PATEL NATWARLAL RUPJIversusSHRI KONDH GROUP KHETI VISHAYAK AND ANR

                      PATEL NATWARLAL RUPJI                                      A
                                      v.
       SHRI KONDH GROUP KHETI VISHAYAKAND ANR

                           DECEMBER 6, 1995

    [K. RAMASWAMY, FAIZAN UDDIN AND B.N. KIRPAL, JJ.)                            B

      Transfer of Property Act, 1882, S.53A-f'art Peifonnance of con-
tract-Payment ofpart of consideration-Agreement of sale fraudulently made
in order to defeat right of decree holder to proceed against property-Posses-
sion given to third party-Right of third party under S. 53-A.                    c
     A sum of Rs. l, 31, 596.07 was due from Secretary of Respondent No.
1 and an award for recovery was made against him. Land of the debtor
was attached to recover the dues. Public Notice was published.

      Appellant filed Special Civil Snit for declaration and for permanent D
injunction restraining the second Respondent from selling the land and
also for perpetual injunction restraining him from interfering with the
appellant's possession and enjoyment of the land before Senior Civil
Judge. The Trial Court decreed the suit. On appeal the Division Bench of
the High Court allowed the appeal and dismissed the suit. .                E

       In the present appeal it was contended on behalf of the Appellant
that by operation of Section 53-A of the Transfer of Property Act, he was
entitled to retain possession of the land; that he had already performed
his part of the contract except payment of a sum of Rs. 5000 which was to
be paid at the time of registration of the document; he having had lawful        F
agreement is entitled to the declaration as prayed for and the consequent
injunctions; the attachment of the property being subsequent to the agree-
ment the appellant was entitled to resist the action of the respondents.

      Dismissing Petition, this Court
                                                                                 G
      HELD : 1. The doctrine of part performance in Section 58(3) of the
Transfer of property Act was not available to establish title to the property.
The doctrine of part performance embodied in Section 53-A of the Act is
part of equitable doctrine in English Law. Section 53-A confers no title on
the transferee but if imposes a statutory bar on the transferor to seek          H
                                    289
    290                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 6 s.c.R.

A possession of the immovable property from the transferee. Equally, Section
    53 A does not confer any title on the defendant in possession, nor can he
    maintain a suit on title. Section 53-A can be used as a shield but not as an
    independent claim either as a plaintiff or as a defendant. [294-E, 293-F-H)

          2. A Person who. pleads equity must come to the court with clean
B   hands. To save the property, fraudulent unregistered agreement of sale
    was brought into existence without adequate consideration. The agreement
    was executed after the attachment but before the attachment order of the
    Trial Court to defeat the right of the respondents to proceed against the
    property. It cannot be used as a title for the declaration In the suit, but
C   the benefit of Section 53-A can be availed of as a shield to retain posses-
    sion. The Appellant has not come to the Court with clean bands. He is a
    party to the fraud. Th~ _attachment before Judgment prevails over the
    agreement. [295-B, D, E-F, 196,4)

          Ram Gopal Reddy v. The Additional Custodian, Evacuee PropeTty,
D Hyderabad, AIR (1966) S.C. 1438; Delhi Motor Company & Ors. v. U.A.
    Basurkar & Ors., [1968) 2 SCR 720; Sardar Govindrao Mahadik & Anr. v.
    Devi Sahai & Ors., [191!U 1 SCC 237 and Sheth Maneklal Mansukhbhai v.
    Mis Honnusji Jamusji Ginwal/a & ijpns, [1950) SCR 75, relied on.

          3. The c·ontract for sale of lmmov11ble property doe$ nr• •nnfer any
E title except when covered under Section 54 of tbe Act and ~stered under
    Section 17 of the Registration Act. Equally, It does not creafl' !II' interest
    In the property. It merely gives a right to enforce it specifically as an
    equitable relief in a conrt of law. [294-F]

F         Technicians Studio Pvt. v.Lila Ghosh & Ors., [1978) 1 SCR 516, relied
    on.

          4. The statutory right of part performance under Section S3-A caanot
    be used for the declaration sought in the suit, [296-AI

G        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Special leave petition (c)
    No. 11280 of 1989

         From the Judgment and Order dated 18.6.88 of the Gujarat High
    Court in F.A. No. 11 of 1976.

