would cease .
...
' The consignee, being the insured, preferred a claim for Rs.
1,74,708.52 and for Rs. 3,99,007.52 on account of shortlanding of the
consignment under transhipment and obtained the shortlanding certifi- · D
cates issued by the Bombay Port Trust docks of Bombay. The claim was,
therefore, on account of shortage of goods.

It would appear from the letter dated July 25, 1989 of the insurer to
Mis. National Consultants (Proprietor Mr. G.N. Sainani, the complainant)
that the policies had been assigned by the consignee in favour of M/s. E
National Consultants. By this letter the insurer acknowledged letter dated
July 18, 1989 of the assignee. The insurer in this letter informed the

.,
~
assignee as under :

"(i) The vessel carrying the insured consignments had diverted
its course, and the consignments were discharged at Muscat, for F
onward carriage to Bombay. Our Marine insurance cover had
ceased at this stage. Moreover no extension of insurance cover was
obtained by you.
~

(ii) Insured consignments were discharged at Bombay Ex Michelle
'C' on 30.7.84 were as claims on ocean carriers were lodged on G

- ' ...
16.7.85/17.7.85 respectively, i.e. about a year after discharging of
the consignments. Further more no extension of time-limit was
obtained from them to safeguard our rights of recoveries. Our
recoveries therefore are lost, as claims against carriers have now
become time barred/suit barred. H
756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A Owing to the above irregularities/lapses, it will be appreciated
that we have no liabilities to meet towards the above subject
claims."

On July 23, 1992 the assignee instituted two complaints before the Con-
sumer Disputes Redressal Commission. Maharashtra State, Bombay
B against the insurer alleging deficiency while rendering the service. The
State Commission considered the question if by not extending the in-
surance cover during re-shipment and repudiating the insurance claim
constituted deficiency in service by the insurer. By the order dated October
29, 1994 it held against the insurer. The appeal of the insurer was dismissed
C by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission by the order
dated September 30, 1996.

All this narration of events was necessary to understand the issues
involved in the appeal. It is submitted by Mr. Midha, learned counsel for
D the appellant that the complaint was barred by limitation; that the com-
plainant was not a consumer within the m.:aning of the Act and under
clause 9 of the policy the appellant was absolved from claim as the policy
had lapsed.

Before insertion of Section 24A in the Act with effect from June 18,
E 1993 the Act did not prescribed any period of limitation for filing a
complaint. It was, however, not disputed that early to this the consumer
commissions have been applying the Limitation Act 1963 to find out if a
complaint was barred by limitation or not. Since at the time when the
complaint in the present case was filed Section 24A was not there, we,
therefore, fall back from the provisions of the Limitation Act, Article 44
F of Schedule to the Limitation Act, in relevant part, is as under :

Description of suit Period of limitation Time from which
period begins to run
44. (b) On a policy of Three years The date of the
G insurance when the occurrence causing the
sum insurance 1s loss, or where the
payable after proof of claim on the policy is
the loss has been given denied either partly or
to or received by the wholly, the date of
insurers. such denial."
H
NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. B.N. SAINANI [D.P. WAD HWA, J.] 757

It would appear that the complaint was filed on the basis that claim A
on the policy was denied wholly by the insurer which was by letter dated
July 25, 1989 of the insurer. The cause of action, therefore, arose on the
date of denial or repudiation of the policy by the insurer. The question
does arise as to when the claim on the policy should have been lodged. It
appears the claim on the policy should have been lodged. It appears the
claim on the policy should be lodged within a reasonable time. As to what B
is reasonable time would depend on the facts and circumstances of each
case. Since on the basis of the record we are handicapped to know as to
when the claim was lodged, we would, therefore, treat the date, July 25,
1989, when the time for the purpose of limitation had begun to run. As
noted above this is the date when the insurer repudiated the claim on the C
policy. From this angle, therefore, the complaint filed by the assignee on
July 23, 1992 is within the period of limitation. It is, however, a different
matter when the insurer raises the defence that it had eadier informed the
insured that the policy had ceased to be operative in terms of para 9 of the
policy. As far as the insured is concerned he can file the complaint within
three years of the date of occurrence causing loss or from the date when D
the claim on the policy is denied by the insurer. For him time for lodging
the complaint would not start running while the goods are still in transit as
he can claim the policy to be valid till he lodged the complaint. '

... The relevant portion of the policy would be paras 8, 9 and 11 of the
policy which are reproduced as under : E
"8.1. This insurance attaches from the time the goods leave the.
warehouse or place of storage at the place named herein for the
I commencement of the transit, continues during the ordinary course
of transit and terminates either
F
8.1.1. on delivery to the Consignees or other final warehouse
or place of storage at the destination named herein

8.1.2. on delivery to any other warehouse or place of storage,
whether prior to or at the destination named herein, which the G
Assured elect to use either

8.1.2.1. for storage other than in the ordinary course of transit
or

8.1.2.2. for allocation or distribution. H
758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A or

8.1.2.3. on the expiry of 60 days after completion of discharge
overside of the goods nearby insured from the overse vessel at the
final port of discharge,

B which shall first occur.

8.2. If, after discharge overside from the oversea vessel at the
final port of discharge, but prior ro termination of this insurance,
the goods are to be forwarded to a destination other than that to
which they are insured hereunder, this insurance, whilst remaining
c subject to termination as provided for above, shall not extend
beyond the commencement of transit to such other destination.
j.
8.3. This insurance shall remain in force (subject to termination '.

as provided for above and to the provisions for Clause 9 below)
during delay beyond the control of the Assured, any deviation,
D
forced discharge, reshipment or transshipment and during any
variation of the adventure arising form the exercise of a liberty
granted to shipowners or charterers under the contract of af-
freightment.

E 9. If owing to circumstances beyond the control of the Assured
either the contract of carriage is terminated at a port or place
other than the destination named therein or the transit is otherwise
terminated before delivery of the goods as provided for in Clause
8 above, then this insurance shall also terminate unless promot
~'
notice is given to the Underwriters and continuation of cover is
F requested when the insurance shall remain in force, subject to an
additional premium if required by the Underwriters, either

9 .1. until the goods are sold and delivered at such port or place,
or, unless otherwise specially agreed, until the expiry of 60 days
G after arrival of the goods hereby insured at such port or place,
whichever shall first occur.
~
or p
9.2. if the goods are forwarded within the said period of 60 days
H (or any agreed extension thereof) to the destination named herein
NEWINDIAASSURANCECO.LTD.v. B.N.SAINANI[D.P. WADHWA,J.] 759

or to any other destination, until terminated in accordance with A
the provisions of Clause 8 above.

11.1. In order to recover under this insurance the Assured must
have an insurable interest in the subject-matter insured at the time
of the loss.
B
11.2. Subject to 11.l. above, the Assured shall be entitled to
recover for insured loss occurring during the period covered by
this insurance, notwithstanding that the loss occurred before the
contract or insurance was concluded, unless the Assured were
aware of the loss and the Underwriters were not." C

Para 8 above states as lo when insurance policy would start and upto what
stage it would terminate. Under sub-para 8.3. which is subject to clause 9
the insurance remains in force during the delay beyond the control of the
assured. But then under Para 9 the insurance terminates if owing to the
circumstances beyond the control of the assured as mentioned therein D
.. unless prompt notice is given and continuation of cover is requested. In
that case insurance shall remain in force subject to an additional premium
if required (1) within 60 days of the arrival of the goods at such port or
place other than that named in the policy or until those goods are sold
whichever shall occur first unless otherwise specially agreed or (2) if the E
goods are forwarded within the period of 60 days to the destination named
in the policy or within any farther extension if agreed to. Since the exten-
sion of the period was not agreed to by the insurer the goods had to be
forwarded or transshipped from Muscat to Bombay within 60 days of the
discharge of the goods there. If these goods are not transshipped within 60
days to the destination as agreed to then clause 8 will not remain in F
operation. In the present case, there is no evidence that goods were
transshipped within 60 days of their discharge al Muscat. That being so the
policy would lapse in terms of the agreement between the parties. How-
ever, it was submitted by Mr. Mudnaney, learned counsel for the respon-
dent, that the policy was governed by the English law and would remain in G
force till the goods reached their destination. He referred to para 19 of the
policy which provided that the insurance was subject to English law and
practice. We were, however, not told as to under which provision of English
law the policy would remain in force in spite of its various clauses and the
terms of agreement between the parties. Reference was drawn to Section
51 of the Marine Insurance Act, 1963 providing for an excuse for deviation H
760 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997]SUPP. l S.C.R.

A or delay. This section and its relevant part is as under :

"51. Excuse for deviation or delay. -

(1) Deviation or delay in prosecuting the voyage contemplated by
· the policy is excused -
B
(a) ........... .

(b) where caused by circumstances beyond the control of the
matter and his employer; or

(c) .......... .
c
(d) ···········

(e) ············

(t) .......... .
D
(g) ........... .

(2) When the cause excusing the deviation or delay ceases to
operate, the ship must resume her course, and prosecute her
voyage, with reasonable despatch."
E
To our mind the section would appear to apply when the ship in which the
goods were originally being carried resumed her voyage and not to situa-
tion were the goods are discharged and then these arc carried to the part
of destination in another ship. Wc have not been shown any provision of
law or practice or term of the policy under which the insurer was bound
F to extend the policy beyond the period of 60 days as per para 9 of the
policy. The appellant is right, therefore, in its contention that it is absolved
form any claim under the policy in view of para 9 above and it could not,
therefore, be said that there was any deficiency in service to come within
the purview of the Act.
G
U ndcr para 11 in order to prefer a claim under the policy the insured
must have an insurable interest in the subject-matter insured at the time of
loss. Assuming the policy was valid and para 9 did not apply the insured
could prefer the claim under the policy for the loss. But that is not the case
here. The policy has been assigned in favour of the complainant, Marine
H Insurance Act provides for assignment of policy. Sections 52 and 53 arc
NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. v. B.N. SAINANI [D.P. WAD HWA, J.] 761

relevant, these are reproduced as under : A
• "52. When and how policy is assignable. - (1) A marine policy may
be transferred by assignment unless it contains terms expressly
prohibiting assignment, It may be assigned either before or after
loss.
B
(2) Where a marine policy has been assigned so as to pass the
beneficial interest in such policy, the assignee of the- policy is
entitled to sue thereon in his own name; as the defendant is entitled
to make any defence arising out of the contract which he would
have been entitled to make if the suit had been brought in the
name of the person by or on behalf of whom the policy was c
effected .
... (3) A marine policy may be assigned by endorsement thereon or
in other customary manner.

53. Assured who has to interest cannot assign. - Where the assured D
has parted with or lost his interest in the subject- matter insured,
and has not, before or at the time of so doing expressly or impliedly
agreed to assign the policy, any subsequent assignment of the
policy is in operative.

provided that nothing in this section affects the assignment of E
a policy after loss."

No doubt the policy can be assigned either before or after the loss. But
then the assignee must ·have insurable interest in the subject matter as
provided in para 11.1. of the policy. F
The provisions of the Marine Insurance Act and terms of the policy have
to be read in the context of definition of "consumer" as contained in ciause
(d) of Section 2 of the Act. The relevant part of this clause is as under :

"(d) 'consumer means any person who, - G
(i) ··················
If
(ii) hires or avails of any services for a consideration which has
been paid or promised or partly paid any partly promised, or under
any system of deferred payment and includes any beneficiary of H
762 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A such services other than the person who hires or avails of the service
for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and partly
promised, or under any system or deferred payment, when such
services are availed of with the approval of the first mentioned
person:"

B The question that arises is if the assignee m the facts and
circumstance of the present case could be said to be beneficiary so as to
stake his claim under the policy. If we see the definition of "service" as
provided under the Act it means and includes the provision of facilities in
connection with the insurance as well. The complaint under the Act in the
C present case has to show that the service hired or availed of or agreed to
be hired or availed of by the complainant suffers from deficiency in any
respect. The complainant, of course, a means a consumer and as we have
seen above includes any beneficiary, "Deficiency" has been defined in
clause (g) of Section 2 of the Act as under :

D "(g) deficiency means may fault, imperfection, shortcoming or
inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance
which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the
time being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a
person in pursuance of a contract or otherwise in relation to any
E service:"

The interest to the insured must exist in the case of marine insurance at
the time of loss and the assured must.have some relation lo or concern in,
the subject of the insurance. The service which the insurer offers is with
'refererence to the goods and the insurable interest has to be in respect of "·
F the goods. To put it in other words, insurable interest in property would
be such interest as shall make the loss of the property to cause pecuniary
damage to the assured. To come under the scope of the word "consumer"
as defined in the Act it should be possible for the assured to assign his
insurable interest in the goods subject matter of the policy for the assignee
G as a consumer to enjoy the benefit of the policy with reference to the goods
which are insured. What has been assigned in the present case is the
amount of loss suffered by the assured on account of shortlanding of the
goods, meaning thereby that right to recover the loss is assigned to the
assignee and not that any service is to be rendered under the policy by the
insurer with reference to the goods. We are looking at the whole thing form
H the point of the consumer under the Act with reference to certain relevant
NEWINDIAASSURANCECO.L1D. v. B.N. SAINANI(D.P. WADHWA,J.] 763

provisions of the Marine Insurance Act. Unless the assignee has some A
insurable interest in the property subject matter of the insurance until the
time the policy terminates he cannot be beneficiary of any service required
<:.
to be rendered by the insurer under the policy. Admittedly it was much
after the goods had reached the port of destination and appropriated that
the policy was transferred by the insured to the complainant to recover the B
amount of loss suffered by the assured. Thus, what is assigned is in effect
a mere right to sue for the loss on account of shortlanding of the goods. It
is difficult to see as to how it could be said that the respondent, that is the
assignee, is the beneficiary of any service under the policy. He may,
however, have right to recover the loss from the insurer by filing a suit in
a civil but certainly to seek remedy under the Act he must be a consumer. C
If the policy had been assigned during the course of its validity and before
the goods were appropriated after their arrival at the port to destination,
it could perhaps be said that the assignee had beneficial interest therein
but not otherwise. By not extending the policy beyond a particular period,
that is 60 days, the insurer acted within the terms of the contract of
insurance and on that account it could not be said that there was deficiency D
in service to be provided by the insurer under the policy.

It is not necessary for us to examine in depth various provisions of
the Marine Insurance Act as in the present case we are primarily con-
cerned with the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act. The policy in E
question is though designated as Marine Insurance Policy but we think it
is more a question of interpretation of relevant clauses of the policy. The
Act is not a central law for all remedies. It is for the protection of the
;..
consumer as defined in the Act. To succeed in the present case the
complainant must show that he is a consumer and that there has been
deficiency in service by the insurer. This he has been unable to show. He, F
therefore, could not maintain complaint under the Act.

We do not think that the National Commission has taken the correct
view of the matter. Accordingly, the appeal is allowed, the orders of the
National Commission and State Commission are set aside and complaints G
of the respondents dismissed. We, however, direct that the parties bear
their own costs.

S.V.K.1. Appeal allowed.