R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEEDversusGOVINDARAJU AND ORS.

A                           R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED
                                       v.
                            GOVINDARAJU AND ORS.

                                    MAY 4, 1999
                                       ..
B                     [A.P. MISRA AND R.C. LAHOTI, JJ.]


          Tenancy and Land Laws:

          T.N. Inam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963
C (Act 26 of 1963), Sections 2(9), 2(11) Explanations 1(a) and 1(b)-T.N.
    Minor Inams (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 30 of
     1963), Section 2(9)-Lands whose grant was expressed only in terms of
     acreage or cawines do not constitute a "Part village inam estate" and are
     excludedfrom the operation of Act 26of1963-Such land is a "minor inam"
D    under Section 2(9) of Act 30 of 1963-Intention of the legislature was to
     encompass all inam estates within the fold of Act 26 of 1963 and if an
     exception was made, the exclusion has to be made keeping in view the
     intention of the legislature-Exclusion cannot be read by ipse dixit but only
     through clear unimpeachable evidence-High Court rightly upheld the
    findings of the Tribunal that on the basis of records, the grant of the disputed
E   lands could not be said to be only in terms of acreage-As the grant land
    consisting of two separate and distinct areas formed apart of two separate
    and identifiable villages, the said areas could not be a "part village inam
    estate" covered by the definition in Section 2(11) of Act 26 of 1963-Tamil
    Nadu Inams (Supplementary) Act, 1963 (Act 31 of 1963), Section 5-Tamil
    Nadu Inams (Supplementary) Rules, 1965, Rule 5.
F
          T.N. lnam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963
    (Act 26 of 1963), Sections 2(9), 2(11) Explanations 1(a) and 1(b)-T.N.
    /nam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 30 of
    1963), Section 2(9)-Legislative development on inams and estates traced-
G   T.N. Jnams Act, 1869 (Act 8 of 1869)-T.N. Regulations, _1802 and 1822-
    T.N. Land Recovery Act, 1908 (Act 1 of 1908)-T.N. Estates Land (Third
    Amendment) Act, 1936 (Act 18 of 1936).

           T.N. Jnam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963
    (Act 26 of 1963), Section 2(11) Explanation 1(b)-"Minor inams"-The
H   significance of Explanation 1(b) .lies in that all inam estates are covered
                                            1010
              R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU                   1011
under Act 26 of 1963 and all such estates stand transferred and vested in A
the State-All preceding enactments in respect of inam estates have been
repealed except to extent of E'Cplanation l(b)-This residual inam is carried
over and read as "minor inam" under Section 2(9) of Act 30 of 1963-
Therefore, the land excluded by Explanation 1(b) is not covered by Act 26
of 1963 but is covered by Act 30 of 1963.
                                                                            B
      Ancient Hindu law-Beneficial interest in land-Under the ancient
Hindu system there were two beneficial interests in land, namely (1) that of
the sovereign or his representative, and (2) that of the cultivator (or Ryot)
holding the land-The cultivator's right arose from occupation of the land-
Thus the grant of an inam did not and could not have touched the cultivator's
right in the land, except in rare case where the grantor also held the C
cultivator's interest at the time of the grant.
      Words and Phrases-Words "estate", "part", "part village inam estate"
and "minor inam "-Meaning of-In the context of T.N. Inam Estates (Abolition
and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 26of1963); T.N. Inam Estates
(Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 30 of 1963).        D
      Evidence Act, 1872-Sections 61 & 63-Prior judgment as secondary
evidence-Secondary evidence in respect to a grant of land-Jn absence of
primary evidence regarding such grant, secondary evidence gathered from
an earlier judgment of the High Court about the same land on a different
question and between different parties.                                  E
       Interpretation of Statutes-Basic Rules-Determination of legislative
 intent-History of the land reform legislations concerning inam estates-
Intention of these legislation was to encompass all inam estates within its
fold-Small exclusion made in case of "minor inams"-The exclusion has to
be read keeping in view the intention of the legislation-Madras Inam F
Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 26 of
 1963), Sections 2(9), 2(11) Explanations l(a) and l(b)-T.N. Minor Jnams
(Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 30 of 1963), Section
2(9).
       The respondents filed a petition under Section 5 of the Tamil Nadu G
lnams (supplementary) Act, 1963 (Act 31 of 1963) for a declaration that the
two areas. (Mela and Kizha) in a village 'A' ofTaluk 'P', formed a new inam
estate falling under T.N. lnam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)
Act, 1963 (Act 26 of 1963) was illegal and liable to be quashed as the
original grant of the disputed areas was not made in terms of acreage or
cawnies; hence would only constitute to be a part of inam estate in view of H
    1012                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.
                                                                                   I



A Section 2(11) of the Act 26 of 1963. Settlement Officer, on the basis of
    Karunbavira Vanniar*, held that village' A' is not 'estate' within the meaning
    of Section 3(2) (d) of the Madras Estates Act, 1908. It was held on the basis
    of evidence that in 1829 there were two areas 'Mela' and 'Kizha' (the former
    formed part of village 'R' and the latter formed part of village 'P') and that
    it was neither to be whole village nor part village, and even not covered under
B   Explanation l(a) of Section 2(11) of Act 26of1963 as the grant was not of
    any fraction or specified number of shares of a part of village. It was
    concluded by the Settlement Officer that that the grant was of specified
    extends of lands, was covered by Explanation l(b) of Section 2(11), and thus
    a minor inam and suit land in village 'A'. The respondents preferred an
C   appeal before the Minor loam Estates Abolition Tribunal (Tribunal) and the
    same was allowed on the ground that two parts 'Mela' and Kizha' could be
    easily identified without their extents and boundaries being given were a
    "part" village inam estate" as defined in explanation l(a) of section 2(11) of
    Act 26 of 1963. In the absence of any document or evidence concerning the
    grant which was made in 1862, the Tribunal relied on the observation made
D   in Karumbavira Vanniar*. The appellants filed a revision before the High
    Court and the same was dismissed by it, holding that having regard to the
    definition of minor inam in Section 2(9) of T.N. loam Estates (Abolition and
    Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963 (Act 30of1963) read with the definition
    of"part village inam estate" in Section 2(11) of Act 26of1963, the Tribunal
E   was right in setting.aside the order of the Settlement Officer aside. Hence
    this appeal.

          It was contended by the appellants that the disputed land cannot be
    construed to be "part village inam estate" to fail within Act 26of1963, but
                                                                                         -
    was a minor inam to fall within Act 30 of 1963 read with definition of "part-
F   village inam estate" under Section 2(11) of Act 26 of 1963.

           Dismissing the appeal, this Court

          HELD : 1. Madras Inam act, 1869 declares that the enfranchisement
    of an inam and the grant of a title deed to the inamdar should not be deemed
G   to define, limit, or infringe the right of any description of holder or occupier ,
    of the land from which the inam was defined. Thus, the right of an inamdar
    does not ordinarily extend to the full proprietorship of the land, especially
    in the case treated as estates on exactly the same footing as zamindaris in
    the Madras Regulations of 1802 and 1822, the Madras Rent Recovery Act,
                                                                                         --
    1865, the Madras Proprietary Estates Village Service Act, 1894 and the
H   Madras Hereditary Village Offices Act, 1895 and it ultimately resulted in
              R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU                     1013
the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908. [1020-D-E]                                 A
       2.1. It is significant that the definition in the T.N. Estates Land Act,
1908 prior to its amendment by Act 18of1936 dealt with the grant of land
revenue ofany village to a person not owning the Kudivaram (share of the
ryot or cultivator) thereof, while the definition after ~he said amendment
dealt with cases where any inam village had been granted. By virtue of B
Section 3 of Act 26of1963, with effect from the date of notification, all other
enactments applicable to an inam estate and the entire such inam estate
stands transferred and vested in the State and all rights and interests
created in such inam estate before the notified date stand ceased and
determined. Thus, the significance of the interpretation of Explanation I(b) C
of Section 2(11) of the Act gains importance. Gradually the inam estate was
broug~t in within the definition of estate through various enactment Initially
it was divided into two, namely, (i) for the whole village or more than one
village, and (ii) for part of the village. In spite of this some of the inams
contested not to fall under either of the two, for which disputes were raised
 in courts in large numbers which led to bringing in the said two enactments D
 in 1963 by giving them more precise meaning. This was sought to be
achieved through definitions in Section 2 of Act 26 of 1963 viz "existing
 inam estate", i.e., "inam estate", "new inam,estate" and "part-village inam
estate" to make the law and the subject clear. The "existing inam estates"
are inam villages, which are estates as recognised through the Third E
Amendment Act 18of1936. What is not covered under it is brought in under
the Act 26 of 1963 within its definition "new-inam estate" to mean part-
village inam estate. Thus inam estate "under this Act included both the
existing inam estate and new inam estate". As "new inam estate" referred
to mean 'a part village inam estate' or 'a ,Pudukkottai inam estate,' the part
village inam estate itself is defined under sub-clause (11) of Section 2, which F
is subject1to scrutiny in the present case. This Act brings all inam villages
under its ~road definition to include all preceding inams and also such inams
which arlsaid to have been excluded but yet excluded a small fraction out
of the 'pa t village inam estate' by virtue of sub-clause (b) of Explanation I
of Sectio 2(11). So the net conclusion is that now all inam estates are
covered u der this Act, and all preceding enactments in respect of the inam G
estates are repealed except to the extent of sub-clause (b) of Explanation I.
This residual inam is carried to be read as 'minor inam' under sub-clause
(9) of Section 2 of Act No. 30 of 1963. So if appellant would be said to have
been excluded from sub-clause (b) of· Explanation I they would be out of Act
No. 26 of 1963 and to be in Act No. 30of1963. [1026-H; 1027-A-G]                H
    1014                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   (1999] 2 S.C.R.

A         2.2. To be out of Act No. 26 of 1963, the area of grant to the appellants
    should not ~onstitute to be a 'part village estate' and for this the appellants
    have to prove that its grant was expressed 'only in terms of acreage or
    cawnies etc.'. Unless this is shown excfosion from the Act cannot be gained.
    Lµoking back to the history of legislation to encompass all inam estates
    within its folds and if small exclusion is made, the exclusion has to be read
B   keeping with the intention of the legislation. The exclusion cannot be read
    by ipsi dipsi but only through clear and unimpeachable evidence. Legislature
    further makes it clear through sub-Section (9) of Section 2 of Act 30 of
    1963 that it is only such area of grant which is not included within the
    purview of Act 26 of 1963 will constitute to be "minor inam" under Act No.
C   30 of 1963. (1027-H; 1028-A-B]

          3.1. In the present case, the grant itself is not on the record which
    would have been the primary evidence to test appellant's case through the
    provision of s.ub-clause (11) of Section 2. The parties reinclined to the
    collateral evidence and that too what is recorded in the case of Karunbavira
D   Vanniar* which is also ofThanjavur estate which also refers to the aforesaid
    two distinct sets of areas, namely, Mela and f(jzha. The only question which
    arises is whether either on the evidence led and the collateral evidence
    gathered from the aforesaid decision, could it be read, on the facts of this
    case that the grant as an inam of tt.e disputed area was expressed only in
    terms of acreage or cawnies or other local equivalent. [1028-C-D]
E
          3.2. The findings recorded in Karunbavira Vanniar* is that the area
    Mela and f(jzha were parts of village Rajagiri and Papnasam respectively and
    only they are part of the village; the area would be covered within the
    definition of Section 2(11) of Act 26of1963 Act 30of1963 clearly, while

F
    defining the meaning "minor inams" under Section 2(9) excludes from its
    ambit by virtue _of sub-clause (b) of this very section what is covered by
    Section 2(9) of Act 26 of 1963, "a new inam estate" as defined under Section
    2(9) of Act 26of1963 is a "part-village inam estate". Since the aforesaid
                                                                                      --
    two bits ofland are admittedly a part of village and "part-village inam estate"
    is defined under such Section 2(11), the area in question being part of two
G   villages it would be a new inam estate within the meaning of Section 2(9) of
    Act 26 of 1963 and thus it cannot be excluded by virtue of clause (b)
    Explanation I of Section 2(11) and thus it cannot be minor inam under Act
    30 of 1963. (1031-C-F]

          *Karunbavira Vanniar, (1977) MLW ·741 and Sri Akka/oi Ammani
H   chatram v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1980) 1 MLJ 76 FB, approved.
             R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J.] 1015

            Secy, ofState v. Velivelapalli Mallayya, AIR (1932) PC 238, relied on.   A
          P. Muniam v. State of Tamil Nadu, [1994) 1SCC643; Aluru Kondayya
    v. Singaraju Rama Rao, [1966) 1SCR842 and H.R. Sathyanaraynan Rao v.
    State of Tamil Nadu, (1977) 1 MLJ 302, distinguished.

         T.R. Bhavani Shankar Joshi v. Somasundara Moopanar, [1963) 2 SCR
                                                                                     B
    421 and S. Sundaram Ayyar v. Ramachandra Ayyar, ILR (1917) 40 Mad 89
    FB, referred to.

          4. The origin of inam tenure is traced back to it grants made by the
    Hindu rulers for the support of temples and charitable institutions, for the
    maintenance of holy and learned men rendering public service, etc. This
    practice was followed by the Mohammedan rulers and by British
                                                                                     c
    administrators until about a century ago. According to the ancient Hindu
    law, there were two beneficial interests in land, namely, (1) that of the
    sovereign or his representative and (2) that of the cultivator holding the land.
    The sovereign's right to collect a share of the produce of the cultivated land
    was known by the name "melvaram", the share of the ryot or cultivator was D
                                                                                         .
    known by the name "Kudivaram". The ryot's right arose from occupation of
    the land. Thus, the grant of an inam did not touch, and could not have
    touched, the cultivator's right in the land, namely, the kudivaram, except in
    rare cases where the grantor was also holding the cultivator's interest at
    the time of the grant. (1020-A-C)
                                                                                     E
            CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1257 of
    1976.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 13.8.1976 of the Madras High Court
    in C.R.P. No. 849of1971.
-        Tripurari Ray, Vineet Kumar, A.T.M. Sampath and V. Bal11ji for the
                                                                                     F

    Appellant.

         R. Sundaravaradan, V.J. Francis, P.I. Jose and A. Mariarputham (NP) for
    the Respondents.
                                                                                     G
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          MISRA, J. These two appeals raise a common question hence are being
    disposed of by means of this common judgment. The question raised is,
    whether Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai, consisting of two distinct areas, viz.,
    Mela Thattimal Padugai and Kizha Thattimal Padugai was known at the H
        1016                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.

    A   relevant time, is a minor inam coming within the purview of The Tamil Nadu
        Minor loams (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963, (hereinafter
        referred to 'as the Act 30 of 1963') or it would fall under the Madras loam
        Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act :XXVI of 1963, (hereinafter
        referred to 'as the Act No. 26 of 1963'). The State Government initially issued
        notification treating it to be under Act No. 26 of 1963, later withdrew and
    B   notified it under Act No. 30 of 1963. The appellants' contention is that the
        State Government rightly issued it to be under Act No. 30 of 1963 and it is
        held to be valid also by the Settlement Officer, S.R. II, Thanjavur.

               The short facts are that the respondents filed a petition under Section
    c   5 of the Madras loams (Supplementary) Act (XXXI of 1963) (hereinafter
        referred to as 'Act No. 31 of I 963') for a declaration that the said two distinct
        areas oflands in Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai Village, of Papanasam Taluk
        form a new inam estate falling under Act No. 26 of I963. The notification
        issued by the Government of India under Act No. 30 of I963 is illegal, liable
        to be quashed as the original grant of the disputed areas was not made in
•   D   terms of acreages or cawnies hence would only constitute to be a part of inam
        estate in view of Section 2 (I I) of the Act No. 26 of I 963. The Settlement
        Officer after hearing parties, including the State, held that the Madras High
        Court in Karumbavira Vanniar & Ors. v. Govindaswami Vanniar & Ors., ·
        (1977) Madras Law Weekly, 74I, h~ld that Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai is
        not 'estate' within the meaning of Section 3 (2)( d) of the Madras Estates Land
    E
        Act, I 908. It further recorded that evidence shows that i.n I 829 there were two
        areas, namely, Mela Thattima!Padugai (hereinafter referred to as 'Mela') and
        Kizha Thattimal Padugai (hereinafter referred to as 'Kizha'). The former formed
        part of Rajagiri village and the latter formed part of Papanasa village. It is the
        area of this land in Mela and Kizha which is the subject matter under
    F   consideration. The Settlement Officer held it neither to be whole village nor
        part village, and even not covered under Explanation l (a) of Section 2 (I I)
        of the Act No. 26 of I 963 as the grant is not of any fraction or specified
                                                                                             -
        number of shares of a part of village. It concluded that the grant was of
        specified extents of lands, hence, is covered by Explanation I (b) of Section
        2 (I I), thus a minor inam and so the suit land in Arayapuram Thattimal
    G   Padugai is only a minor inam falling under Act No. 30 of 1963, thus upheld
        the impugned notification. The petition of the respondents was accordingly
        dismissed. The respondents then preferred an appeal before the Minor Inam
        Estates Abolition Tribunal (Subordinate Judge) of Thanjavur, hereinafter
        referred to as 'the Tribunal'). The appeal was allowed. The Tribunal held with
    H   reference to the Karumbavira Vanniar (Supra) that the undisputed facts which
        R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J.]                    1017
emerges are that in 1862, which is the year of grant, there were two areas,          A
namely Mela and Kizha falling under villages Rajagiri· and Papanasam,
respectively. In the list of 193 villages in the grant of 1862, one of the entries
is Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai. It further records, it is conceded by the
learned counsel for the respondents (appellants here) that the extent of the
padugai or the boundaries of the lands in question are not given. It is these        B
two portions, namely, Mela and Kizha, subsequently, were merged together
and formed into the present revenue Village No. 5 as Arayapuram Thattimal
Padugai in 1919. The Tribunal further accepted submission on behalf of the
appellants (respondents here) that the said two distinct portions granted .in
inam can be easily identified without its extents and boundaries being given.
Thus, it construed it to be a 'part village inam estate'. The Tribunal also          C
accepted that Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai which is mentioned among 193
items covering the grant of 1862, consisted of the aforesaid two portions,
namely Mela and Kizha, respectively. So what have been granted are defined
portions in two different villages. But extents of the two padugais are not
given. It is also relevant to quote the following observations made in               D
Karumbavira Vanniar (Supra), as the said observations have also been referred
and relied by the Tribunal. This was because both the parties relied on it for
gathering facts, in the absence of proper evidence in the present case. This
reliance was, as it also pertains to the same estate of Raja of Thanjavur with
reference to this land itself which is in dispute though was not between the
same party with a different question raised. The observations are:                   E
        "It is in evidence that as early as the year 1829 there were two areas,
        Mela Thattimal Padugai and Kizha Thattimal Padugai, the former formed
       .Part of Rajagiri Village and the latter of papanasam Villag~. Evidently,
        both these portions, although there was no geographical contiguity,
        were designated as Aryapuram Thattimal Padugai at the time when the          F
        East India Co., took over the village and later granted it to the heirs
        of the last of Rajahs of Tanjore ... .It will be plain from what we have
        stated above, that both before and immediately after the grant of the
        year 1862, the two parts of the present Aryapuram Thattimal Padugai
        were attached to different taraf villages and could have only formed         G
        part of those villages .... This will show that there was no such distinct
        village of that name, though there were two areas designed as Mela
        Thattimal Padugai and Kizha Thattimal Padugai, which perhaps for
        convenience was referred to as Aryapuram Thattimal at the time of the
        grant.. .. We, therefore, agree with the conclusion reached by the learned
        Subordinate Judge as well as by the Tribunal that the grant was of           H
    1018                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      (1999] 2 S.C.R.

A           two separate bits of land lying in two different Taraf villages and that
            it was now the year 1919 that they were amalgamated to form what
            is now known as No. 5, Aryapuram Thattimal Padugai village."

          Hence, the Tribunal held that what were granted in 1862 were two
    distinct portions of land in two different taraf villages. It set aside the finding
B   of the Settlement Officer by holding:

           " ..... The learned Settlement Officer is not quite correct when he says
    that the evidence available indicates that the grant was of a specified extent
    of lands only. Admittedly the extents are not mentioned in the grant...."

C The said earlier decision records that the survey numbers of Kizha are l to
    56 and of Mela are 57 to 68 though are separated by a mile but they formed
    one block. The grant thus is of two parts of two villages. Thus, the Tribunal
    allowed the appeal, set aside the judgment of the Settlement Officer and also
    the notification under Act No. 30 of 1963 and held that the said two parts were
D   compendiously known then as Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai and is a 'part
    village inam estate'. Aggrieved by this, the present appellants filed revision
    before the High Court.

          Appellants submitted before the High Court, in the absence of original
   grants, on the residuary evidence specially on the fact as recorded in
E Karumbavira Vanniar (supra) to which both parties relies, expresses the
   grant to be only in terms of acreages or cawnies and, therefore, it cannot be
  ·deemed to be a 'part village inam estate'. The submission, in fact, was in terms
   of the language of Explanation 1 (b) of Section 2 (11) of Act No. 26of1963.
   On the other hand, submission for the respondents was that it is established
F by the evidence that the grant was of a part of the village and was not
   expressed in acreage or cawnies and thus would be covered by Explanation
    1 (a) of Section 2 (11). In order to substantiate that the area of the aforesaid
   two Mela and Kizha was described in an acreage etc. reliance was placed for
   the appellant on the following observations in Karumbavira Vanniar (Supra);

            "This position is made clear from the paimash accounts and the
G
            subsequent surveys. Mala Thattimal, which till 1919 formed part of
            Rajagiri village, covered as we said an extent of 26-21 acres. In the
            Paimash accounts of the year 1829 the area was designated by Nos.
            1272 to 1302. In the survey of the year 1886 the area was represented
            by S.No. I I ofRajagiri. In the land register of the year l9I9, the area
H           was given Nos. 45 to 49 in the newly formed No. 5, Arayapuram
-             R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J. ] 1019

              Thattimal PadugaL ..                                                   A

-                Now, coming to Kizha Thattimal, which covered on area of 267-
             44 acres they were represented Nos. 335 to 614 in the Paimash account
             of the Taraf Village of Papanasam. In the survey of 1886 the
             corresponding numbers were S.Nos. l to 10 in No. 2, Arayapuram
             Thattimal Padugai . The position continued to be the same in the         B ,
             survey of 1921. But in the Record of Rights Register, they have been
             given S.Nos. l to 56 in No. 5, Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai."

      The reference of the acreage therein was relied. The High Court rejected this
      submission holding that this collateral references of paimash account and
      subsequent survey were compiled after the grant, hence it could not be C
      concluded it was so described in the grant itself. It further records that the
      grant was only of two distinct portions in two different villages wherein there
      is no specific mention of its extent, hence it would not fall under (b) of
      Explanation l of Section 2(11) and so the notification by the Government
      under the Act No. 30 of 1963 cannot be sustained. The High Court finally D
      concluded, having regard to the definition of minor inam in Section 2 (9) of
      the Act No. 30 of 1963 read with the definition of a 'part village inam estate'
      in Section 2 (11) of the Act No. 26 of 1963, the Tribunal was right in setting
      aside the order of the Settlement Officer and the notification of the Government
      under Act No. 30 of 1963. It is this judgment which is the subject matter of
      the present appeals. It is significant that the State Government has not filed E
      any appeal against it. Though it is one of the respondents but has not made
      any submission either way. It is also not in dispute, the original grant has not
      been filed and is not on the record.

            The central question in issue is, the interpretation of sub-clause (b ),
      Explanation l to Section 2 (11) of the Act No. 26of1963. Learned counsels, F
      for the aforesaid respective appellants, Mr. Tripurari Ray and Mr. A.T.M.
      Sampath senior counsel, submit on the facts of this case, the disputed land
      cannot be construed to be 'part village inam estate' to fall within Act No. 26
      of 1963 but is a minor Inam to fall under Act No. 30 of 1963. Before taking
      up this issue of 'part village inam estate', it is necessary to look back to the G
      history of inam lands, how it emerged, recognised, canalised and dealt with
      through various enactments till it reached into the legislative umbrella of both

---   Act Nos. 26 and 30 of 1963. The law relating to the land holdings, agrarian
      reform, in the Presidency town of Madras, with reference to the landlords and
      ryots started from the previous century and it is interesting to note few of
      the essential features of this agrarian development. The origin of inam tenure H
    1020                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A   is traced back to its grant made by Hindu rulers for the support of temples
    and charitable institutions, for th~ maintenance of holy and learned men
    rendering public service, etc. This practice was followed by the Muhammadan
    rulers and by British administrators until about a century ago. According to
    the ancient Hindu Law, there were two beneficial interests in land, namely, (1)
B   that of the sovereign or his representative, and (2) that of the cultivator
    holding the land. The sovereign's right to collect a share of the produce of
    the cultivated land was known by the name 'melvaram', the share of the ryot
    or cultivator was known by the name 'kudivaram'. The ryot's right arose from
    occupation of the land. Thus, the grant of an inam did not touch, and could
    not have touched, the cultivator's right in the land, namely, the kudivaram,
C   except in rare cases where the grantor was also holding the cultivator's
    interest at the time of the grant.

           It is also relevant to refer to Madras lnams Act, 1869 (Madras Act VIII
    of 1869). This Act declares that the enfranchisement of an inam and the grant
    of a title deed to the inamdar should not be deemed to define, limit, infringe
D   the right of any description of holder or occupier of the land from which the
    inam was derived. Thus, the right of an inamdar does not ordinarily extend
    to the full proprietorship of the land, especially in the case where the inam
    consisted of an entire village. Thus, inam villages were treated as estates on
    exactly the same footing as zamindaris in the Madras Regulations of 1802 and
E   1822, the Madras Rent Recovery Act, 1865, the Madras Proprietary Estates
    Village Service Act, 1894 (Madras Act II of 1894) and Madras Hereditary
    Village Officers Act, 1895 (Madras Act III of 1895) and it ultimately resulted
                                                                                      ~-
    into Madras Estates Land Act, 1908.

          The Madras Estates Land Act (Act No. I of 1908), (hereinafter referred
F   to the 1908 Act) came into force which is the first major enactment in the
    Presidency of Madras controlling and defining the rights of the landholders
    and ryots. Prior to that both zamindars and ryots were subjected to and
    treated under the Madras Regulations of 1802 and Regulation No. IV of 1822.
    The 1908 Act repealed the Madras Rent Recovery Act (VIII of 1865). This Act
G   not only safeguarded the interest of the cultivators but also of the landlords
    including collection of rents. It is interesting to record here the concern
    expressed by Hon'ble Mr. Forbes on this subject while introducing the Original
    Estates Land Bill in the Council, which is quoted hereunder:
                                                                                       ..
            "The ancient zamindars are being displaced by new men who have no
H           traditional connection with the soil, and whose action will be guided
        R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J.]                   1021
        solely by commercial or selfish motives, and who will strain the laws       A
        to its utmost limits. A Law is a bad Law which gives opportunities for
        diverting its power to oppress the poor and weak. Moreover, unless
        rights are firmly fixed and declared the slow process of erosion
        imperceptibly wears them away. The zamindar is the flood stream; the
        ryot, the river bank. Not only justice to a weak class, who are specially   B
        in need of the protection of the strong arm, but on every ground
        political and economic the Government could not sit by impassive.

           The Government have to hold the scales evenly, distributing the
       benefits of the Act both to the landlord and tenant, remembering that
       the value of a thing to a person does not depend on its intrinsic cost.      C
       On the side of the zamindar, he is given a charge over the ryot's
       holding - a first charge indefeasible by any encumbrance; he has been
       given the right to enhance rent with reference to rise in prices;

            On the other side, the ryot has been confirmed in his rights; he
        is secured in the occupancy of his holding from which he cannot be          D
        ejected so long as he pays his khist; nor can his khist be enhanced
        except by suit before the Collector; and he is given the right to have
        the irrigation of his fields secured;

            Looking at both sides it must be admitted that the Government
        has, as far as it lay in its power, discharged with equal justice its       E
        obligations to safeguard the established rights of both zamindars and
        ryots, in the sense of the old Regulation IV of 1822.

           The intervention of the Government is thus as much to the benefit
       of the landholders as of the ryot. All that is done for the ryot is to
       protect him against the horrors or arbitrary eviction, against the           p
       oppression of rackrents and to secure to him his right to enjoy his
       established share of the produce, conditions which are essential to
       the stability of an agricultural community and the undoubted and
       ancient right of the Madras ryot."

The aforesaid observations by Hon. Mr. Forbes gives clear indication of the         G
objects and reasons for introducing the 1908 Act. It is interesting to see how
even at that time the exploitations by the haves for commercial and selfish
ends down right were condemned and provisions made to protect the
oppressed, poor and weak. Subsequently, by Madras Amending Act No. IV
of 1909 the definition of 'rent' as given under the 1908 Act was changed with
an object that the land holder should not employ the machinery of the Act           H
    1022                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A   for the recovery of quit rents from intermediate landholders. but s~ek his
    remedy only through civil courts. Next Madras Act VII of 1934 brought
    various changes for the benefit the ryots. This was followed by Madras Act
    1of1936 amending.1908 Act to bring in inam villages in which the inamdar
    had the kudivaram interest within the purview of 1908 Act. It is interesting .
    after this was passed, His Excellency the Governor General withheld his
B   assent to the provisions in the Madras Estates Land Amendment Act of 1934
    under which occupancy rights were to be conferred o.n tenants in inam
    villages even though kudivaram interest may have been granted to the inamdars.
    This led to the appointment of a Selec.t Committee which drafted another bill
    giving effect to the suggestion made by His Excellency the Governor General
C   which made into Madras Estates Land (Third Amendment) Act XVIII of 1936.
    By this definition of 'estate' in Section 3 (2)(d) of the 1908 Act was amended
    to bring within its scope any inam village of which the grant has been made,
    confirmed or recognised by the British Government: By virtue of new Section
    23 a presumption was laid down that an inam village was an estate even
    before the commencement of the aforesaid 1936 Act. There were SOQle other
D   amendments also but are not relevant for this case. Then came the two Acts,
    namely, Act No. 26 of 1963 and Act No. 30 of 1963. Prior"to these two
    enactments there were two forms of inam (i) the full inam; where whole village
    comprised of inam . and (ii) part inam or· minor inam, where part ofvillage was
                                                                                ~


    given in inam.
E         We now herewith give some of the decisions as how they_ have
    understood and interpreted the said relevant provisions including the
    provisfons to which we are concerned.

          In Act No. 26 of 1963 it .is necessary to refer to some of the definitions
    to appreciate this case and some of the decisions given by courts. Sub-
F   section (4) Of Section 2 defines 'existing inam estate' means an inam village
    which became an estate by virtue of the Madras Estates Land (Third
    Amendment) Act, 1936 (Madras Act XVIII of 1936). Sub-section (7) defines
    'inam estate' means an existing inam estate or a new inam estate. Sub-section
    (9) defines 'new inam estate' means a 'part village inam estate' or a Pudukkottai
G   inam estate. Sub-section (11) of Section 2 defines 'part village inam estate',
    which is quoted hereunder;
                                                   ~   ..
            "(1 I) 'part village inam estate' means a'part of a village (including a
           part. o.f a. village in the merged territory of Pudukkotiai) the grant of
           which part has been made, confirmed or recognised by the Government,
H          notwithstanding that subsequent to the grant, such part has been
            R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J. ]                   1023
            partitioned among the grantees or the successors-in-title of the grantee     A
            or grantees.

                Explanation I. - (a) Where the grant of a part of a village as an
            inam is expressed to be a specified fraction of, or a specified number
            of shares in, a village, such part shall be deemed to be a part village
            inam estate notwithstanding that such grant refers also to the extent        B
            of such part in terms of acreage or cawnies, or of other local equivalent.

            (b )' Where a grant as in inam is expressed to be only in terms of
            acreage or cawnies, or of other local equivalent, the area which forms


--          the subject- matter of the grant shall not be deemed to be a part
            village inam estate.

                Explanation n. - A part of a village granted in inam shall be
                                                                                   C

            deemed to be a part village inam estate notwithstanding that different
            parts of such part village were granted, confirmed or recognised on
            different dates or by different title-deeds or in favour of different
            persons;"                                                                    D
     The 'minor inam' defined under sub-section (9) of Section 2 of Act No. 30 of
     1963. The relevant portion is quoted hereunder:

            "(9) 'Minor inam' means -

            (i)   any inam which is not -                                                E
            (a)   an estate within the meaning of sub-clause (d) of clause (2) of
                  section 3 of the (Tamil Nadu) Estate Land Act, 1908 (Tamil Nadu
                  Act I of 1908); or

            (b)   a new inam estate as defined in clause (9) of section 2 of the         F
                  Inam Estates Abolition Act; or (c) an estate within the meaning


-                 of sub-clause (d) of clause (2) of section 3 of the (Tamil Nadu)
                  Estate land Act, 1908 (Tamil Nadu Act I of 1908), as in force in
                  the territories specified in the Second Schedule to the Andhra
                  Pradesh and (Tamil Nadu) (Alteration of boundaries) Act, 1959          G
                  (Central Act LVI of 1959);"

           In Secretary of State v. Veliveldpalli Mal/ayya & Ors., AIR (1932) PC
     238, (From Madras) recognised the two forms of inams. It records:


-           "It is usual to divide inams into two classes, namely, (I) major and (2}'
            minor. Technically a major inam is a whole village or more than one H
    1024                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A          village, and a minor inam is something less than a village."

    It further defined and held:

           "A Khandrika means a small hamlet. It is a large block of land granted
           as inam, less than a village, but much larger than an ordinary inam."
B
          In HR. Sathyanarayana Rao v. The State of Tamil Nadu, (1977)
    Madras Law Journal 305, reliance is placed· on the following passage :

           "This is also clear from the fact that Explanation 1 (b) excludes where
           the grant is of an extent of land. If the grant was of a specified fraction
c          of a village or a specified number of shares in a village, the inam
           would not be covered by the definition of inam estate under section
           2(7) of the Madras Act XXVI OF 1948 and it would also not be an
           existing inam under section 2(4). It is those inams that were sought
           to be covered under section 2(11) of the Madras Act XXVI of 1963.
           If, 'part inam village' is understood as literally meaning any part of a
D          village then that will directly come under Explanation l(b) to section
           2(11). All those inams which related to a part of a village of with
           reference to specified extent of land, in my opinion, would be 'covered
           by the definition of minor inam in Madras ACT XXX of 1963 a!ld it
           would not be a part village inam estate under section 2(11). I am
E          therefore of the opinion that Marasandram village is also not a 'part
           village inam estate'. The result of it is the notification of the village
           under Madras Act XXVI of 1963 was not valid and is liable to be set
           aside and it is accordingly set aside."
                                                                                         -
    This case records in order to come within the definition of an inam estate
F   three essential conditions have to be satisfied, namely, (i) the grant should
    be of both the warams or of melwaram to a person already owning the
    Kudivaram thereof; (ii) it should be of the whole village or named village and
    (iii) the grant should be made, confirmed or recognised by the British
    Government. There the question was whether Marasandram village could be
                                                                                         -
G   said to be a confirmation of grant of a whole village? The Court records:

            "Where the grants of two minor inams and portion or the village
           remaining thereafter were confinned by the Inams Commissioner
           separately and three separate title deeds were issued, and the Inam
           Commissioner had recognised by confinnation of the part of the
                                                                                         ..._
H          village the title of the grantee derived from the original grant, it could
            R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J. ] 1025

            not be said to be a confirmation of a whole village. Marasandram A
            village was not an 'existing inam estate' within the meaning of section
            2(9) of the Madras Act XXVI of 1963."



-           In Sri Akkaloi Ammani Chatram v. State of Tamil Nadu, (1980) Madras
     Law Journal, 67 (Full Bench), the Court considered both the Acts, namely, Act B
     No. 26of1963 and Act No. 30of1963. This is also a case with reference to
     the estate of Raja Thanjavur, as is the case under consideration by us also.
     The question in issue in this case is similar to the question in issue before


--
     us. There also the Settlement Officer under Section 5 bf the Tamil Nadu Act
     XXXI of 1963 was to decide whether a non- ryotwari area is an 'existing inam
     estate' or a 'part village inam estate' or a 'minor inam' or a 'whole inam' C
     village in Pudukkottai. There also as in the present case it was nobody case
     that the property in issue was of whole inam village. The relevant portion of
     the decision is quoted hereunder:

            "33. Let us assume for the sake of argument that in view of the earlier
            decision of the Division Bench of this Court in A.S. Nos. 223 and 292 D
            of 1956, it is no longer open to any of the parties to contend that the
            inam in question will come within the scope of the 'existing inam
            estate.' Still the case can certainly come within the scope of 'new inam
            estate' because the definition of the term 'inam estate' in section 2 (7)
            of the Tamil Nadu Act XXVI of 1963 takes in both 'an existing inam E
            estate' and 'a new inam estate.'

            34. We have already referred to the definition of the 'new inam estate'
            in section 2(9) of the Tamil Nadu Act XXVI of 1963 and that means
            'a part village inam estate'. We have again referred to the definition
            of the term, 'part village inam estate' in section 2(11) of the Tamil F
            Nadu Act XXVI of 1963 and in the present case both the Settlement
            Officer and the Tribunal have held that the inam in Question is a part
            village inam estate and therefore a new inam estate and consequently
            an inam estate under the Tamil Nadu Act XXVI of 1963."

     The Full Bench further considered the meaning of the word 'part' as referred G
     in the main part of the definition of 'part village inam estate' in sub-section
     ( 11) of Section 2 of Act No. 26 of 1963 with reference to various dictionaries.
     It recorded that the word 'part' is not a word of art or a technical term
     conveying a special meaning. It records:

            "There is nothing in the scheme of the Tamil Nadu ACT XXVI of 1963 H
     1026                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A            or in the context of the definition of the term 'part village inam estate'
             justifying giving to the expression 'part' occurring therein a meaning
             other than the dictionary meaning referred to above."




B
     There is nothing in the scheme of the Act No. 26 of 1963 or in the context
     of definition of the term 'part village inam estate' justifying to the expression
     'part' occurring therein meaning other than the dictionary meaning referred to
     above. Significantly, the Full Bench with reference to Explanation 1 (b) of.the
                                                                                          -
     aforesaid Section recorded the findings as:

             "The very deeming provision will make it clear that but for this
c            explanation, the grant would fall within the scope of the definition
             itself. Therefore, if Explanation 1 (b) had not been there, even where
             the grant, as an inam, is expressed to be only in terms of acreage or
             cawnies or of other local equivalent, it will still mean a part village
             inam estate, as defined in section 2(1 l) of the Tamil Nadu Act. XXVI
             of 1963 and be creating afiction, in Explanation l (b ), the said grant is
.D           taken out of the definition of a part village inam estate. Simil;:irly
             Explanation II also will support our conclusion that the word 'part'
             should be given its ordinary meaning.                           ··

             39. The next aspect to be considered in this case is, whether
E            Explanation (b) can come into operation at all. The said Explanation
             refers to acreage or cawnies or other local equivalent. The expression
             'other local equivalent' must necessarily mean equivalents to acreage
             or cawnies."

             From the aforesaid decisions and enactments, their amendments it is
F    revealed, the word 'estate' as defined in Section 3 (2)(d) of 1908 Act was
     different than this word after its amendment by Tamil Nadu Act XVIII of 1936.
     Similarly, the word 'estate' as defined in Tamil Nadu Act XXVI of 1963 is
     different then what is defined under the 1908 Act as it originally stood but
     is the same after its amendment by the Tamil Nadu Act XVIII of 1936. So
                                                                                          -
G    definition under Act No. 26 of 1963 of 'estate' is what is defined through
     amending Tamil Nadu Act XVIII of 1936 only it is further clarified through the
     definition clauses. It is significant that the definition in 1908 Act prior to its
     amendment by Act XVIII of 1936 dealt with the grant of the land revenue of
     any village to a person not owning die kudiwaram thereof. While definition
     after the said amendment dealt with cases where any inam village has been            ,.
H    granted. By virtue of Section 3 of Act No. 26 6f 1963, with effect from the·
              R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J.]                  1027
      date of notification, all other enactments applicable to inam estate, is deemed A
      to have been repealed, in respect. of its application to the inam estate and the
      entire such inam estate stands transferred and vested in the State and all
      rights and interests created in such inam estate before the notified date
      stands ceased and determined. Thus, the significan~e of interpretation of
      Explanation 1 (b) of Section 2 (11) of the Act gains importance:We have seen
      gradually how inam estate were brought in within the definition of estate B
      through various enactments. Initially it was divided into two, namely, (i) for
      the whole village or more than one village and (ii) for the part of the village.
      In spite of this some of the inams contested not to fall under either of the
      two, for which u <>putes were raised in courts in large numbers which lead to
      bringing in the said two enactments in 1963 by giving it more precise meaning. C
      This is sought to be achieved through definitions in Section 2 of Act No. 26
      of 1963 of 'existing inam estate', i.e., 'inam estate' and 'new inam estate' and
      'part village inam estate' to make the law and the subject clear. The 'existing
      inam estate' are inam villages which are estate as recognised through the
      aforesaid Third Amendment Act XVIII of 1936. It is what is said to be not
      covered under it is brought in under the said 1963 Act within its definition D

...   'new inam estate' to mean part village inam estate. Thus inam estate 'under
      this Act included both the existing inam estate and new inam estate'. As 'new
      inam estate' referred to mean 'a part village inam estate' or 'a Pudukkottai inam
      estate', the part village inam estate itself is defined under sub-clause (11) of
      Section 2, which is subject to scrutiny in the present case. This Act brings E
      all forms of inam villages under its broad definition to include all preceding
      inams and also such inams which is said to have been excluded but yet
      excluded a small fraction out of the 'part village inam estate' by virtue of sub-
      clause (b) of Explanation I of Section 2 (11). So the net condusioJJ. is that now
      all inam estate are covered under this Act, and all preceding enactments in
      respect of the inam estate is repealed except to the extent of sub-clause (b) F
      of Explanation I. This residual in am is carried to be read as 'minor inam' under
      the aforesaid Act No. 30 of 1963. So what is excluded under sub-clause (b)
      of Explanation 1 would be what would be covered under the definition 'minor
      inam' under sub-clause (9) of Section 2 of Act No. 30 of 1963. So if appellants
      could be said to have been excluded from sub-clause (b) of Explanation I they G
      would be out of Act No. 26 of 1963 and to be in Act No. 30 of 1963.

             Returning to the present case, to be out of Act No. 26, the area of grant
      to the appellants should not constitute to be a 'part village estate' and for
      this the appellants have to prove that its grant was expressed 'only in terms
      of acreage or cawnies etc,. Unless this is shown exclusion from the Act            H
    1028                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      (1999] 2 S.C.R.

A   cannot be gained. Looking back to the history oflegislation of inam estates,
    the intention of legislatwe to encompass all inam estates within its folds' and
    if small exclusion is made, the exclusion has to be read keeping with the
    intention of legislation. The exclusion cannot be read by ipsi dipsi but only
    through clear and unimpeachable evidence. Legislature further makes it clear
    through sub-Section (9) of Section 2 of Act no. 30 of 1963 that it is only such
B   area of grant which is not included within the purview of Act No. 26 of 1963
    will constitute to be 'minor inam' under Act No. 30 of 1963.

           In the present case, the grant itself is not on the record which would

C
    have been the primary evidence to test appellant case through the provision
    of sub-clause (I I) of Section 2. The parties reinclined to the collateral evidence
    and that too what is recorded in the case of Karumbavira Vanniar (supra)
                                                                                          -
    which is also of Thanjavur estate which also refers to the aforesaid two
    distinct sets of areas, namely, Mela and Kizha. The only question, as we have
    said, which arises is, whether either on the evidence led and the collateral
    evidence gathered from the aforesaid decision, could be it said, on the facts
D   of this case that the grant as an inam of the disputed area was expressed only
    in terms of acreages or cawnies or other local equivalent.                            -
           Before we proceed to refer to the judgment in Karumbavira Vanniar
    (Supra), we herewith give short facts as recorded in the same judgment in
E   respect of the estate of Raja ofTanjore. In the year 1799 Raja ofTanjor ceded
    its entire raj and reserved for himself the fort of Tanjor and about 190 villages
    which formed part of his private property. The last of the Rajas died in 1855.
    The East India Company then took over the aforesaid both the sets of
    properties. The heirs of Raja contested the right of the Company though were
    successful in the Supreme Court at Madras, but the Privy Council held that
F   the validity of the confiscation could not be challenged in the Municipal
    Court. Thereafter on account of certain influential ·persons the British
    Government, as an act of grace granting 190 villages to the Raja's widow and
    they were compendiously referred to as Tanjore Palace Estate. Thereafter a
    full Bench decision in Sundaram Ayyar v. Ramachandra Ayyar, ILR 40 Mad.
G   389, held that this grant to the widow was a fresh grant and not a restoration
    of what had been taken away from heirs of the last Raja by the East India
    Coll!pany. The Full Bench also held the question whether it was an inam of
    an entire village or grant was of Melwaram or both melwaram and the kudiwaram
    has to be decided on the facts of each case. In T.R. Bhavani Shankar Joshi,
    ( 1962) 2 SCR 421, this Court while dealing with similar Tanjore Palace estate
H   held that such a grant was a fresh grant. It held:
       R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J. ] 1029

       "the act of State having made no distinction between the private and A
       public properties of the Rajah the private properties were lost by that
       of State leaving no right outstanding in the existing claimants. The
       Government order was thus a fresh grant due to the bounty of the
       Government and not because of any antecedent rights in the grantees."
      Some submissions were made on behalf of the learned counsel for the B
parties, in respect of the onus of proof. The submission was that the party
seeking exclusion from the field of an Act by virtue of any provision for gain,
the onus lies on such party to prove the same. Reliance was placed for the
respondents in the case of Aluru Kondayya and Ors. v. Singaraju Rama Rao
& Ors., AIR ( 1966) SC 681. However, this was a case under 1908 Act and was C
with reference to suit. The present case falls in terms of Rule 5 of the Tamil
Nadu Inam (Supplementary) Rule, 1965, under which a proceeding before the
Settlement Officer is of a summary nature and is to be governed as far as
possible by the provisions of CPC. We feel since the proceeding before the
Settlement Officer as far as the present case is concerned is of summary in
nature we would not like to put much emphasis on the burden of proof D
though primary burden still remains on the person seeking an exclusion from
the Act who has to prove it. In the present case the appellants relied on a
portion of finding and evidence as recorded in the Karumbavira Vanniar
(Supra). The relevant portion are quoted hereunder:

       "This position is made clear from the Paimash accounts and the E
       subsequent surveys. Mela Thattimal, which till 1919 formed part of
       Fajagiri village, covered as we said an extent of 276-21 acreas. In the
       Paimash accounts of the year 1829 the area was designated by Nos.
       1272 to 1302. IN the survey of the year 1886 the area was represented
       by S. No. 11 of Rajagiri. - In the Land Register of the year 1919 the F
       area was given Nos. 45 to 49 in the newly formed No. 5 Arayapuram
       Thattimal Padugai. Under the Record of Rights Register, the
       corresponding numbers were S. Nos. 57 to 62.

           Now coming to Kizha Thattimal, which covered an area of267-44
       acres, they were represented Nos. 335 to 614 in the Paimash account G
       of the Taraf village of Papanasam."
We fail to see how this portion helps the appellants. This portion refers only
to Paimash account and subsequent survey of Mela, it records till 19 I 9 it
formed part of Rajagiri village. It no doubt records its extent to be of 26.21
acres. The question is as to when this area was measured, that is not recorded H
    1030                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      (1999] 2 S.C.R.

A in the above passage. The said judgment does not reveal, whether the 'Paimash
    account and subsequent surveys referred to therein were of 1862 the year of
    grant. Unless the reference of the document first is established to be of the
    year of grant or refers to a fact as existed in the year of grant and that
    documents refer to the acreages, no inference in favour of the appellants
    could be d~awn. The reference of paimash account or the subsequent survey
B   referred does not indicate it to be of the year in question nor whether it refers
    to the acreage. There might have been surveys subsequent to the grant
    giving acreage but that would not help the appellants unless there is some
    document referred in the judgment of the year in question which fixes the
    acreage or a document which refers, what was acreage of the area is question
C   in the year of grant, would not help the appellant to exclude the appellants
    from the purview of the Act No 26of1963. It cannot be based on possibilities,
    conjecture or inferences on this feeble evidence. The reference of the year
     1829, on which great emphasis was made, only:refers to paimash account of
    the area of Mela Thattimal which is shown to have been designated by
    numbers, namely, 1272 to 1302. The references there are of survey numbers
D   not acreage. Similarly is the position for Kizha Thattimal, the acreage referred
    there is again not with any paimash account or survey for the relevant year
    in question. On this basis no inference even remotely could be drawn that '·
    the grant or inam of the disputed areas was only in terms of acreage or ·
    cawnies or of other local equivalent. In this case we find the Tribunal clearly
E   recorded the finding that reference of acreage in the said judgment in relation
    with Mela and Kizha could only have been from the compilations subsequent
    to the period of grant. This is a finding of fact which is confirmed by the High
    Court. This apart even we examined the same and find there is no evidence
    which merits interference in favour of the appellants. In T.R. Bhavani Shankar
    Joshi v. Somasundara Moopanar (Supra) this Court while dealing with the
F   Tanjor Palace estate to which we are concerned also was faced with similar
    situation where evidence was lacking an inference almost to the same effect
    was drawn on the basis of meagre evidence. This Court recorded:

            "In view of this evidence, it is quite clear that the finding concurrently
           reached in the High Court and the two Court below is based on
G
           evidence. It was contended that this evidence is of modern times, and
           what is to be proved is the existence of an inam village in 1862, when
           the private properties of the Rajah were returned to his widows. There
           is no doubt that.the evidence does not go to that early date, but the
           documents take itback to.1873, and there is nothing to show to the
H          contrary. In this state of evidence we do not think that the High Court
            R.E.M.S. ABDUL HAMEED v. GOVINDARAJU [MISRA, J.]                     1031
            was in error in holding that this land is a part of an inam village, and      A
            has been so ever since 1862."

    It is significant that the case of Karumbavira Vanniar (Supra) records that
    in the year 1929 there were two areas, namely, Mela and Kizha the former
    formed part of Rajagiri village later of Papanasam village. The question raised
    there and which was considered was, whether Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai              B
    was an inam estate within the meaning of estate under Section 3 (2)( d) of 1908
    Act, further whether it was of entire village or was it merely of two parts of
    two different villages. It is in this context, the Court finally held the grapt was
    of two separate bits of land lying in two different Taraft villages and that it
    was only in the year 1919 that they were amalgamated to from what is now              C
    known as No. 5 Arayapuram Thattimal Padugai village. Hence, the two different
    bits were held not an estate within the meaning of Section 3 (2)(d) of the 1908
    Act. The finding recorded thus is that the area Mela and Kizha were parts
    of the village Rajagiri and Papanasam, respec!ively and once they are part of
    the village it would be covered within the definition of Section 2 (11) of the
    Act No. 26of1963. The Act No. 30of1963 clearly, while defining the meaning            D
    'minor foam' under sub- Section (9) of Section 2 excludes from its ambit by
I   virtue of sub-clause (b) of this very Section what is covered by sub-clause
    (9) of Section 2 of Act No. 26 of 1963, 'a new inam estate' as defined under
    clause (9) of Section 2 of Act No. 26 of 1963 is a 'part village inam estate'.
    Since the aforesaid two bits of land is admittedly a part of the village and 'part    E
    village inam estate' is defined under such clause (11) of Section 2, thus the
    area in question being part of two villages, it would be a new inam estate
    within the meaning of Section 2 (9) of Act No. 26 of 1963 and thus it cannot
    be exclused by virtue of clause (b) Explanation I of Section 2 (11) and thus
    it cannot be minor inam under Act No. 30 of 1963.
                                                                                          F
          Lastly reliance for the appellants was placed in the decision of this
    Court in the P. Munian & Ors. v. State of Tamil Nadu & Anr., [1994] I SCC
    643. In this case, the Court held that the area in question would fall within
    the ambit of sub-clause (b) of Explanation 1 to Section 11 of the Act No. 26
    of 1963. This case will render no help to the appellants. This case records           G
    there is concurrent finding of fact that the grant was in terms of acreages or
    cawnies. Once there is finding of fact that the grant was in terms of acreages
    or cawnies then there is no difficulty to hold such area to fall under clause
    (b) of Explanation l of Section 2 ( l l ).

            Hence, we come to an irresistible conclusion that the area both of            H
    1032                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    (1999) 2 S.C.R.

A              Mela and Kizha since formed a part of the aforesaid two villages at
               the relevant time it would be a 'part village inam estate' and on the
               evidence on the record it could not be held that its grant was in terms
               of acreages or cawnies etc. The learned senior counsel for the
               respondents also made alternative submission that even if it could be
               said that grant referred to the acreage also even then the appellants
B              cannot succeed as exclusion from the provision of the Act by virtue
               of sub-clause (b) of Explanation I could only if the grant expresses
               it "only in terms of acreages or cawnies etc." In the present case
             . admittedly the description is by a definite name of the area, namely,
               Mela Thattimal Padugai and Kizha Thattimal Padugai, also by the
c              survey numbers. Hence it cannot be said that the grant was only in
               terms of acreages or cawnies. We find merit in the said submission
               also.

          For the aforesaid reasons and also in view of the findings recorded by
    both the Tribunal and the High Court concurrently that the grant could not
D   be said to be only in terms of acreage. Hence the notification issued under
    Act No. 30 of 1963 was rightly held to be illegal. On the other hand the
    Settlement Officer findings to the contrary that it was a grant in terms of
    acreage was without proper appreciating the evidence and was based on no
    evidence, hence, was rightly set aside. We do not find it to be a fit case to
E   interfere. Accordingly, both the appeals are dismissed. Costs on the parties.

    R.K.S.                                                       Appeals dismissed.