H         P.C. Kapur for the Petitioner.
   PATELNATWARLALRUPJI v. KOND GROUP KHETJVISHAYAK 291

      The following Order of the Court was delivered :                        A

     This special leave petition is directed against the judgment and order
dated June 18, 1988 of the Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court
rendered in First Appeal No. 11 of 1976.
                                                                              B
       A sum of Rs. 1,31,596.07 was due from one Nagindas Tarachand as
Secretary of the first respondent-Society and an award for recovery thereof
was made against him. An extent of 58 acres 13 gunthas of land bearing
Survey No: 467 situated in Kondh village of the debtor in Surendranagar
in Gujarat State was attached on February 1, 1969 to recover the said dues. C
A public notice [Exh.123] was published in Glljarat Samachar in March
1969. The petitioner filed Special Civil Suit No, 69nl in the court of the
Senior Ci,~l Judge a( Sure.ndranagar for a declaration that the suit land was
not liable to attachment and sale \ly public auction to execute the award
made in favour of the first respondent-Society and also for permanent D
injunction restraining tile sec911d respondent [Sale Officer] from selling the
land and also for perpetual injunction restraining them from interfering
with the petitioller's possessioll and enjoyment of the land. According to
the petitioner, Bai Leelawati, wife of Nagindas as General Power of
Attorney had executed an agreement on June 29, 1969 to sell the said land
in his favour for a consideration of Rs. 35,000. On the even day, he paid a E
sum of Rs. 15,000 as part consideration and a further sum of Rs. 15,000
was paid on the following day, i.e., June 30, 1969. The balance amount was
agreed to be paid mfor before June 29, 1971. "Pursuant thereto, he was
put in possession and ever since he was in enjoyment thereof in his own
right as owner. The proclamation of sale dated June 22, 1971 of the land F
by the second resp9ndent [Sale Officer] was illegal. Consequently, he filed
the suit for ~ declaration and injunction on November 19, 1971. According
to the petitioner, he having been inducted in possession and remained in
enjoyment of the land in his own right under the agreement, the land is not
liable to attachment and he could not be proceeded with to realise the
amount due under the award. The respondents resisted the case set up by G
the petitioner. It was averred in the written statement that the agreement
dated June 29, 1969 [Exh.55] is not a true and genuine agreement. It was
brought into existence to defeat the claim of the first respondent. No
consideration has been paid under the agreement. It is only a collusive
agreement brought by Leelawati with the assistance of the petitioner.          H
    292                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A       The trial Court after framing appropriate issues conducting trial of
  the suit and on consideration of evidence found that the agreement was
  genuine, true and valid and that the petitioner was inducted into possession
  under the said agreement. The respondents obtained a decree against
  Nagindas on May 19, 1970. The proclamation of sale was issued on January
B 22, 1971. The agreement of sale had by the petitioner is dated June 29,
  1969. Therefore, the petitioner, having been in possession of the land under
  the agreement, is entitled to retain possession of the land and he could not
  be proceeded with against the said property. Accordingly, the suit was
  decreed on July 31, 1975. On appeal, the Division Bench by the aforesaid
  judgment and order dated 11, 1988 allowed the appeal and dismissed the
C suit.

        Shri Mehta, learned senior counsel for the petitioner contended that
  by operation of Section 53-A of the Transfer of Property Act [for short,
  "the Act"] the petitioner is entitled to retain possession of the land; that he
D had already performed his part of the contract except payment of a sum
  of Rs. 5,000 which was to be paid at the time of registration of the
  document; he having had lawful agreement is entitled to the declaration as
  prayed for and the consequent injunctions; the attachment of the property
  being subsequent to the agreement the petitioner is entitled to resist the
  action of the respondents; and that the High Court without 1ming into the
E question whether the "agreement was prior to the date of the attachment
  and whether on that basis he was entitled to the declaration as sought for,
  committed an error of law in reaching the finding that the agreement itself
  was not valid. In support of his contentions, he placed strong reliance on
  Vannarakkal Ka/lalathil Sreedharan v. Chandramaath Ba/akrishnan & Anr.,
F JT (1990) 1 SC 390. Though the respondents had been served, no one
  appeared for them. Having given our anxious consideration to the conten-
  tions raised by Shri Mehta, we find that there is no force in the contentions
  raised by him.

          Section 53-A of the Act provides that where any person contracts to
G transfer for consideration any immovable property by writing signed by him
  or on his behalf which constitutes 'transfer', and the transferee has, in part
  performance of the contract, taken possession of the property of the
  transferor, the transferee being already in possession, continues in posses-
  sion in part performance of the contract and has done some act in fur-
H therance of the contract, and the transferee has performed or is willing to
   PATELNATWARIALRUPJI v.KONDGROUPKHETIVISHAYAK 293

perform his part of the contract, then notwithstanding that the contract, A
though required to be registered, has not been registered, the transferor
or any person claiming under him shall be debarred from enforcing against
the transferee and persons claiming under him any right in respect of the
property of which the transferee has taken or continued in possession,
other than a right expressly provided by the terms of the contract.
                                                                              B
       Though the doctrine of part performance embodied in Section 53-A
of the Act is part of equitable doctrine in English Law, Section 53-A gives
statutory right which is available to the transferee for consideration in
possession of the property had under the contract. In terms of the section,
so long as the transferee has done and is willing to perform his part of the C
contract or, in other words, is always ready to abide by the terms of the
contract and has performed or is always ready and willing to perform his
part of the contract, the transferee is entitled to avail of this statutory right
to protect his possession as a shield but not as a sword. The right to retain
possession of the property rests on the express provisions of the Act and D
on his compliance thereof. A person who pleads equity must come to the
court with clean hands and he alone is entitled to the benefit of his section.
The section does not create a right or title in the defendant. It merely
operates as a bar to the plaintiff to assert his title. The transferor is barred
from enforcing his rights other than those expressly provided by the con-
tract. The section, therefore, imposes a bar on the transferor, when the E
conditions mentioned in the section are fulfilled by the transferee, and
section bars the transferor to enforce his rights against such transferee or
person deriving right, title and interest from such transferee. It would,
therefore, be clear that Section 53-A confers a right on the transferee, to
the extent it imposes a bar on the transferor, to protect the transferee's F
right to retain possession of the property had under the contract. It would
thus be clear that Section 53-A confers no title on the transferee but
imposes a statutory bar on the transferor to seek possession of the immov-
able property from the transferee. Equally, Section 53-A does not confer
any title on the defendant in possession nor can he maintain a suit on title.
                                                                              G
       In Ram Gopal Raddy v. The Additional Custodian Evacuee Property,
Hyderabed, AIR (1966) SC 1438, a Constitution Bench of this Court had
held that the benefit of Section 53-A cannot be taken aid of by the plaintiff
to establish his right as owner of the property. Therefore, Section 53-A can
be used as a shield but not as an independent claim either as a plaintiff or H
    294                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A as a defendant. In Delhi Motor Company & Ors. v. UA. Basrnrkar & Ors.,
  (1968] 2 SCR 720, a Bench of three Judges had held that Section 53-A is
  meant only to bring out a bar against the enforcement of a right by a lessor
  in respect of the property of which the lessee had already taken possession
  but does not give any right to the lessee to claim possession or to claim
B any other right on the basis of an unregistered lease. Section 53-A is
  available only as a defence to a lessee and not as conferring a right on the
  basis of which the lessee can claim rights against the lessor. In that case
  the appellants had put forward certain documents as a lease which was
  admittedly beyond 11 months and, therefore, it was held that the company
  was not entitled to avail the statutory right under Section 53-A. In Sardar
C Govindrao Mahadik & Anr. v. Devi Sahai & Ors., (1982] 1 SCC 237, this
  Court had held that the court would look at the writing that is offered as
  a contract for transfer for consideration of any immovable property, then
  examine the acts said to have been done in furtherance of the contract, and
  find out whether there is a real nexus between the contract and the acts
D pleaded as a part performance so that, to refuse relief would be perpetuat-
  ing the fraud of the party, who after having taken advantage or benefit of
  the contract, backs out and pleads non-registration as a defence, a defence
  analogous to Section 4 of the Statute of Frauds. In that case it wa' held
  that the mortgagee in possession was not entitled to claim titled of owner-
  ship against suit of mortgagor for redemption. Therefore, the doctrine of
E part performance in Section 58(3) was held not available to establish title
  to the property. In Sheth Manekla/ Mansukhbhai v. M/s. Honnusji Jamshed-
  ji Ginwalla & Sons, (1950] SCR 75, this Court had held that Section 53-A
  of the Act is only a partial importation of English doctrine of part perfor-
    mance.

F
        The contract for sale of immovable property does not create any title
  except when covered under Section 54 of the Act and registered under
  Section 17 of the Registration Act, Equally, it does not create an interest
  in the property. It merely gives a right to enforce it specifically as an
  equitable relief in a court of law. In Technicians Studio Pvt. Ltd. v. Lila
G Ghosh & Ors., (1978] 1 SCR 516 at 520, this Court had held that it is well
  settled that Section 53-A confers no active title on the transferee m
  possession; it only imposes a statutory bar on the transferor.

          The High Court after exhaustive consideration of the evidence and
H unerring circumstances emerging therefrom has concluded that the
   PATELNA1WARLALRUPJI v. KONO GROUP KHETIVISHAYAK 295

petitioner is a resident of a different village at a distance of abont 50 miles   A
an<! his son was working as a doctor in Kondh village. T)le evidence
established that he did not have th\' consideration of Rs 30,000 said to have
been paid to Bai Leelawati whose husband was absconding at the relevant
time. Taey had intimacy with Bai Leelawati and her husband. With a view
to save the property of Bai Leelawati, the agreement was brought into             B
existence. It is a fraudulent agreement and no consideration has been
passed thereunder. The agreement (Ex.55) was executed after the attach-
ment but before judgment was made on February 1, 1969. For vast property
of 53 acres is wet la11.d and 5 acres and odd dry land, the consideration
mentioned in the document is inadequate. It was brought into existence to
defeat the right of the respondents to proceed against the property. In view      C
of these facts though the agreement was in writing, the petitioner is not a
genuine transferee but a privy to the fraud. The contract is a sham and
nominal document fraudulently brought into existence. In the State of
Gujarat by virtue of local amendment to the Stamp Act, agreement of sale
is a registerable document but was not registered. The attachment before          D
judgment prevai!S over the agreement. That apart it cannot be used as a
title for the declaration in the suit but the benefit of Section 53-A can be
availed of as a shield to retain possession. Instead agreement is sought to
be used as a sword to defeat the rights of the respondents who have
 obtained lawful award. An order of attachment before judgment was issued         E
 pending making of the award. The attempt of the petitioner is to defeat
 the rights of the first respondent to proceed against the property of the
 debtor. Thus, it would be clear that the petitioner has not come to the court
with clean hands. He is a party to the fraud and his alleged possession is
 only a ruse to protect the rights of Bai Leelawati and her husband Nagin-
                                                                                  F
 das, the judgment debtor. The fraudulent documents were brought into
 existence by the petitioner and Bai Leelawati. It would be clear from the
further finding recorded by the High Court that Ex.55, agreement of sale
:was sought to be corroborated through the petitioner's evidence that a
 stamp paper purchased on May 2, 1968 was used, to execute the document
 (Ex.112) dated May 1, 1968 to show that there was an interior writing            G
pursuant to which agreement of sale (Ex.55) dated June 29, 1969 was
 executed. The fact that it was not pleaded nor did it find mention in Ex.55
 would amount to fabrication of record to buttress the cause. The Court
 would look into the conduct of the parties, the respective interests had
 under the contract and attending facts and circumstances. It would thus be       H
    296                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A clear that the statutory rights of part performance under Section 53-A
    cannot be used for the declaration sought in the suit. In view of these
    findings it is unnecessary to go into the question whether the agreement
    prevails ever the attachment nor the ratio in Vannarakhal Kal/alathil
    Streedharan's case helps the petitioner. The trial Court, therefore, com-
B   mitted manifest error in decreeing the suit. The High Court had rightly
    adverted to all the relevant facts and the petitioner was denied the right to
    avail of the statutory rights under Section 53-A. The case, therefore, does
    not warrant interference. The petition is accordingly dismissed

    R.S.                                                     Petition dismissed.