RAM AVADH & ORS.versusRAM DAS & ORS.

                             [2008] 8 S.C:R. 627


                           RAM AVADH & ORS.                              A
                                     v.
                              RAM DAS & ORS .
                    . (Civil Appeal No. 5570 Of 2001)
                               MAY 14, 2008
                                                                         B
       [TARUN CHATTERJEE AND HARJIT SINGH BEDI, JJ.]
+            Uttar Pradesh consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953 - s. 9
       (2) and 48 - Consolidation proceedings - Objection of vendee
       of the land seeking entry of their names in the revenue records   c
       - Co-tenure holders of the vendor filing objection that the ven-
       dors having no right in the property could not have sold it-
       Objection of vendees allowed by Consolidation Officer as well
       as Settlement Officer, on the finding that predecessor of the
       vendors was co-sharer of the land in the Khatauni 1356 Fasli-
                                                                          D
       Revisional court disbelieving the findings of courts below re-
       versed their orders - High Court upholding the order of
       revisional court - On appeal, held: Revisional court and High
       Court should not have disturbed the findings of fact arrived at
       by the courts below- They were not right in raising doubt about
       the entry of the name of vendor's predecessor in the Khatauni E
       - In view of the entries in 1356 Fasli, and the same not having
       been challenged, vendors were also entitled to benefit uls 20 of
       Zamindari Abolition Act - Vendors were recorded Bhumidars
       and co-tenure holders - Revisional Court had no jurisdiction
,.J.   uls 48 to set aside the concurrent findings of fact- Uttar Pradesh F
       ZamindariAbolition and Land Reforms Act, 1951-s. 20- Trans-
       fer of Property Act, 1882- s. 55 (1) (b).
             Appellants had purchased the property in question from
       the persons who were the co-tenure holders with the respon-
                                                                     G
       dents. In consolidation proceedings in respect of the land,
       appellants filed objections before the Consolidation Officer
       for recording their names in place of the vendors in the rev-
       enue records. Respondents also filed objections contend-
                                     627                                 H
    628       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2008] 8 S.C.R.


A ing that the suit property exclusively belonged to their father         ~
  and the vendors or their father having no share in the prop-
  erty, the same could not have been sold by the vendors. Con-
  solidation Officer allowed the objections of the appellants on
  the finding that the entries in the Khatauni 1356 Fasli and 1357
B Fasli revealed that the name of vendors' father was present
  alongwith father of the respondents and he became Sirdar in
  1350 Fas11;· and that the vendors' name has been entered in
  the Khata in-1368 Fasli as legal heirs after their father's death.
                                                                          +
  Appeal before Settlement Officer was dismissed upholding
c the findings by Consolidation Officer. Revision petition u/s.
  48 of U.P. Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953 was allowed
  up holding interalia the entry of vendors' father in Khatauni
  1356 Faslt~ In the writ petition filed by the appellants, the order
  of revisional court was upheld.
D       In appeal to this court appellant contended interalia
  that Revisional court as well as High Court adopted an                  ~
  erroneous approach by relying on the result of a litiga-
  tion in respect of some other land in a different village
  wherein father of the respondents was held to be exclu-
E sive lessee; that they were entitled to benefit of s. 20 of                     .
                                                                                  •
  U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1951                             ~
  which provides that entries in the base year 1356 Fasli
  are final and confer all rights on the occupants who could
  be entitled to retain possession thereof; and that
F revisional court did not have the jurisdiction to set aside           ...\...
  the findings of fact recorded by the courts below.
          Allowing the appeal, the court
        HELD: 1.1 It is an admitted fact that in the year 1356
  Fasli, the name of father of the vendors was entered along
G
  with father of the respondents in the Khatauni and yet it
  was held that this must be wrong because in respect of                   -1
  land in another village, the lease was held to be exclu-
  sively that of the father of the respondents and not for the
  benefit of father of the vendors. The result of that litiga-
H
                     RAM AVADH & ORS. v. RAM DAS &              629
                                ORS.
 A      tion should not have any bearing on the present case. This, A
        has been given exaggerated and undue importance by both
        the revisional and the High Court. The fact remains that name
        of father of the vendors was entered in 1356 Fas/i, which was
        not challenged by the respondents till 1366 Fasli i.e. for al-
        most 11 years. From 1356 Fasli onwards, throughout, the B
        names of the father of vendors and thereafter of the vendors
.....   are continuing in the revenue record and in that view of the
        matter, the concurrent findings of fact arrived at by the courts
        below should not have been disturbed by the revisional court
        and the High Court. [Para 9] [636-F-H, 637-A,B]               c
              1.2 It is true that there does not appear any order
        passed by any competent authority to show how father
        of the vendors got his name entered in 1356 Fasli but that
        by itself would not lead this court to infer that the name
        was fictitiously entered. Nothing has been shown to prove D
-<f
        that father of the respondents and father of vendors had
        separated prior to 1915 except the result of the litigation
        of 1944 on which, this Court is not inclined to place much
        weight. From the admitted pedigree chart also, it is clear
        that they both were real brothers. In this view of the mat- E
        ter, it would not be appropriate to raise such serious
        doubts over how name of the father of the vendors ap-
        peared in the Khatauni. [Para 10] [637-C-E]

 _.I.
              2. In any view of the matter, the vendors would be en-
        titled to the benefit of Section 20 of the U.P. Zamindari Abo- F
        lition and Land Reforms (UPZA&LR) Act. Section 20 pro-
        vides that where the person is recorded as an occupant of
        any land in Khasra Khatauni for 1356 Fasli, which has been
        taken as the base year, he shall be entitled to retain pos-
        session thereof. If the entry was not challenged, it could G
~
        not be doubted and have to be deemed to be correct in
        view of explanation Ill to Section 20 which provide that the
        entries in the year 1356 Fasli is final and confers all rights
        on occupant. In the present case, the name of father of
        vendors appeared along with his brother in the 1356 Fas/J H
      630       SUPREME COURT REPORTS               (2008] 8 S.C.R.

                                                                       ~
.·A   upto 1366 to 1368. Mutation was carried out after consid-
      ering objections of respondents, by th~ Tehsildar. [Para 1OJ
      [637-E,F,G]
          3. There is another aspect of this matter. In the present
  . case, even if it is found that the names of vendor's father
 B and subsequently that of the vendors were fictitiously re-
    corded, the fact remains that they were recorded Bhumidars
    and co-tenure holders and that no step was taken by the
    respondents ever to challenge their title/to the suit property
    or the inclusion of their names in the revenue record. For
 C this reason, the interest of the present appellants cannot be
    defeated parti~ularly when they had made due enquiries
    under Section 55(1)(b) of the Transfer of Property Act that
    the vendors were the recorded Bhumidars of the suit prop-
    erty and. had a transferable right before purchasing the suit
 D property and therefore, they were bonafide purchasers for
    value without notice. [Para 11] [637-G,H, 638-A,B,C]
         4. The revisional court viz. Assistant Director, Consolida-
   tion had no jurisdiction under Section 48 of the Act to set aside
   the concurrent findings of fact ofthe Consolidation Officer and
 E the Settlement Officer, Consolidation. [Para 12] [638-C,D]
          Ram Avtar and Ors. vs. Ram Dhani and Ors.1997 (2)
      sec 263; Ram Dular VS. Dy. Director of Consolidation,
      Jaunpur and Ors. JT 1994 (3) SCC 341 - relied on
 F         CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5570
      of 2001
        From the final Judgment and order dated 22/5/1998 of
   the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, Lucknow Bench,
 G Lucknow in W.P. No. 2016/1981
            Sandhya Goswami, M.P.S. Tomarand Juhi fortheAppellants.
          Maooj Swarup, Lalita Kohli and Charu Singhal (for M/s.
      Manoj Swarup & Co.) for the Respondents.
 H          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                       RAM AVADH & ORS. v. RAM DAS &                    631
                        ORS. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

               TARUN CHATTERJEE, J. 1. This appeal is directed A
         against the judgment and order dated 22nd of May, 1998 passed
         by a learned single judge of the High Court of Judicature at
         Allahabad (Lucknow Bench) in W.P. No. 2016of1981 whereby
         the High Court had dismissed the writ petition filed by the ap-
         pellants against an order of the Assistant Director of Consoli~ B
         dation, Sultanpur holding the sale deed dated 21st of May, 1969
    -+   in favour of the appellants to be illegal.
              2. This case has a chequered history, which would be clear
         from the following facts leading to the filing of this appeal.
                                                                              c
               The appellants alleged that by virtue of a registered sale deed
         dated 21st of May, 1969, they are the vendees of ,Yi bf the land in
         Khata No. 98 (in short "the suit property") recorded in the name of
         the vendors viz., Bhagirati, Putai, Ram Newaj, Matadin, Bachai and
         Ram Avadh al~as Avadhu (in short "Bhagirati & ors.") who are co-
                                                                                D
         tenure holders with the respondents. A notification under Section 4
         of the U.F. Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953 (in short "the Act")
         was issued for consolidation operation. The appellants filed objec-
         tions under Section 9(2) of the Act before the Consolidation Officer
         for recording their names in place of Bhagirati & ors. in the revenue
         records contending that they had obtained the registered sale deed E
         dated 21st of May, 1969 but by mistake of the Lekhpal, their names
         could not be recorded in the revenue records. The respondents also
         filed objections claiming that Bhagirati & ors. or their father Faqir
         had no share in the suit property and that the suit property belonged
         to one Sanehi exclusively and therefore, Bhagirati & Ors. did not F
         have any right to sell the same. Accordingly, the respondents strongly
         contested the case of the appellants who prayed for inclusion of
         their names in place of Bhagirati & Ors.
                By an order dated 15th of March 1970, the Consolidation
                                                                            G
         Officer allowed the objections of the appellants and directed that
    ~
•        their names be recorded against the suit property. The respon-
         dents preferred an appeal under section 11 (1) of the Act before
         the Settlement Officer, Consolidation but the same was dismissed
         by the order dated 18th of December, 1970. Feeling aggrieved,
                                                                            H
    632        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2008] 8 S.C.R.


A the respondents filed a revision under Section 48 of the Act before
  the Assistant Director - Consolidation, which was allowed by an
  order dated 16th of August 1971. Against this order passed in revi-
  sion, the appellants filed a writ petition being WP No. 1797of1971
  and the same was allowed on 14th of November, 1978 and the
B matter remanded to the Assistant Director - Consolidation for de-
  ciding the revision afresh. The Assistant Director Consolidation
  allowed the revision this time also by his order dated 20th of Febru-     +
  ary 1981. Feeling aggrieved, the appellants filed a writ petition be-
  fore the High Court being 2016 of 1981, which, however, was dis-
c missed by the judgment and order dated 22nd of May 1998. It is this
  decision of the High Court, which is now impugned in this appeal.
        3. Before we proceed further, considering the fact that
  concurrent findings of fact arrived at by the Consolidation Of-
  ficer and the Settlement Officer-Consolidation were set aside
D by the Assistant Director-Consolidation in revision, whose de-
  cision was affirmed by the· High Court in the impugned judg-
  ment, we deem it expedient to look at the findings of High Court
  and the Consolidation Officer.
       Let us first look at the findings of the High Court relying on
E which the writ petition of the appellants was dismissed. The find-
  ings are as under: -
          i) At the time of Third settlement, Sanehi was the only
          recorded tenure-holder of the land in question and Faqir
F         was not recorded as a co-tenure holder.
          ii) The name of Faqir was recorded only in the year 1356 Fasli
          witl1out there being any order showing the title 9f Faqir or
          showing the ground on account of which his name was entered
          as a co-tenure holder of the suit property and therefore, there
G         was no evidence on record to show how his name could be
          entered as a co-tenure holder in the year 1356 Fasli.
          iii) The mere fact that in the khetauni of 1356 Fasli, it was
          mentioned that the tenure-holders were occupying the land for
          15 years, the same could not confer any title on Faqir whose
H
                        RAM AVADH & ORS.v. RAM DAS &                     633
                         ORS. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

               name did not find place at the time of the Third settlement.     A
               iv) Unless it was shown by Bhagirati & Ors. that the title of
               the suit property was acquired by Faqir before 1356 Fasli
               and unless the mode of acquisition of title was shown, the
               mere recording of Faqir's name as a co-tenure holder of
               Sanehi in the year 1356 Fasli would not make Faqir a co-         B

      +        tenure holder of Sanehi in the suit land.
               v) The Assistant Director of Consolidation in revision had
               rightly held that the entry in favour of Faqir was fictitious
               and could not have been relied upon by the Consolidation         c
               officer and the assistant settlement officer (consolidation)
               to confer any title on Faqir, his heirs Bhagirati & Ors. and
               their vendees, the appellants.
               vi) In connection with the land of another village, it was
               mentioned that Sanehi had not taken patta of land for the        D
               benefit of his brother Faqir and that being so, the jointness
               with regard to the suit property could also not be assumed.
               vii) Since the appellants were the transferees from Bhagirati
               & ors. and since the title of Faqir, the ancestor of Bhagirati
               & Ors. could not be established, the appellants were rightly     E
               denied the relief by the Assistant Director of Consolidation.
               viii) ThG benefit of the authority of the Supreme Court
               reported in Sri Nath Singh & Ors. Vs. Board of Revenue
               [AIR 1968 SC 1351] was not available to the appellants           F
               because the entry of 1356 Fasli in favour of Faqir was
               fictitiously recorded and therefore, no right of co-tenure
               holder could be said to have accrued to Faqir.
                As noted herein earlier, the High Court dismissed the writ
          petition of the appellants on the above findings and affirmed G
...   •   the decision and the findings of the Assistant Director-Consoli-
          dation passed by the latter in revision.
               4. In contrast to the above findings of the High Court rely-
          ing on which the appellant's claim was rejected, the Consolida-
                                                                                H
    634        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       (2008] 8 S.C.R.

                                                                               ,...._
A   tion Officer arrived· at the following findings in his order dated
    1Sth of May, 1970 and upheld the claim of the appellants: -
          i) The extracts of Khatauni 1356 Fasli and 1357 Fasli
          revealed that the name of Faqir was present and that he
          became Sirdar in 1350 Fasli as on file.
B
          ii) Ram Das had deliberately avoided the disclosure of his
          grandfather's name Dihar or Dehpal but his ignorance                  -+
          regarding the name of his grandfather i.e. Sanehi's father
          would not mean that Dihar or Dehpal was notSanehi's father.
c         iii) The assertion regarding Dihar or Dehpal as made by
          Bhagirathi finds support from the extract of settlement and
          certified copy of the extract of 1356 Fasli, 1357 Fasli on record.

          iv) Faqir was an occupant in 1356 Fasli and his heirs had
          been entered in the Khata in 1368 Fasli by an order of the
D                                                                              >·
          court after the death of Faqir in 1367 Fasli.

          v) The name of Faqir was present in 1356 Fasli alongwith
          Sanehi and by virtue of having been in physical cultivatory
          occupation of the plots from 1356 Fasli onwards, Faqir
E         became Sirdar thereof and his sons, whose names had
          been recorded, were the bonafide Sirdar of the lands and
          were entitled to Yi share because Ram Dass did not
          explain who they were if not from that branch.

          vi) As to whether Bhagirati & ors. had the right to transfer,
F         the statement of A.R.K. on the file showed that on 1.5.1969,
          ten times rent had been deposited in the government
          treasury and therefore, the vendor would be deemed to
          have become bhumidari of the land from the date of
          depositing the amounts in the state treasury.
G
          5. The above findings of the Consolidation Officer were
    affirmed by the Assistant Settlement Officer, Consolidation in
                                                                                 .. ...
    his order dated 18th of December 1970.
       6. The learned counsel for the appellants argued before
H us that under Section 48 of the Act, the Assistant Director of
                                                                                        ~
                           RAM AVADH & ORS. v. RAM DAS &                   635
       )..                 ·ORS. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

             . Consolidation did not have the jurisdiction to set aside the find- A
               ings of fact recorded by the courts below without any basis and
               on assumptions particularly in view of the fact that the name of
               Faqirwas recorded as cultivator in possession along with Sanehi,
               both being real brothers and sons of Dehpal. The learned coun-
               sel for the appellants further argued before us that the appellants 8
       -+ would be entitled to the benefit of Section 20 of the U. P. