Supreme Court of India
POLLISETTI PULLAMMA AND ORS.versusKALLURI RAMESWARAMMA AND ORS.
- Citation
- 1990 INSC 327
- Decided
- 26 October 1990
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- K N SAIKIA
Holding
The Supreme Court held that the Periannan test is no longer good law; private land must be shown by proof of personal cultivation or a clear intention to resume cultivation, which the landholders failed to establish, making the lands ryoti and entitling the tenants to ryotwari pattas.
Summary
The Supreme Court examined a dispute between tenants (appellants) and former landholders (respondents) over tenanted agricultural lands in former inam estates after the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 came into force. The landholders claimed the lands were private and thus entitled to ryotwari pattas, while the tenants argued the lands were ryoti and they were entitled to the pattas. The High Court had applied the older Periannan test and allowed the landholders, but the Court held that the Periannan test was overruled by Chidambaram Chettiar and subsequent decisions, and that the correct test requires proof of personal cultivation or a clear intention to resume cultivation. The landholders failed to meet this burden, so the lands were deemed ryoti and the tenants entitled to ryotwari pattas. The Court set aside the Division Bench judgment and restored the Single Judge’s decision in favour of the tenants.
Issues considered
- The nature of the lands: whether they are private land or ryoti land under the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates Land Act, 1908 and the Estates Abolition Act, 1948.
- Whether the legal tests laid down in Periannan v. Amman Kovil remain good law after the Supreme Court’s decision in Chidambaram Chettiar v. Santhanaramaswamy Odayar.
- The burden of proof for establishing private land and the evidentiary standards applicable.
- Whether the landholders are entitled to ryotwari pattas under the statutory scheme.
- Interpretation of the terms "private land" and "ryoti land" in harmony with the legislative purpose of the land reform statutes.
Legislation cited
- Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948s. 13, s. 15, s. 2, s. 3(10)(b)(i)
- Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates Land Act, 1908s. 185, s. 3(10), s. 3(16), s. 3(19), s. 3(2)
- Estates Land Amendment Act, 1934 (Act VIII of 1934)s. 6, s. 6-A
- Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Subjects
private landryoti landryotwari pattaEstates Abolition Actland reformburden of proofinterpretation of statutesdomain landhome-farm landPeriannan caseChidambaram Chettiar case
Judgment
POLLISETTI PULLAMMA AND ORS. A
v.
KALLURI RAMESWARAMMA AND ORS.
OCTOBER 26. 1990
[K.N. S<\.IKIA AND K. RAMASWAMY, JJ] B
A11dhra Pradesh !Andhra Area) Estutes (Aboluiun 11111' Cumw·
1·iu11 intO Rvotw11ri) Act, 19411: Sections 3( /Oj(b)(i). /5-lnam V1//11gc
-Hu11· deier111ined-Priv111e /11nds-.Proof' of personal ~·u/t11•atw11-·
~i1ether necessarv.
The appellants are the tenants and the respondents are the land· c
holders in respect of the tenanted agricultural lands of the hitherto
inam estates. After the coming into force of the Andhra Pradesh
(Andhra Area) Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Art,
I 948, the inam estates were abolished, the land stood vested in the
Government free of all encumbrances, and the pre-existing rights, title D
and interest of erstwhile landholders ceased except to claim ryotwari
patta.
The respondents-landholders claimed that the lands, in ques-
tion, were either under their personal cultivation or they intended to
resume those for private cultivation, and as such those were their pri- E
vate lands and they were entitled to ryotwari pattas. The appellants--
tenants on the contrary claimed that those lands were neither under the
personal cultivation of the landholders nor the landlords intended to
resume those for personal cultivation, but were in possession of the
tenants who were entitled to ryotwari pattas after the abolition of the
estates. F
The Settlement Officer, after making inquiry under section 15 of
the Estates Abolition Act, held that the landholders failed to establish
that they were personally cultivating the lands or that they intenoed to
resume the lands for personal cultivation, and as such rejected their
claims. G
The laudholders' appeals to the Estates Abolition Tribunal were
allowed. The Tribunal held that the landholders were entitled to the
grant of ryotwari pattas as the lands were private lands within the
meaning of section 3 (lO)(b)(i) of the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area)
Estates Land Act, 1908 and that the tenants were not entitled to ryotwari H
pattas in respect of the same.
'393
394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
The appellants-tenant~ moved writ petitions before the High
A
Court. The learned Single Judge observed that it was common ground
before the Subordinate Tribunal, as well as before him, that the nature
of the lands at the inception, whether ryoti or private, was not known;
that the burden of establishing that the lands were private lands was on
the landholders; and that it was also common gronnd before him that
B apart from the fact that there were occasional changes of tenants, and
the lands \Vere sometimes leased under short-term leases, there were no
other circumstances indicating that the landholders intended to resume
cultivation of lhe lands. The. learned Single Judge held that after the
pronouncement of this Court in Chidambaram Chettiar v. Santhanara-
111aswamy Odayar, [1968] 2 SCR 764 the decision of the Full Bench of
the Madras High Court in Periannan v. Amman Ko vii, AIR 1952 Mad.
c 323 (F .B.) could no longer be considered good law, and further that the
decision in Jagdeesam Pillai v •.Kuppamma/, ILR 1946 Mad. 687 and in
Perish Priest of Narayar v. 71zingaraja Swami Devasthanam, App. Nos.
176-178 and 493 of 1946, once more held the field. It was also observed
that since in all the cases the only mode of proof attempted by the
D landholders was the grant of short-term leases and change of tenants
and rent, it must be held that the lands were not established to be
private lands and that no attempt was made to prove personal cnltiva-
tion or any intention to resume personal cultivation.
The Division Bench, in writ appeals filed by the landholders, held
E that, in the first place, the observations of this Court in Chidambaram's
case were in accord with the rule in Periannan's case, and secondly,
even if some of the dicta in the judgment of this Court in Chidambaram
suggested a contrary principle, the effect of the entire observations did
not support the contention that Periannan's case had been impliedly
overruled by this Court.
F
.Before this Court, it was inter alia contended on behalf of the
appellants-tenants (i) that the learnd Single Judge having found as fact
that the landholders had failed to establish that the lands were their
private lands as these were neither under their personal cultivation nor
they were intended If! be resumed for personal cultivation, and applying
G the rule in Chidambaram's case, the learned Single Judge having held
that the lands were not private lands, the Division Bench erred in
holding to the contrary; (ii) that the learned Single Judge correctly held
that Perriannan's case was no longer good law as in Chidambaram
Chettiar v. Santhanaramaswamy Odayar, it was held that the definition
of private land in section 3(10) of the Estate Land Act of 1908 read as a
H whole indicated clearly that the ordinary test for private land was the
POLLISETTI v. KALLURI 395
test of retention by the landholder for his own personal use and cultiva-
A
tion by him or under his personal supervision, though they might be let
on short leases; (iii) that it was not the intention or the scheme of the Act
to treat as private those lands with reference to which the only peculia-
rity was the fact that the landholder owned both the varams in the land
and had been letting them out on short leases; and (iv) that the Division
Bench erred in holding that Periannan's tests were still applicable. B
On the other hand, it was contended that the correct tests for
determining what was private land had been laid down in Periannan 's
case, which were not different from those of Chidambaram 's case, and
the Division Bench correctly applied those tests to find that the lands
were private lands of the landholders.
c
Allowing the appeals, setting aside the judgment of the Division
Bench, and restoring that of the learned Single Judge, this Court,
HELD: (1) To rmd out whether a village was designated as inam
village or not, prima facie the revenue accounts of the Government D
which were there at the time of the Jnam Abolition Act came into force
had to be looked into. If it was so shown, no further proof was neces-
sary. Only when the entries in the revenue accounts were ambiguous,
and it was not possible to come to a definite conclusion, it might be
necessary to consider other relevant evidence which was admissible
under the Evidence Act. [406H; 407A-B] E
(2) An interpretation of the words "private land" and "ryoti
land" had to be made in consonance with the legislative purpose,
provisions and scheme of the enactment. Interpretare at Concordure
leges legibus, est optimus interpretandi modus. To interpret and in
such a way as to harmonize laws with laws in the best mode of inter- F
pretation. [410E]
(3) The Estate Abolition Act accepted the definitions of occu-
pancy right and ryoti as in the Estates Land Act, 1908. The above
provisions conferred permanent, heritable and transferable right of
occupancy on the Tenant. This right stemmed from the will of the G
legislature and involved an element of social engineering through law
stat pro rationa vo/untas populi: the will of the people stands in place
of reason. The right of the landholder to keep his private land to himself
has therefore to be interpreted in its proper perspective. Statwu pro
pub!ico !me interpretuur. Statute made for the public good ought to be
liberally construed. [425E-F]
396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
(4) The concept of past or present intention of the landholder to
A
resume personal cultivation of land let out to a tenant and strl in posses-
sion of the tenant has to be strictly construed against the landlord and
liberally in favour of the tenant. [42SE]
(S) The learned Single Judge in the instant case lightly observed
B that the legislature did not use the word domain or home-farm land
without attaching to them a meaning, and it was reasonable to suppose
that they would attach to those words the meaning which would be
given to them in ordinary English, namely, to connote land appurtenant
to the mansion of the lord of the manor kept by the lord for his personal
use and cultivated under his personal supervision is distinct from land
let to tenant to be farmed without any contrnl from the lord of the
c manor other than such control as incident to u,0 lease. To that extent,
the propos!tions of the learned Judges in Penannan ·s case can no longer
be held to be good law in view of this Court's decisions in Chidambn-
ram ·s case and Venkataswami's case, and the decision in Zamindar of
Challapali v. Rajalapari; Jagadesan Pillai v. Kuppamal, and in Punsh
D Priest of Karayar Perish v. Thiaparajaswami Devasthanam must be
held to have been correctly decided. [421C·E]
Zamindar of Chellapalli v. Rajalapato Somayya, 39 Mad. 3'41;
Jagadeesam Pillai v. Kuppamal, ILR 1946 Mad. 687; Parish Priest of
Karayar Parish v. Thiagarajaswami Devasthanam, App. Nos. 176-178
E & 493 of 1946; Chidambaram Chettiar v. Santhanaramaswamy
Odayar, [1968] 2 SCR 754; Yer/agadda Malikarjuna Prasad Nayudu v.
Somayya, ILR 42 Mad. 400 PC; P. Venkataswami v. D.S. Ramireddy,
[1976] 3 SCC 665; Suryanarayana v. Patanna, [1918] 41 ILR Mad. 1012,
referred to.
F Periannan v. Amman Kovil, AIR 1952 Mad. 323 F .B. partly
overruled.
(6) In the instant case the pattas and the muchilkas are not
claimed to have shown anything to establish the lands to be private
lands. Only the facts of occasional change of tenants and rents have
G been shown. [431B]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos._
152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 160and 162of 1972.
From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.1970 of the Andhra
H Pradesh High Court in W.A. No. 616 of 1969, 103 of 1970, 472
POLLISETII v. KALLURl [SAIKIA,J.J 397
of 1970, 474 of 1970, 473 of 1970, 99 of 1970 and W.P. No. 4947 of
A
1968.
G. Venkatesh Rao and A.V. Rangam fot the Appellants.
C. Sitaramiah, B. Parthasarthi, A.D.N. Rao and A. Subba Rao
for the Respondents. B
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
K.N. SAIKIA, J. These seven appeals by certificate under
Article 133(J)(a) of the Constitution of India are from the common
Judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court dated 20. 11. 1970 in
several appei!ls and writ petitions. The appellants are the tenants and c
respondents are the landholders or their legal representatives, as the
case may be, in respect of the tenanted agricultural lands of the
hitherto inam estates 01 Kukunuru and Veerabhadrapuram villages in
the West Godavari Disorict of Andhra Pradesh. After coming into
force of the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates. (Abolition and D
Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 (A.P. Act 25 of 1948), herein-
after referred to as 'the Estates Abolition Act', the inam estates were
abolished and the land stood vested in the Government free of all
encumbrances. The pre-existing right, title and interest of erstwhile
landholders ceased except to claim ryotwari patta. The tenants were
not liable to be evicted pending the proceedings for issuance of E
ryotwari patta. The respondents-landholders, hereinafter referred to
as 'the landholders', claimed that the lands in question were either
under their personal cultivation or they intended to resume those for
private cultivation and as such those were their private lands and they
were entitled to ryotwari pattas. The r.rpellants-tenants on the contrary
claimed that those were not private iands of the landholders as those F
were neither under their personal cultivation nor they intended to
resume those for personal cultivation, but those were in possession of
the tenants who were entitled to ryotwari pattas after the abolition of
the estates.
The Settlement Officer of Anakappalla, after making inquiry G
under S. 15 of the Estates Abolition Act held in all the cases in these
appeals, except one (out of which W.P. No. 695/1968 arose) that the
landholders failed to establish that they were personally cultivating the
lands or they intended to resume the lands for personal cultivation and
as such rejected their claims, except in the aforesaid case. The land-
holders' appeals th.erefrom to the Estates Abolition Tribunal were H
398 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
A allowed relying on, and applying the tests formulated in Periannan v.
Amman Kovil, AIR 1952 Mad. 323 (FB) and holding that in all cases
the landholders were entitled to the grant of ryotwari pattas as the
lands were private lands within the meaning of S. 3(10)(b)(i) of the
Andhra Pradesh. (Andhra Area) Estates Land Act, 1908 (A.P. Act I
of 1908), hereinafter referred to as 'the Estates Land Act', and that the
B tenants were not entitled to ryotwari pattas in respect of the same. The
appellants-tenants moved writ petitions before the High Court of
Andhra Pradesh impugning the decision of the Estates Abolition Tri-
bunal. 0. Chinnappa Reddy, J. as he then was, sitting singly, after
discussing the case law on the question, by a common Judgment in
nine writ petitions, observing that it was common ground before the
Subordinate Tribunal as well as before him that the nature of the lands
c at the inception, whether ryoti or private, was not known and that the
burden of establishing that the lands were private lands was on the
landholders; and that it was also common ground before him that apart
from the fact that there were occasional changes of tenants, and that
the lands were sometimes leased under short-term leases, there were
D · no other circumstances indicating that the landholders intended to
resume cultivation of the lands, held that after the pronouncement of
this Court in Chidambaram Chettiar v. Santhanaramaswamy Odayar,
[ 1968] 2 SCR 754, the decision of the Full Bench of the Madras High
Court in Periannan v. Amman Kovil, (supra) could no longer be con-
sidered good law and thai the decision in Jagdeesam Pillai v. Kuppam-
E ma/, !LR 1946 Mad. 687 and in Perish Priest of Karayar v. Thiagaraja
Swami Devasthanam, App. Nos. 176-178 and 493 of 1946 once mote
held the field. It was also observed that since in all the cases before
him the only mode of proof attempted by the land holders was the
grant of short-term leases and change of tenants and rent, it must be
held that the lands were not established to be private lands and that no
F attempt was made to prove personal cultivation or any intention to
resume personal cultivation. As the Estates Abolition Tribunal
applied the tests laid down by the Madras Full Bench in Periannan's
case (supra) and since Periannan's case was no longer good law, the
writ petitions had to be allowed and the impugned orders of the Tri-
bunal quashed in eight writ petitions. In Writ Petition No. 695 of 1968
} the orders of the Assistant Settlement Officer was quashed.
The landholders preferred writ appeals therefrom. Two Writ
Petiti.ons, namely, Writ Petition No. 4947 of 1968 and Writ Petition
No. 310 of 1968 were also taken up for hearing analogously. The
Division Bench observing that the main question for consideration in
1 · the appeals was whether the decisior. of the Full Bench in Periannan's
POLLISETTI ''· KALI.URI [SAIKIA.J I Jl)l)
case was good law and it turned on the effect of some important
precedents and a review of the principles enunciated by them, and A
after discussing the case law took the view that in the first place the
observations of this Court in Chidambaram's case were in accord with
the rule in Periannan's case and secondly, even if some of the dicta in
the Judgment of this Court in Chidambaram suggested a contrary
principle, the effect of the entire observations did not support the B
contention that Periannan 's case had been impliedly overruled by this
Court. The writ appeals were accordingly allowed except Writ Appeal
No. 616 of 1969 which was dismissed. Writ Petition No. 4947 of 1968
was allowed and Writ Petition No. 310 of 1968 was dismissed taking
the same view. Hence these appeals by certificate.
Mr. A.V. Rangam, the learned counsel for the appellants, sub- c
mits that the learned Single Judge having found as fact that the land-
holders had failed to establish that the lands were their private lands as
those were neither under their personal cultivation nor they were
intended to be resumed for personal cultivation and applying the rule
in Chidambaram's case the learned Single Judge having held that the D
lands were not private lands, the Division Bench erred in holding to
the contrary; and that the learned Single Judge correctly held that
Periannan's case was no longer good Jaw as in Chidambaram Chettiar
v. Santhanaramaswamy Odayar, (supra), it was held that the defini-
tion of private land in S. 3( 10) of the Estates Land Act of 1908 read as
a whole indicated clearly that the ordinary test for private land was the E
test of retention by the landholder for his own personal use and culti-
vation by him or under his personal supervision, though they might be
let on short leases, it was not the intention or the scheme of the Act to
treat as private those lands with reference to which the only peculiarity
was the fact that the landholder owned both the varams in the land and
had been letting them out on short leases, the Division Bench erred in F
holding that Periannan's test were still applicable. Mr. C. Sitaramiah,
the learned counsel for the respondents, submits that the correct tests
for determining what was private land had been laid down in l'erian-
nan's case, which were not different from those of Chidambaram's
case and the Division Bench correctly applied those tests to find that
the lands were private lands of the landholders; and that in Chidam- G
baram's case the appellant had not adduced sufficient evidence to
rebut the presumption under S. 185 of the Estates Land Act that the
lands conc.erned in the inam village were not ryoti lands as defined in
S. 3( 16) as the T&njore Pala'ce Estate was held to be an 'estate' within
the meaning of S. 3(2)(d) of the Estates Land Act and the widows of
the Raja enjoyed both the varams, but were not personally cultivaiHlg l
.j()() SUPREME COURT REPORTS ! 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
them. In the instant case, according to counsel, the rights of the land-
A
holders were not the same as those of the widows of the Raja of
Tanjore after the relinquishment of the landed properties by the
Government which amounted to a re-grant. Tr.c Division Bench
pointed out several misconceptions in some precedents for which they
could not be said to have laid down the correct law. Counsel further
B submits that in Chidambaram's case, the grant of Orathur Padugai
village was of the whole village and a named one and, therefore, it was
an Estate within the meaning of S. 3(2)(d) of Estates Land Act and the
courts having concurrently found that the lands in dispute were ryoti
lands and not private lands, the landholders claiming that the lands
were private lands had to show that they converted the ryoti lands into
private lands which they could prove only by showing their personal
c cultivation and they failed to prove it, and that case was therefore
distinguishable on facts and could not be held to have overruled
Periannan's tests.
The questio.n to be decided in these appeals, therefore, is
D whether in view of this Court's decision in Chidambaram's case the
decision in Periannan's case is still good law, and whether on applica-
tion of the correct legal tests the lands in dispute are private lands of
the landholders entitling them to ryotwari pattas in respect thereof or
those are ryoti lands in possession of the appellants as tenants of the
landholders and, as such, they are entitled to ryotwari pattas thereof.
E In other words, whether the appellants or the respondents are entitled
to ryotwari pattas under the Abolition of Estates Act ..
To appreciate the rival submissions, reference to the relevant
provisions of the Estates Land Act and the Estates Abolition Act is
necessary, and to understand the relevant provisions of the two Acts a
F little knowledge of development of the land system and legislation in
the area will be helpful.
The Estates Land Act amended and declared the Jaw relating to
the holding on land in estated in the Andhra Area of the State of
Andhra Pradesh which includes the West Godavari District to which
G the two inam villages concerned in this appeai belong, It appears the
scheme of the Estates Land Act divides cultivable lands in the two
categories, namely, (!) private Jand.s and (2) ryoti lands. The Act
relates to the holding of land in estates. As defined in S. 3(2) 'estate'
means:
H "(a) any permanently settled estate or temporarily settled
zamindari;
POLLISETII r. KALLURI [SA!KIA..1.I 4111
(b) any portion of such permanently-settled estate or A
temporarily settled zamindari which is separately registe-
red in the office of the Collector;
(c) any unsettled palaiyam or jagir;
(d) (i) any inam village, or B
(ii) any hamlet or khandriga in an inam village, of
which the grant as an inam has been made, confirmed or
recognized by the Government, notwithstanding that sub-
sequent to the grant, such village, hamlet or khandriga has
been partitioned among the grantees, or the successors-in-
title of the grantee or grantees. C
[Explanation: ( 1) Where a grant as an inam is expressed to
be of a named village, [hamlet of khandriga in an inam
village] the area which forms the subject-matter of the
grant shall be deemed to be an estate notwithstanding that D
it did not include certain lands in the village [hamlet or
kbandriga] of that name which have already been granted
on service or other tenure or been reserved for communal
purposes).
[Explanation: (I-A) An inam village, hamlet or kandriga E
in an inam village granted in inam, shall be deemed to be
an estnn:.:, even though it was confirmed or recognized on
different dates, or by different title deeds or in favour of
• different persons .
Explanation: ( 1-B) [If any hamlet or khandriga granted as F
inam) was at any time dcsigm1ted as an inam village of as a
part thereof in the revenue accounts, it shall for purposes
of item (ii) of sub-clause (d) be treated as being a h.o.mlet or
khandriga of an inam village, notwithstanding that subse-
quently it [has come to be designated) in the Revenue
accounts as a ryotwari or zamindari village or part thereof). G
Explanation (2) Where an inam village is resumed by the
State Government, it shall cease to be an estate; but, if any
village so resumed is subsequently regranted by the
Government as an inam, it shall from the date of such
re-grant, be regarded as an estate. H
402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
...
A Explanation (3): Where a portion of an inam village is
resumed by the Government such portion shall cease to be
part of the estate, but the rest of the village shall be
deemed to be an inam village for the purposes of this sub- ,
clause. If the portion so resumed or any part thereof is
subsequently regranted by the Government as an inam,
B such portion or part shall from the date of such re-grant, be
' regarded as forming part of the inam village for the
purpose of this sub-clause;
(e) any portion consisting of one or more villages of any of
the estates specified above in clauses (a), (b) and (c) which
is held on a permanent under tenure."
c
It appears that the original definition had undergone several
amendments. Clause (d) and Explanation (1-A) were_flubstituted by
S. 2(i) of Act XXXV of 1956. The Explanation(!) was inserted by
S. 2(1) of Act II of 1945. Explanation (1) and (1-B) were amended by
D S. 2(ii) of Act XXXV of 1956 and Explanation (2) and (3) are the
renumbered old Explanations (l) and (2) inserted by S. 2(1) of Act II
of 1945.
The respondents claim to have been 'landholders'. As defined m
s. 3(5):
E
" 'Landholder' means a person owning an estate or part
thereof and includes every person entitled to collect the
rents of the whole or any portion of the estate by virtue of
any transfer from the owner or his predecessor-in-title or of
any order of a competent Court or of any provision of law.
F
Where there is a dispute between two or more
persons as to which of them is the landholder for all or any
of the purposes of this Act or betwen two or more joint
landholders as to which of them is entitled to proceed and
be dealt with as such landholder, the person who shall be
G deemed to be the landholder for such purposes shall be the
person whom the Collector subject to any decree or order
of a competent Civil Court may recognize or nominate as
such landholder in accordance with rules to be framed by
the State Government in this behalf."
H Both "Private land" and "ryoti land" have been defined in the Act. As
POLLISETrl •·. KALLURI [SAIKIA.J.[ 403
defined in S. 3( IO) private land means:
A
"(a) in the case of an estate within the meaning of sub-
clauses (a), (b), (c) or (e) of clause (2) means the domain
or home-farm land of the landholder by whatever designa-
tion known such as, kambattam, khas, sir, or pannai, and
includes all land which is proved to have been cultivated as B
private land by the landholder himself, by his own servants
or by hired labour, with his own or hired stock, for a con-
tinuous period of twelve years immediately before the com-
mencement of this Act; and
(b) in the case of an estate within the meaning of sub- C
clause (d) of clause (2), means-
(i} the domain or home-farm land of the landholders, hy
whatever designation known, such as kambattam, khas, sir
or pannai; or
D
(ii} land which is proved to have been cultivated as private
land by the landholder himself, by his own servants or by
hired stock, for a continuous period of twelve yea.rs
immediately before the first day of July 1908, provided that
the landholder has retained the kudivaram ever since and
has not converted the land into ryoti land; or E
(iii) land which -is proved to have been cultivated by the
landholder himself, by his own servants or by hired labour,
with his own or hired stock, for a continuous period of
twelve years immediately before the first day of November,
1933, provided that the landholder has retained the kudi- F
varam ever since and has not converted the land into ryoti
land; or
(iv) land the entire kudivaram in which was acquirea by
the landholder before the first day of November, 1933 for
valuable consideration from a person owning the kudiva- G
ram but not the melvaram, provided that the landholder
has retained the kudivaram ever since and has not con-
verted the land into ryoti land, and provided further that,
where the kudivaram was acquired at a sale for arrears of
rent, the land shall not be deemed to be private land unless
it is proved to have been cultivated by the landholder him- . H
SU'REME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
self, by his own servants or by hired labour. with his own or
;\
hired stock. for a continuous period of twelve years since
the acquisition of the land and before the commencement
of the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates Land (Third
Amendment) Act, 1936."
ll A' defined in S. 3(16):
" 'Ryoti land' means cultivable land in an estate other than
private land but does not include-
(a) beds .and bunds of tanks and of supply, drainage sur-
plus of irrigation channels;
c
(b) threshing-floor, cattle-stands, village-sites, and other
lands situated in any estate which are set apart for the
common use of the villagers;
D (c) land granted on service tenure either free of rent or on
favourable rent if granted before the passing of this Act or
free of rent if granted after that date, so long as the service
tenure subsists.
Village is defined in S. 3(19):
E
" 'Village' means any local area situated in or constituting
an estate which is designated as a village in the revenue
accounts and for which the revenue accounts are separately
maintained by one or more karnams or which is now recog-
nized by the State Government or may hereafter be by the
F State Government for the purposes of this Act to be a
village, and includes any hamlet or hamlets which may be
attached thereto."
The Estates Abolition Act provided for the repeal of the per-
manent settlement, the acquisition of the landholders in permanent
G estate and in certain other estates in the State of Andhra Pradesh and
the introduction of the ryotwari settlement in such estates. It extended
to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh and applied to all estates
as defined in S'. 3 clause (2) of the Estates Land Act. This Act, in
S. 2(3) defined 'estate' to mean a zamindari or an under-tenure or an
inam estate. As defined in S. 2(7) 'inam estate' means an estate within
H the meaning of S. 3, clause (2)(d) of the Estates Land Act.
i'OLLISETll c. KALLURI [SAIKIA.J I
The statement of objects and reasons of the Estates Abolition
A
Act speaks of acute discontent among es•ate ryots and good deal of
agitation under zamindati administration which was considered to
have outlived its usefulness and needed abolition. It also mentioned
about the election manifesto issued by the Working Committee of the
Congress Party in December 1945 urging reform of the land system
and that such reform involved the removal of all intermediaries bet- B
ween the pc:botlt and the State ond that the right~ of such inter-
med1atie· ,11, ·ttld be abolished on payment of equitable compensation.
In Fcbruarv 1947 the Madras Legislative Council passed a resolution
accepting the general principle of the abolition of the zamindari
system and recommending to the Government that legislation for the
purpose be undertaken and brought forward at an emly date: The
Government accordingly proposed to abolish the zamindari system by c
acquiring all estates governed by the Estates Land Act including whole
i nam vill'1gt:s and Cllnverting them into ryotwari paying equitable com-
pensation to the several persons having an interest in the estates.
The Estates Abolition Act has abu undergone a number of D
ar1endments. The Amendment Act I of 1950 inserted S. 54(a) &
S. 54(b) dealing with compensation. The Amendment Act XVII nf
195 1 clarified certain positions in regard to Inam villages. Sectwn
17( 1) of the Estates Abolition Act provided for the grant of ryotwari
p<.1tta to a person holding any land granted on service tenure falling
under S ..l( 16)(c) of the Estates Land Act irrespective of whether such E
land rnns1stcd of only a portion of a village or of one or more villages.
The reference to one or more villages in the section had given rise to
the misapprehension that \t applied also to an entire village granted on
service tenure. But the intention was that the provisions of the section
should not apply to such a village and clause 3 of the Act gave effect to
it and clause 4 was consequential of clause 3. The provisions of the F
Estates Abolition Act were brought into force in certain inam villages
on the assumption that they were under tenure estates. But it had been
subsequently found that the assumption was not correct. It was there-
fore necessary to withdraw the operation of the Act from those villages
and the Amendment Act provided for such withdrawal. The Amend-
mcilt Act X-XI of 1956 dealt with annual payments to any religious G
educational or charitable institutions. The Amendment Act XVII of
1957 made provisions for the abolition and conversion in the ryotwari
tenure of certain categories of inams under the Estates Abolition Act.
Under S. 3(2)(d) of the Estates Land Act, as originally enacted, whole
inam villages in respect of which the original grant conferred only the
melvaram tight on a person not owning the kudivaram thereof alone H
406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
A became 'estates'. By virtue of Third Amendment of the Estates Land
Act·whole inam villages in which both melvaram and kudivaram rights
vested in the inamdars also became estates. The provisions of the
Madras Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) Act, 1947 (Madras Act
XXX of 1947) were applicable to both these categories of whole inam
villages. But the provisions of the Estates Abolition Act were not
B applicable to the whole inam villages which became estates under the
Madras EStates, Land (Third Amendment) Act, 1936, i.e. those in
which the inamdars possessed both the melvaram and kudivaram
rights. Under S. 2 of the Estates Land Amendment Act, 1946,
S. 3(2)(d} of the Estates Land Act was further amended so as to
include within the definition of 'estate' hamlets and khandrigas of
inam villages which were previously held to be not estates. Provision
c was also made so as to bring within its purview only such of the inam
hamlets and inam khandrigas of inam villages wherein the melvaram
rights alone vest in the inamdars. Thus, the only categories of inam
estates which now remained outside the purview of the Estates Aboli-
tion Act were: (a) the whole inam village which became e'tate by.
D virtue of the Madras Act XVlll of 1936 and (b) inam hamlets and
khandrigas of inam villages which became estates by .virtue of the
Estates Land (Andhra Amendment) Act, 1956 but in respect of which
both melvaram and kudivaram rights vested in the inamdars. The
Amendment Act XX of !960 dealt with all post 1936 inam villages
which were also brought within the purview of the Estates Abolition
E Act by the Amendment Act XVIII of 1957. The Andhra Pradesh
(Andhra Area) Inams (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act,
1956 (Act XXXVII of 1956) provided for conversion of all inam lands
other than estates into'ryotwari tenure. The Act extended to the whole
of the Andhra State, but applied only to lands described in clause (c)
of S. 2. Section 2(c) defined "inam land" to mean any land in respect
F of which the grant in inam has been made, confirmed or recognised h,
the Government, (Act 3 of 1964 inserted thereafter the words) "land
includes any land in _the merged territory of Banaganapalle in respect
of which the grant in inam has been made, confirmed or recognised by
any former Ruler of the territory", but does not include an inam
constituting an estate under the Estates Land Act. Section 2(d) defines
G an "lnam Village'' to mean a village designated as such in the revenue
accounts of the Government, (and includes a village so designated
immediately before it was notified and takn over by the Government
under the Estates Abolition Act.
Thus to find out whether a village was designated as inam village
H or not, prima facie ihe revennP. accounts of the Government which
POLLISETII v. KALLURI [SA!KIA,J.] 407
were there at the time of the Inam Abolition Act came into force had
to be looked into. If it was so shown no further proof was necessary. A
Only when the entries in the revenue accounts were ambiguous, and it
was not possible to come to a definite conclusiort, it might be necessary
to consider other relevant evidence which was admissible under the
evidence Act.
B
Section 2-A of this Act said: "Notwithstanding anything con-
tained in this Act all communal lands and poramookes, grazing lands,
waste lands, forest lands, mines and querries, tanks, tank·beds and
irrigation works, streams and rivers, fisheries and ferries in the inam
lands shall stand transferred to the Government and vest in them free
of all encumbrances."
c
Section 3 of the Act prescribed the procedure for determination
of inam lands and provided for giving opportunity to interested
persons.
As we have already noted the High Court found that the basis of D
the decision of the Tribunal in all the cases was that sometimes the
leases were for short terms with occasional change of tenants and rents
payable by them and that the nature of the lands, whether ryoti or
private, was not known and that it was the burden of the landholder to
prove that the lands were private lands and that there was no other
circumstances to show that the landholders intended to resume cultiva- E
tion of the same. It was conceded before the Single Bench by the
learned Advocate for the petitioners that if the tests formulated by the
Full Bench in Periannan's case applied to ihe facts of these cases the
land must be held to be private land and the landholders must be
considered to have established their claim to grant of ryotwari pattas.
The Division Bench did not change this position in view of the provi- , F
sions of Section 185 of the Estates Land Act as amended from time to
time. The original section said:
"185. When in any suit or proceeding it becomes necessary
to determine whether any land is landholder's private land,
regard shall be had to local custom and to the question G
whether the land was before the first day of July 1898,
specifically let as private land and to any other evidence
that may be produced, but the land shall be presumed not
to be private land until! the contrary is shown: Provided
that all land which is proved to have been cultivated as
private land by the landholder himself, by his own servants H
408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
or hy hired labour with his own or hired stock for twelve
A
years immediately before the commencement of this Act
shall be deemed to be the landholder's private land."
Section 185 was amended in 1934, 1936 and 1955 whereafter it
,1ond '"follows:
"185. When in any suit or proceeding it becomes necessary
to determine whether any land is the landholder's private
land, regard sht1ll be had-
( I) to local custom,
c (2) in the case of an estate within the meaning of sub-
clausc (a). (h), (c) or (c) of clause (2) of section 3, to the
q ucstion whether the land was before the first day of July
1898, specifically let as private land, and
D (3) to any other evidence that may be produced:
Provided that the land shall be presumed not to be
private land until the contrary is proved:
Provided further thai in the case of an estate within
E the meaning of sub-clause (d) of clause (2) of section 3-
(i) any expression in a lease, patta or the like, executed or
· issued on or after the first day of July 1918, to the effect or
implying that a tenant has no right of occupancy or that his
right of occupancy is limited or restricted in any manner,
F shall not be admissible in evidence for the purpose of prov-
. ing that the land concerned was private land at the com-
mencement of the tenancy; and
(ii) any such expression in a lease, patta or the like,
executed or issued before the first day of July 1918, shall
G not by itself be sufficient for the purpose of proving that the
land concerned was private land at the commencement of
the tenancy."
When the Estates Abolition Act was passed, the legislature
envisaged the difficulties that could arise in respect of the estates in
H which the landholder would be entitled to ryotwari patta. Section 13
POLLISETTI v. KALLURI [SAIKIA,J.] 409
provided as to in respect of what lands in inam estates the landholder
A
would be entitled !o ryotwari patta and said:
"S. 13. Lands in inam estate in which landholder is entitled
to ryotwari patta: In the case of an inam estate, the land-
holder shall, with effect on and from the notified date, be
entitled to ryotwari patta in respect of- B
(a) all lands (including Janka lands) which immediately
before the notified date, (i) belonged to him as private !arid
within the meaning of Section 3, clause ( lO)(b) of tile
Estates Land Act, or (ii) stood recorded as private land in a
record prepared under the provisions of Chapter XI ·or
-Chapter XII of the said Act, not having been subsequently
c
converted into ryoti land; and
(b)(i) all lands which were properly included, or which·
ought to have been properly included, in the holding of a
ryot and which have been acquired by the landholder, by D
inheritance or succession under a will provided that the
landholder has cultivated such lands himself, by his own
servants or by hired labour with his own or hired stock, in
the ordinary course of husbandry, from the date of such
acquisition or the 1st day of July, 1945 whichever is later
and has been in direct and continuous possession of such E
lands from such later date;
(ii) all lands which were properly included, or which ought
to have been properly included in the holding of the ryot
and which have been acquired by the landholder by pur-
chase, exchange or gift, including purchase at a sale or F
arrears of rent;
Provided that the landholder has cultivated such
lands himself, by his own servants or by hired labour, with
his own or hired stock, in the ordinary course of husbandry
from the !st day of July, 1945 and has been in direct and G
continuous possession of such lands from that date;
(iii) all lands [not being (i) Janka lands], (ii) lands of the
description specified in Section 3, clause (16), sub-clauses
(a), (b) and (c) of the Estates Land Act, or (iii) forest lands
which have ·been abandonecj or relinquished by a ryot, or H
410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [!990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
A
which have never been in the occupation of a ryot, pro-
vided that the landholder has cultivated such lands himself,
or by his own servants or hired labou'r, with his own or
hired stock, in the ordinary course of husbandry, from the
!st day of July, 1945 and has been in direct and continuous
possession of such lands from that date.
B
Explanation: 'Cultivate' in this clause includes the planting
and rearing of lopes, gardens and orchards, but does not
include the rearing of lopes of spontaneous growth,"
Section 15 dealt with the determination of lands in which the land-
holder would be entitled to ryotwari patta under the foregoing provi-
c sions of the Act and said:
"(I) The Settlement Officer shall examine the nature and
history' of all lands in respect of which the landholder
claims a ryotwari patta under Sections 12, 13 or 14, as the
D case may be, and decide in respect of which lands the claim
should be allowed.
xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx"
An interpretation of the words "Private land" and "ryot/tand"
E has to be made irt consonance with the legislative purpose, provisions
and scheme of the enactment. Interpretare et concordare leges /egibus,
est optimus interpretandi modus. To interpret and in such a way as to
harmonize laws with laws is the best mode of interpretation.
We may now examine the question whether the tests formulated
p in Periannan's case (supra) can still be applied in face of the decision in
Chidambaram's case (supra). In other words whether Periannan's de-
cision is still a good law. In Periannan the Full Bench of Madras High
Court dealt with a bate!\ of second appeals and a batch of civil revision
petitions. The suits out which the second appeals aros~ related to the
village of Manamelpatti, a Dharmasanam village in the Ramnad Dis-
0 trict and those were instituted by the trustees of Airabhadeswarar
Soundaranayagi Amman Temple for ejectment of the defendants from
the lands in their respective possession and for recovery of rent for
faslis 1349 and 1350 and for future profits. The village comprised 80
pangus out of which the plaint temple in this batch owned 231/2 pangus
purchased from the original owners and one pangu taken on othi from
H the owner. The plaintiffs in the batch of suits out of which the civil
POLLISETTI "· KALLURI [SAIKIA,J.] 411
revision petitions arose were the managers of the Devasthanam of
A
Nagara Vairavapatti Valaroleeswaraswami Nagara Vairavaswami
Devasthanam. That temple owned 54 and 5/8th pangus or shares in the
village and the suits were instituted for recovery of the balance of
amounts due as 'irubhogam' for faslis 1349 and 1350. In both the
batches of suits the plaintiffs claimed that they were the owners of
melvaram and kudivaram interests in the lands which were being B
enjoyed as "pannai" lands or private lands; that they were leasing the
lands from time to time changing tenants and collecting "swamibho-
gam" in recognition of their full proprietary rights in the lands. They
claimed that the tenants had no occupancy rights in the lands; and ip
the second appeals batch a relief for ejectment of the tenants was also
claimed. The defence of defendants-tenants in both the batches was
common. They claimed that the temples owned only the melv.aram
c
interest and that they, the tenants, were the owners of the kudiv.aram
which they had been en joying hereditarily paying half varam in respect
of the nanjas and a fixed money rent for the punja or dry lands accord-
ing to the "tharam" (classification) of lands. They denied that they
ever paid "swami bhogam" to the temple. In all the suits there was the D
common plea that the village was an "estate" under Section 3(2)(d) of
the Madras Estates Land Act, as amended by .the Madras Estates Land
(Amendment) Act, 1936 (Act XVIII of 1936); that they had therefore
acquired occupancy rights under the Act; and that the lands were ryoti
and that, therefore, the civil court had no jurisdiction to try those
suits. The plaintiffs also raised an alternative contention that on the E
footing that ·the village was an "estate" the suit lands were private
lands or "pannai" lands of the temples and, therefore, the defendants
acquired no occupancy rights in the lands under the statute and that
the civil court alone had the jurisdiction to entertain and try the suits.
The High Court found that the main questions that had to be F
considered by the courts below were whether ihe village was or was
not an estate under the Madras Estates Land Act and, if so, whether
the lands were private lands as claimed by the plaintiffs or ryoti lands
as claimed by the tenants. The further question that even apart from
the Estates Land Act whether the defendants had acquired occupancy
rights by prescription was also raised and considered. The jurisdiction G
of the civil court to entertain the suits depended upon the decision of
the question whether the village was or was not an estate. On the main
questions the concurrent findings of the Courts below were that the
village was an "estate" under Section 3(2)(d) of the Madras Estates
Land Act as amended in 1936, that the plaint temple owned the
melvaram and kudivaram interests in the lands; that the lands were H
412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
private lands as defined by the Madras Estates Land Act; that the
A defendants had acquired no occupancy rights in the lands either under
the Act or by prescription and that the suits were properly laid in the
civil court which had undoubted jurisdiction to try the suits. The Sub-
ordinate Judge, in appeals, agreed with the finding of the trial court
but refused the plaintiff's relief for ejectment on the ground that the
B tenancy was not lawfully terminated. The lands in both the sets of
cases were situated in the same village of Manamelpatti.
Before the High Court the findings of the courts below that the
temple owned the melvaram and kudivaram interests in the lands and
the defendants had not acquired permanent rights of occupancy in the
lands apart from the Act had not been disputed by the defendants. The
C dispute, therefore, was confined to two questions, namely, first,
whether the village was an "estate" under the Madras Estates Land
Act and, secondly, whether the concurrent finding of the courts below
that the lands were private lands of the temple was correct or not.
While deciding the second question and dismissing the second appeals
D and the civil revision petitions, the learned Judges discussed the
relevant case law and therefrom Satyanarayana Rao, J with whom
Vaswanath Sastri, J concurred, at paragraph 49 page 346 of the report
held that the following propositions were established:
"!. If the land is known to be ryoti at its inception the only
E mode by which it could be converted into private land is by
proof of continuous cultivation for a period of 12 years
prior to the commencement of the Act.
2. Even if the nature of the land is not known, continuous
cultivation for the required period of 12 yean before the
F commencement of the Act would conclusively establish
that the land is private land.
3. If there is no proof of cultivation for a continuous period
of 12 years before the commencement of the Act, the land
. may be proved to be private land by other .methods; pro-
G vided the land was not shown to be once ryoh.
4. Cultivation of the lands or leasing of the lands under
short-term leases may be one mode of proof.
5. An intention to cultivate or resume for cultivation is
H also a test to decide that the land is private I.and and such
- POLLISETII v. KALLURI [SAJKIA.J.I
intention may be established by any other mea,ns, not
413
A
necessarily by cultivation and by cultivation alo_11e.
6. The essence of private land is continuous course of con-
duct on the part of the land-holder asserting and acting on
the footing that he is the absolute owner thereof and
·•i recognition and acceptance by the tenants that the land-
holder has absolute right in the land.
B
7. Mere proof that the land-holder is the owner of both the
warams is not sufficient to prove that the land is private
land."
Considered in light of the definition of "private land", sections 13 and c
15 of the Estates Abolition Act and the basic concept of "domain or
home-farm land", we are of the view that the proposition 4, 5 and 6
above have to be doubted.
Viswanatha Sastri, J. who concurred summarised his conclusions D
as under:
"I may now summarise my conclusion on the legal aspects
of the case. Where land proved or admitted to be once ryoti
land is claimed to have been converted into private land,
the claim is untenable unless the land-holder proves direct E
cultivation for a period of 12 years before 1st July 1908. No
·other mode of conversion is permissible. Where you have
to find out whether a land is private or ryoti its original
character not being known, proof of direct cultivation of
the land by the land-holder for 12 years before 1st July
1908, would, without other evidence, conclusively establish F
its character as private land, but this is not the only mode of
proof permitted to land-holder. Other evidence may be
adduced and looked into and might consist, among other
matters, of direct cultivation of the land at some period
anterior to 12 years preceding 1st July 1908 but this is not
indispensable. Direct cultivation may be valuable and G
weighty evidence and may be inferred from accounts and
other records usually kept by large land-holders.
If, owing to lapse of time or other reasons, evidence
cif direct cultivation is not forthcoming its absence is not
fatal to the claim that the land is private. S. 185 of the Act H
A
414 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
does not shut out, but on the oth~r hand allows all evidence
-
that would be relevant and admissible under the Jaw of
evidence, to prove that fact in issue, namely, whether the
land is private or ryoti. Local usage or custom and the
letting of the land as private land in leases before 1898 are
specifically mentioned in Ss. 185( I) and (2) as being rele-
B vant evidence but other evidence is also expressly made '"
admissible under S. 185(3). •
The classification of lands as private lands at the time
of the permanent settlement or in the early records of
zamindaries, the terms of the grant of an undcrtenure, the
assertion and enjoyment by the land-holder of the right
c to both the warams, the intention to retain with himself the
kudiwaram right and the consequent right to resume direct
cultivation if he chooses, leases of the lands as private lands
or with terms and conditions inconsistent with any right of
occupancy in the leases, admissions by tenants that the
D land-holder is the owner of both warams and that they have
. no occupancy rights, changes in the personnel of the
tenants, variations in the rates of rent payable by the
tenants-these and kindred matters would be relevant and
admissible in evidence to prove that the lands are private
· Jands. The probative value of such evidence depends on the
E facts and circumstance of each case.
The burden of. proof that a particular land·in an estate
is private land rests on the land-holder, the statutory pre-
sumption being the other way. This burden is not dis-
charged merely by proving that both the warams were
F granted to or enjoyed by the land-holder once upon a time.
There must be evidence of the treatment of the lands as
private lands by the land-holder, either by direct cultiva-
tion or otherwise in the manner above stated."
Considering the statutory definition, in our opinion, the third para-
G graph and last part of last paragraph above have to be doubted.
Raghava Rao, J. who dissented summarised his conclusions separately.
, I -. J
We are not oblivious the!fact that .on the oasis of the above
propositions cases have been decided for a long time. But their tena-
bility having been questioned in the instant case we proceed to
H examine them. The above propositions no doubt refer io different
POLLISE1TI >. KALLURI [SAIKIA,J.[ 415
aspects including the evidentiary aspect of the question of determina-
A
tion of 'private lands' and 'ryoti ·lands' but it may be difficult to hold
that each or all of them by themselves laid down any rule to be invari-
I ably followed irrespectiye of the history, location and nature of the
estates, their cultivation and the customs governing them. There is
also no sufficient exposition of the central concept of 'domain· and
'home-farm' lands in the above propositions. These words were not B
defined .in the Estates Land Act In Zamindar of Chellapalli v.
Rajalapati -Somayya, 39 Mad. 341, Wallis C.J. adopted the dictionary
meaning, namely, "the land about the mansion house of a Lord ana in
his immediate occupancy" .. Seshagiri Aiyar, J. in the same case quoted
from the Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Vol. lII (3): 'Domain' as synony-
mous to 'Domesne' and is·eocplained as follows:
c
"Domesne-(Domeirie, Demaio, Domain etc.) that por-
tion of the land of a manbr not granted out in the freehold
tenancy, but (a) retained by the lord of the manor for his
own use and occupation, or (b) let out as tenemental land
to his retainers or 'villani.' The domesne land originally D
held at the will of the landlord, in course of time came to
acquire fixity of tenure and developed into the modern
copyhold. It is from domesne as used in sense (a) that the
modern restricted use of the word comes, i.e., 'land
immediately surrounding the mansion or dwelling house,
the park or chase'." E
In Jagadeesam Pillai v. Kupoammal (supra) which related to
lands in an inam village which was part of the Tanjore palace.-
Wadsworth, Offg. C.J. accepeted the interpretation put upon the word
"Domain" by Wallis, C.J. and Sesnagiri Aiyar, J. In Chellapalli case ~
'
(supra) as meaning "land immediately surrounding the mansion or F
dwelling house, the park or chase" and that connoted land appur-
tenant to the mansion of the lord.of the manor kept by the landlord for
his personal use and cultivated under his personal supervision as dis-
tinct from lands let to tenants to be farmed without any control from
ihe- lord of the manor other than such control as in incident to the
lease. The learned Judge further observed: "It seems to us that the G
sub-clause (b )(I) of the definition is intended to cover those lands
which come obviously within what would ordinarily be recognised as
the domain or home-farm, that is to say, lands appurtenant to the
-~
, landholder's residence and kept for his enjoyment and use."
In Parish Priest of Karayar Parish v. Thiagarajaswami Devas- H
416 SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R.
thanam, (supra) Subba Rao and Chandra Reddy, JJ accepted the test
A
laid down in Jagadeesam (supra) and the legal position was sum-
marised as follows:
"The legal position having regard to the provisions of the
Act and the decisions dealing with them in so far as it is
B relevant for the purposes of this case may briefly be stated
thus. Private land as defined under the Madras Land
Estates Act comprises two categories, private lands, tech-
nically so called and lands deemed to be private lands. In
regard to private lands strictly so called, it must be a
f.
domain or home farm land as understood in law. The mere '
fact that particular lands are described in popular province
c as pannai, kambattam, sir, khas, is not decisive of the ques-
tion unless the lands so called partake of the characteristics •
of domain or home-farm lands.
The test to ascertain whether a land is domain or
'
D home farm is that accepted by the Judicial Committee in
'Mallikarjuna Prasad v. Somayya', 42 Mad 400 i.e. land
which a zamindar has cultivated himself and intends to
retain as resumable for cultivation by himself even if from
time to time he demises for a season. Whenever a question
therefore arises whether a land is private land technically
E so called, as defined in sub-dame ( I) of clause (b) to
S. 3( 10) the presumption is that it is not a private land. The
recitals in the leases, pattas etc. after 1918 must be exc-
luded and the recitals in similar documents prior to 1918 in
themselves are not sufficient evidence. There must be in
F
addition direct evidence that these lands were either
domain or home farm lands in the sense that they were in
their origin lands directly cultivated by the landlord or
•
1
reserved by him for his direct cultivation. We are not con-
cerned in this case with the question whether ryoti lands
could be converted into private lands."
G The trend not to confine the concept of private lands only to
domain or home-farm lands but to include in it lands.situate outside in
which land-holder had granted leases or made arrangements for culti-
vation with a view to resume them for personal cultivation did not find
favour in the above three decisions.
H In Chidambaram Chettiar (supra) involved lands in Orathur
POLLISETII v. KALLURI [SAIKIA,J.] -117
Padugai in Tanjore Palace Estate. The Raja of Tanjore having died
without leaving any male issue the East India Company took posses- A
sion of all his properties including his private property. Later, on
representation of the senior widow of the late Raja, the Government
of India in 1962 "sanctioned the relinquishment Of the whole of the
landed property of the Tanjore Raja in favour of the heirs of the late
Raja." The Tanjore Palace Estate thus came into existence. In 1948 B
the appellant purchased the suit lands situate in Orathur Padugai
within Tanjore Palace Estate and instituted suits for possession from
the various defendants. The Trial Court having dismissed the suits on
the ground that the lands were situated in an estate as defined in
S. 3(2)(d) of the Madras Estates Land Act and they were ryoti lands as
defined in S. 3( 16) in which the defendants have acquired occupancy
rights. The Madras High Court having affirmed that decree in appeal, c
the appellant came to this Court contending that the lands did not form
an 'estate' under S. 3(2)(d) because the restoration did not amount to
a fresh grant but only restoration of status quo ante; that Orathur
Padugai was not a whole village to be an estate and that the widows of
the late Raja enjoyed ~oth the varams and the lands purchased by the D
appellant were private lands under s. 3(10)(b) so that the defendants
did not have any occupancy rights therein. Holding that the relinquish-
ment by the Government in 1962 amounted to a fresh grant and that
since 1830 onwards Orathur Padugai was a whole village and therefore
an estate, their Lordships enunciated the tests as to private land thus:
E
"Under S. 3( 10) of the Act, private land comprises of two
categories, private lands technically so-called, and lands
deemed to be private lands. In regard to private lands tech-
nically so-called, it must be the domain or home-farm land
of the landholder as understood in law. The mere fact that
particular lands are described in popular parlance as p
pannai, kambattam, sir, khas, is not decisive of the ques-
tion unless the lands so-called partake of the characteristics-.
of domain or home-fair lands. In our opinion the correct
test to ascertain whether a land is domain or home-farm is
that accepted by the Judicial Committee in Yerlagadda
Malikarjuna Prasad Nayudu v. Somayya, !LR 42 Mad. 4QO G
(PC), that is whether it is land which a zamindar has
cultivated himself and intends to retain as resumable for
cultivation by himself even if from time to time he demises
for a season. The Legislature did not use the words 'domain
or home-farm land' without attaching to them 1a meaning;
and it is reasonable to suppose that the Legislature. would H
418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R.
A attach to these words the meaning which would be given to
them in ordinary English. It seems to us that the sub-clause
(b )(i) of the definition is intended to cover those lands
which come obviously within what would ordinarily be
recognised as the domain or home-farm, that is to say,
lands appurtenant to the landholder's residence and kept
B for his enjoyment ·and use. The home-farm is land which
the landlord cultivates himself, as distinct from land which
he lets out to tenants to be farmed. The first clause is,
therefore meant to include and signify those lands which
are in the ordinary sense of the word home-farm lands. The
other clauses of the definition appear to deal with those
lands which would not necessarily be regarded as home-
c farm lands in the ordinary usage of the term; and with
reference to those lands there is a· proviso that lands
purchased at a sale for arrears of revenue shall not be
regarded as private lands unless cultivated directly by the
landlord for the required period. It seems to us that the
D definition reads as a whole indicates clearly that the ordi-
nary test for 'private land' is the test of retention by the
landholder for his personal use and cultivation by him or
'
under his personal supervision. No doubt, such lands may
be let on short leases for the convenience of the landholder
without losing their distinctive character; but it is not the
E intention or the scheme of the Act to treat as private those
!ands·with reference to which the only peculiarity is the fact
that the landlord owns both ihe warams in the lands and
has been letting them out on short term leases. There must,
in our opinion be something in the evidence either by way
of proof of direct cultivation or by some clear indication of
F an intent to regard these lands as retained for the personal
use of the landholder and his establisliment in order to
place those lands in the special category of private lands in
which a tenant under the Act cannot acquire occupancy
rights."
G The concept of home-farm does not appear to be much diffe-
rent from that of domain. According to Black's Law Dictionary, a
farm means body of land under one ownership devoted to agriculture,
either to raising crops or pasture or both. The word farm means a
considerable tract of land or number of small tracts devoted wholly or
partially to agricultural purjjoses or pasturage of cattle but may also
H include woodland. The term does not necessarily include only the land
POLLISETTI ,._ KALLURI [SAIKIA.J.I 419
under cultivation and within a fence. It may include all the land which
A
forms part of the tract and may also include several connected parcels
under one control. According to Collins English Dictionary, farm
means a tract of land usually with house and buildings cultivated as
unit or used to rear livestock. According to Webster's Comprehensive
Dictionary, International Edition, farm means a tract of land forming
a single property and devoted to agricultural stock raising <lairing and B
some allied activity. We are therefore of the view that home-farm
necessarily implies a farm with the home of the landholder.
Pollock & Maitland in The History of English Law, 2nd Edn.
Vol. I, at pp 362-363 describing the manorial arrangement in England
wrote:
c
·"Postponing until a late time any debate as to whether the
term manor bore a technical meaning, we observe that this
term is constantly used to describe a proprietary unit of
common occurrence:-the well-to-do landholder holds a
manor or many manors. Now speaking very generally we D
may say that a man who holds a manor has in the first place
a house or homestead which is occupied by himself, his
bailiffs or servants. Along with this he holds cultivable
land, which is in the fullest sense (so far as feudal theory
permits) his own; it is his demesne land. Then also, as part
of the same complex of rights, he holds land which is E
holden of him by tenants, some of whom, it may be, are
freeholders, holding in socage or by military service, while
the remainder of them, usually the large majority of them,
hold in villeinage, by a merely customary tenure. In the
terms used to describe these variOus lands we notice a cer-
tain instructive ambiguity. The land that the lord himself F
occupies and of which he takes the fruits he indubitably
holds 'in demesne'; the land holden of him by his freehold
tenants he indubitably does not hold 'in demesne; his
freehold tenants hold it in demesne, unless indeed, as 1nay
well be the case, they have yet other freeholders; below
them. But as to the lands holden of him by villein tenure, G
the use of words seems to fluctuate; at one moment he is
said to hold and be seised of them in demesne, at the next
they are sharply distinguished from his demesne lands, that
term being reserved for those portions of the soil in which
no tenant free or villein has any rights. In short, language
reflects the dual nature of tenure in villeinage; it is tenure H
420 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
A and yet it is not tenure. The king's courts, giving no protec-
tion to the tenant, say that the lord is seised in demesne·
. '
but the manorial custom must distinguish between the
lands holden in villeinage and those lands which are
occupied by the lord and which in a narrower sense of the
word are his demesne.
B
Describing the field system they wrote:
" We have usually therefore in the manor lands of
three kinds, (1) the demesne strictly so called, (2) the land
of the lord's freehold tenants, (3) the villenagium, the land
holden of the lord by villein or customary tenure. Now in
c the common case all these lands are bound together into a
single whole by two economic bonds. In the first place, the
demesne lands are cultivated wholly or in part IJy the
labour of the tenants of the other lands, labour which they
are bound to supply by reason of their tenure. A little
D labour in the way of ploughing and reaping is not out of the
freehold tenants; much labour of the many various kinds is
obtained from the tenants in villeinage, so much in many
cases that the lord has but small, if any, need to hire
labourers. Then in the second place, these various tene·
ments lie intermingled; neither the lord's demesne nor the
E tenant's tenement can be surrounded by one ring-fence.
The lord has his house and homestead; each tenant has his
house with more or less curtilage surrounding it; but the
arable portions of the demesne and of the various other
tenements lie mixed up together in the great open fields."
F In paragraph 758 of Ha/sbury's Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 9, on
the destruction of customs it is said:
"As manorial customs attached to the tenure as disting·
uished from the mere locality of the lands, it followed that
upon the destruction of the tenure by enfranchisement of
G the lands at common law the customs were also destroyed.
A statutory enfranchisement must have effect, however, in
accordance with the terms of the statute, and where the
statute preserves rights notwithstanding the enfranchise·
men! and the extent of the rights so preserved depended
upon custom, the custom remains relevant to define the
H rights preserved by the statute."
POLLJSETTI v. KALLURI [SAIKIA.J.J 421
The basic concept of domain or home-farm land and the concept
of cultivation as private land by the landholders used in the definition A
had, therefore, to be borne in mind in determining private land. The
observation of the Division Bench in the impugned Judgment that it is
not possible to regard the pronouncement in Zamindar of Chellapa//i
v. Somayya, (supra) as an authority for the proposition that domain
within the meaning of s. 3 ( 10) of the Estates Land Act must be held to B
mean land around the mansion home of lord and appurtenant thereto,
has therefore to be rejected. The decision of the High Court of Madras
in Chellapalli case was confirmed by the Privy Council in Yerlagadda
Mal/ikarjuna Prasad Nayudu v. Somayya, (supra). The learned Single
Judge in the instant case also relied on the observations in Che/lapalli's
case (supra). The learned Single Judge rightly observed that the test
laid down by Wadsworth, Offg. C.J. were approved by the Supreme c
Court in Chidambaram's case in identical language and that the legis-
lature did not use the word domain or home-farm land without attach··
ing to them a meaning and it was reasonable to suppose that they
would attach to those words the meaning which would be given to
them in ordinary English, namely, to connote land appurtenant to the D
mansion of the lord of the manor kept by the lord for his personal use
and cultivated under his personal supervision is distinct from land let
to tenant to be formed without any control from the lord of the manor
other than such control as incident to the lease. We respectfully agree.
To this extent the propositions of the learned Judges in Periannan's
case (supra) the tenability of which we doubted, can no longer be held E
to be good law in view of this Court's decision in Chidambaram's case
(supra) and P. Venkataswami v. D.S. Ramireddy, [1976] 3 SCC 665.
In I'. Venkataswami v. D.S. Ramireddy (supra) the question was
whether the landlord was entitled to ryotwari patta. The High Court
applied the tests in Pariannan's case. Referring to the provisions of F
Sections 13 and 15( 1) of the Estates Abolition Act (which we have
quoted earlier) .and reiterating what was said in Chidambaram's case
this Court held:
"Thus even on the provisions of the Madras Esta!;., Land
Act, 1908 considered by the Madras Full Bench, this Court G
appears to have taken a different view. Apart from this, the
provisions we arc concerned with, namely,· Section
13(b)(iii) of the Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion
into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 requires as a condition 'that the
landholder has cultivated such lands himself, by his own
servants or hired labour'. We are unable to agree that the H
422 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
words 'has cultivated' could imply a mere intention to
A
cultivate.
Apart from Article 141 of the Constitution of India we are of the
opinion that the decision in Chidambaram and Venkataswami are in
consonance with the objects and purposes of the Estates Land Act, the
B Estate Abolition Act, the lnam (Abolition and Conversion into
Ryotwari) Act and the accepted objectives of the land reforms
legislation.
We now take up the question as to who were entitled to ryotwari
pattas in this case. The landholders admitted that if the Pariannan's
tests were not applicable, they would not be entitled to ryotwari patta.
c Even so we proceed to examine the question on the facts on record. As
defined in S. 3( 15) of the Estates Land Act, "ryot" means a person ·
who holds for the purpose of agriculture ryoti land in an estate on
condition of paying to the landholder the rent which is legally due
upon it. Under the Explanation, a person who has occupied ryoti land
D for a continuous period of 12 years shall be deemed to be a ryot for all
the purposes of this Act. This Explanation was added by the Estates
Land Amendment Act, 1934 (Act VIII of 1934). The conferment of
occupancy right on the ryot in ryoti land was an object of the Estates
Land Act. The original Section 6 dealing with occupancy right in ryoti
land was substituted by Section 5 of the Amendment Act VIII of 1934.
E Thereafter also it has undergone several amendments. At the relevant
time it stood as follows:
"6. Occupancy right in ryoti land: (I) Subject to the provi-
sions of thi~ Act, every ryot now in possession or who shall
hereafter be admitted by a landholder to possession of ryoti
F land situated in the estate of such landholder shall have a
permanent right of occupancy in his holding.
Explanation: (1) For the purposes of this sub-section, the
expression 'every ryot now in possession' shall include
every person who, having held land as a ryot, continues in
G possession of such land at the commencement of this Act.
Explanation: (2) In relation to any inam village which was
not an estate before the commencement of the Andhra
Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates Land (Third Amendment) Act,
1936, but became an estate by virtue of that Act, or in rela-
H tion to any land in an inam village which ceased to be part
POLLISETI! v. KALLUR! [SA!KIA,J.J 423
of an estate before the commencement of that Act, the A
expression 'now' and 'commencement of this Act' in this
sub-section and Explanation (I) shall be construed as
meaning the thirtieth day of June, 1934, and the expression
'hereafter' in this sub-section shall be construed as meaning
the period after the thirtieth day of June, 1934.
B
Explanation: (3) In relation to any hamlet, or khandriga
in an inam village which was not an estate before the com-
mencement of the Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates
Land (Amendment) Act, 1936, but became an estate by
virtue of that Act, the expressions 'now' and 'commence-
ment of this Act', in this sub-section and Explanation (I) C
shall be construed as meaning the Seventh day of January
1948, and the expression 'hereafter' in this sub-section
shall be construed as meaning the period after the seventh
day ofJanuary, 1948.
Explanation: (4) Every landholder who receives or reco- D
vers any payment under Section 163 from any person unau-
thorizedly occupying ryoti land shall be deemed to have
thereby admitted such person into possession unless within
two years from the date of receipt of recovery of payment
or the first of such payments, if more than one, he shall file
a suit in a Civil Court for ejectment against such person. E
(2) Admission to waste land under a contract for the
pasturage of cattle and admission to land reserved bona
fide by a landholder for raising a garden or tope or for
forest under a contract for the temporary cultivation
thereof with agricultural crops shall not by itself confer F
upon the person so admitted a permanent right of occu-
pancy; nor shall such land, by reason only of such letting or
temporary cultivation, become ryoti land."
(3, 4, 5 and 6 are not extracted)
G
Section 6-A which was inserted by the Amendment Act VIII of
1934 provided that a person having a right of occupancy in land does
not lose it by subsequently becoming interested in the land as landhol-
der or by subsequently holding land as an ijaradar or farmer of rent.
Section 8 provided for merger of occupancy rights and said:
H
424 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R.
"Whenever before or after the commencement of this
A Act the occupancy right in any ryoti land vests in the land-
holder, he shall have no right to hold the land as a ryot but
shall hold it as a landholder, but nothing in this sub-section
shall pre judicially affect the rights of any third person.
B (2) Whenever before or after the commencement of
this Act the occupancy right in any ryoti land vests in any
co-landholders, he shall be entitled to hold the land subject
to the payments to his co-landholders of the shares of the
rent which may from time to time payable to them and if
such co-landholder lets the land to a third person; such
third person, shall be neemed to be a ryot in respect of the
c land.
(3) The merger, if any, of the occupancy right under
sub-sections (I) and (2) shall not have the effect of convert-
ing ryoti land into private land.
D
(4) Where after the passing of the Act, the interest of
the ryot in the holding passes to the landholder by inheri-
tance, the landholder shall notwithstanding anything con-
tained in this Act have the right, for a period of twelve
years from the date of succession, of admitting any person
E to the possession of such land on such terms as may be
agreed upon between them.
(5) If before the first day of November 1933, the
landholder has obtained in respect of any land in an estate
within the meaning of sub-clause (d) of clause (2) of Sec-
tion 3 a final decree or order of a competent Civil Court
establising that the tenant has no occupancy right in such
land, and no tenant has acquired any occupancy right in
such land before the commencement of the Andhra Pra-
desh (Andhra Area) Estates Land (Third Amendment)
Act, 1936, the landholder shall, if the land is not private
G land within the meaning of this Act, have the right, not-
withstanding anything contained in this Act, for a period of
twelve years from the commencement of the Andhra
Pradesh (Andhra Area) Estates Land (Third Amendment)
.Act, 1936, of admitting any person to the possession of
such land on such terms as may be ageed upon between
H' them;
POLLISETII v. KALLURI {SAIKIA.J.J 425
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section
shall be deemed during the said period of twelve years or
A
any part thereof to affect the validity of any agreement
between the landholder and the tenant subsisting at the
commencement of the Andhra Pradesh ( Andhra Area) Es-
tates Land (Third Amendment) Act, 1936".
B
Section 9 provided that no landholder shall as such be entitled to eject
a ryot from his holding or any part hereof otherwise than in accordance
with the provisions of this Act. Section 10 made the occupancy rights
heritable and transferable providing that "all rights ofoccupa_ncy shall
be heritable, and shall be transferable by sale, gift or otherwise." If a
ryot dies intestate without leaving any heirs except the Government,
his right of occupancy shall be extinguished but the land in respect of c
which he has such right of occupancy shall not cease t.; be ryoti land.
The Estates Abolition Act accepted the same definitions of occu-
pancy right and ryot as in the Estate Land Act. The above provisions
conferred permanent, heritable and transferable right of occupancy on D
the tenant. This right stemmed from the will of the legislature ~nd
involved an element of social engineering through law stat pro ratione
voluntas popuii: the will of the people stands in place of a reason. The
right of the landholder to keep his private land to himself has therefore
to be interpreted in its proper perspective. Statuta pro publico late
interpretatur. Statute made for the public good ought to be liberally E
construed. The concept of.past or present intention of the landholder
to resume personal cultivation of land let out to a tenant and still in
possession of the tenant has to be strictly construed against the land-
lord and liberally in favour of the tenant. The aforesaid doubtful prop-
ositions formulated by the learned Judges in Periannan's case must,
therefore, be held to be erroneous. For the same reason the obser- F
vation of the Division Bench in this case that the decision in Perian-
nan's case is still good law in face of the decision of this Court in
Chidambaram (supra), and subsequent decision in Venkataswami's
case (supra) must be held to be equally erroneous and to that extent
must be overruled and the decisions in Zamindar of Chellapa/li v.
Rajalapati Somayya, (supra); Jagadeesam Pillai v. Kuppammal, G
(supra) and in Parish Priest of Karayar Parish v. Thiagarajaswami
Devasthanam, (supra) must be held to have been correctly decided.
We have no doubt that the formation and development of the
land revenue system in Madras will justify the view we have taken in
the facts of this case. The formation of the Madras Presidency was by H
426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
successive acquisitions by the East India Company. The State of
A
Andhra Pradesh was curved out of Madras. Baden Powell in Land
System. of British India, Vol. 3 p. 5 wrote in 1892:
"In tracing the progress of the Madras Land Revenue
System, it will be advisable in the first place to review the
B general course of acquisition, by which the Madras district
became British, and next to describe, in a brief and general
manner, the various stages of the history of the early
· revenue management. Commencing with the settlement
(above alluded to} in the Baramahai (1792-98), which was
soon followed by those of Coimbatore (1799), the ceded
districts ( 1800), and the Carnatik Districts ( 1801), we shall
c see how.the first raiyatwari system, or rather systems, were
overthrown for a time by an attempt to make a general
zamindari settlement ( 1801-.1808); how on the failure of the
attempt; ·a proposal for 'village settlements' (in the sense of
granting leases for the whole village, to a renter, a head-
D man, or a joint body of inhabitants) was tried with various
success for a few years; and how, in the end, a raiyatwari
assessment was finally ordered ( 1812-1818)."
R yotwari indicates a system where each field or holding is dealt
with separately, and where the holder is free to pay the revenue and
E keep the field, or free himself by giving it up, as he pleases.
The first general acquisition of territory by the East India
Company-the first from· a revenue point of view, was the country
around Madras,-known as 'Jagir' because it was originally granted by
the Nawab of the Karnatik as a Jagir; the revenue thus assigned was
F intended as a contribution towards the expenses of the wars under-
taken in aid of the Nawab.
The next acquisition in point of time was that of the Northern
Sirkars (often written 'Circar'). These territories were granted in 1765
by the Delhi Emperor; but the Madras Government, looking to
G the practical claim of the Nizam of Dakhan, who was hardly even in
name subject to Delhi, also obtained a grant from him in 1768. The
five administrative divisions known to the Mughal system as 'Sirkar'
were those of chicacole (chikakol) Srikakulam, Rajahmundry (Raja-
mahendriveram), Ellore (Alur), Mustafanagar (or Kandafiti), and
Murtazanagar (Gantur or Kandavid). Later they formed the districts
H of Vizagapatam (Visakhapatnam), Gangam, Kishna and Godavari.
POLLISETTI v. KALLURI [SAIKIA,J.[ 427
The northern Sikars had been brought under Muhammadan dominion
first in 1471 A.D., and had various fortunes under the different con- A
tending dynasties. In 1687, Aurangazeb's conquest of the Dakhan
added them to the Mughal empire, and they were ultimately taken
over by the Subedar of the Dakhan (Nizam-ul-Mulk) nominally from
the Emperor Karukhsir in 1713 A.O. ·
,. ( B
"These came at once under British administration. It was found
that they consisted (!) of lands settled under zamindars, as in Bengal,
(2) of haveli lands, those reserved for the support of the royal family
and its immediate dependants, and therefore 'crown' property. Such a
state of things invited the application of the Bengal system; the
zamindars were accordingly left in possession and the haveli lands
were parcelled out and leased to revenue farmers for a term of years. c
The Jagir lands were in. 1780, divided into blocks and put under a
similar system of revenue leases."
When the Board of Revenue issued instructions to adopt a
system of village lesses so as to prepare for some form of zamindari D
settlement, i.e. one man should be made answerable for the revenue of
each village or other estate after the passing of Permanent Settlement
Regulations in Bengal. The Zamindari Regulation No. XXV was
passed in 1802 and by 1805 introduction of the system was effected. In
the Northern Sirkars land was permanently settled with the zamindars;
and the 'Haveli' lands were made into percels or mutthas, and sold to E
the highest bidder. The Mutthadars (or Mittadars) became the pro-
prietors and permanent settlement-holders. Each settlement became
an estate. In some districts the 'poligars' became landlords holding
sanad-i-milkiat-i-istimrar or title-deed of perpetual ownership-their
estates being called 'settled polliems'. According to Paden Powell the
zamindari estates were found chiefly in the North-Eastern districts and F
especially in the Gan jam and Vizagapatam districts. There were also
few Feudatory States which paid only a fixed tribute.
The village leases continued with some form of joint or indi-
vidual middlemen with varying periods of 3 to 10 years made with a
vfow to eventual permanency. But the system was not successful. Bet- G
ween the ryotwari and village lease system the general difference was
that the ryotwari only assessed the 'field' or survey-unit, and left the
ryot to hold it or not as he pleased, provided he gave notice of his
intention in proper time; if he kept the field he must pay the assess-
ment that was all. The lease system involved payment of a certain sum
for a fixed area, whether the land was cultivated or not. It was no use H
428 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
for the middlemen lease-holder to throw up his land, for that would
A not relieve him of his contract liability. The idea was to make the
villagers jointly and severally responsible, though the lease was to the
head inhabitants of each village. Desire was to see a system under
which the proprietary inhabitants at large of each village should enter
into engagements with the Government, and derive a common and
B exclusive interest in the cultivation of their lands in proportion of their
right of property.
Ultimately the Ryotwari system was adopted. The end of the
lease proposals and the village system inquiry was that the home
authorities, as Baden Powell says, probably influenced by the opinion
of Munro, who visited England in 1807, finally decided for the
c R yotwari system as it was believed that the village system failed.
Hence the Estates Abolition Act protected the rights of the ryots by
defining private land on the one hand and preserving the occupancy
rights of the ryots on the ~th er.' In doing so the two concepts of 'private
land' and 'ryoti' land along with those of 'estate' and 'occupancy'
D assumed significance.
The two villages concerned in the instant case are said to be inan,
vilages. But the origin of the lands in dispute was admittedly not
known. The characteristics of the inam estates and the rights and
liabilities of the Inamdars from time to time have therefore to be taken
E into account. Baden Powell wrote at pp.78-80Vol. 3:
Section III-Settlement of inam Claims.
"The Settlement, as we have seen, only assesses the land
under raiyatwari tenure. If, however, there is land in the
F village, consisting of a few fields or even a division of the
village, held revenue-free, or at a reduced rate, such an
area is shown in the village registers.
But it may be that a whole village is 'inam'. If so, it
constitute a separate estate, like a Zamindari or a 'pollam',
G and does not come within the scope of the Settlement.
Government has no claim to the land or to the revenue,
unless there is a fixed quit-rent, which is recorded as is the
permanently settled revenue or 'peshkash' of the Zamin-
dari or pollam estate. There was accordingly a special pro-
cedure under which the right and title of the holders of
H these favoured estates was elucidated and put on a sound
POLLISETI! '· KALLLRI ISA!K!A,J.I 429
basis; and the quit-rent, or reduced rate, where the estate is
A
not entirely revenue-free, determined by rule.
All native governments were in the habit of reward-
ing favourites, providing for the support of mosques, tem-
ples, religious schools, shrines, and for almsgiving and the
maintenance of Brahmans or Muhmmadan saints, & C., by B
granting the revenue on the land, whether they granted the
land itself or not."
The lnam Commission of Madras appointed on 16.11.1858 had
the task of validating and issuing title deeds for inams lawfully in
possession for fifty years and in resuming others, or commuting them
for money pensions. The Commission dealt with all kinds whether they c
· included right in the larrd or only Government revenue; they were:
(1) loams proper, where the land granted, was either a
field, or a village, or a group of villages.
D
(2) Muhammadan jagirs, which were personal grants and
might or might not include the land.
(3) Shrotriyams (Srotriyam) and agraharams, grants to
certain (different) classes of Bran.nans which did not give more
than the revenue, leaving the land in its original occupancy, E
unless it could be shown that the occupancy was also granted.
The following nine kinds of inams (classified according to their
object or purpose) were enumerated:
( 1) For religious institutions ·and services connected F
therewith.
- Nearly a million and a half acres were so assigned, includ-
ing temples, pagodas, and mosques. The largest grants were in
the southern districts.
G
(2) For purposes of public utility. Such as support of
chatrams (places where refreshment was given gratuitously),
water pandals (drinking places), topes or groves, flower-gardens
for temple se; vice (mandavanam), schools (Pa'.shalas), for main-
taining bridges, ponds and tanks, etc.
H
430 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990) Supp. 2 S.C.R.
(3) 'Dasabandham' inams for the· construction, main-
A tenance, and repair of.,irrigation works in the Ceded districts, in
Kistna, Nellore, No1.h Arcot.md Salem.
(4) To Brahmans and other religious persons for their
maintenance called 'Bhatavritti' and (Muhammadan 'K1'airat'.
B They formed nearly half the inams of the Presiqency, and
covered more than three and a half million acres.
(5) Maintenance grants for the families of poligars and
ancient land-officers. These were grants to families of disposses-
sed poligars in Baramahal and the ceded districts; to Kanungos
(Chingleput), and to Deshmukhs etc.
c
( 6) Lands alienated for the support of members of the
family (also for religious persons) by poligars, etc. These were.
the 'bisai' (bissoye ), doratanam, mukhasa, jivitham, amaram
(North Arco!) umlikai, etc.
D
(7) Grants connected with the general police of the
country under former rulers: Such were 'kattubadis'.
(8) Grants to village headmen, karnams, and village police
(Gramamaniyam, etc.).
E
(9) Grants to village artisans, where they were not paid by
the fees called merai (or in addition to them).
The Commission also took up enfranchisement of the inams, i.e.
to convert into his own private property by payment of a moderate
p quit-rent. From this the inams could be classified as (1) still unen-
franchised; (2) enfranchised but liable to jodi or quit-rent as the case
may be; (3) enfranchised, the rent being commuted or redeemed. The
Commission work was closed in November 1869. A .member of the
Board of Revenue continued thereafter. The nature and history of the
inam villages would, therefore, have been helpful in deciding the
G claims.
It was perhaps easier for the landholders to trace the origin of the
inam villages than for the tenants to do so. Admittedly that was not
done.
H We have also considered the question of practice and presump-
POLLISEHI 1·. K,ALLL RI [SAIKIA,J.[ 431
lions if any in this regard. By Madras Act VIII of 1865 it was enacted
A
that inamdars and other landholders sho.uld enter into written agree-
ments with their tenants, the engagements of the land-owners being
termed pattas and those of tenants being termed Muchlika. The patta
should contain, amongst other things, "all other special terms by
which, it is intended the parties shall be bound. The muckhlika should
at the option of the landholders, be counterpart of the patta, or a B
simple engagement to hold according to the terills of the patta. In the
instant case the pattas and the muchlikas are not claimed to have
shown anything to establish the lands to be private lands. Only the
facts of occasio.nal change of tenants and rent~ have.been shown.
The Privy Council in Suryanarayana v. Patanna, [1918] 41 ILR
Madras 1012, where the decision of the appeal mainly depended on the
c
question whether the Agraharam Village of Korraguntapalem in the
Northern Circars of then Presidency of Madras was an estate, obser-
ved that the "term kudivaram is not defined'fa the Act. It is a tamil
word, and literally signifies a cultivator's share in the produce of the
land held by him as distinguished from the landlord's share in the D
produce of the land received by him as the rent. The landlord's share is
sometimes designated 'melvaram''
The Privy Council held that there was no presumption of law to
the effect that in the case of an inamdar it should be presumed, in the
absence of inam grant under which he held, that the grant was of the E
royal share of the revenue only. "In their Lordships' opinion there is
no such presumption of law. But a grant of a village by or on behalf of
the Crown under the British rule is in law to be presumed to be subject
to such rights of occupancy, if any, as the cultivators at the time of
grant may have had." As against the above, we now have the statutory
presumptions in Section 185(3) of the Estates Land Act, namely, "that F
the land shall be presumed not to be private land until the contrary is
proved," and in case of estate within the meaning of sub-clause (d) of
clause (2) the second proviso (i) and (ii).
This evolution of the land revenue system concerned is likely to
remind one of what Sir Henry Maine showed in his Ancient Law, "that G
in early times the only social brotherhood recognised was that of
kinship, and that almost every form of social organisation, tribe, guild,
and religious fraternity, was conceived under a similitude of it.
Feudalism, converted the village community based on a real or
assumed consanguinity of its members, into the fief in which the rela-
tions of tenant and lord were those of contract, while those of the H
432 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1990] Supp. 2 S.C.R.
unfree tenant rested on status." It also reminds one what was said in
A
the context of rights over land. "This earth", says Jagannatha, "is the
cow which grants every wish; she affords property of a hundred various
kinds (inferior, if the owner need the assent of another proprietor-
superior, if his right precede assent); while she deludes hundred
owners, like a deceiving harlot, with the illusion of false enjoyment;
B for, in truth, there is no other lord of this earth but one, the Supreme
Lord."
For the foregoing reasons we set aside the impugned Judgment,
restore that of the learned Single Judge and allow the appeals. We
leave the parties to bear their own costs in these appeals.
c R.S.S. Apeals allowed.
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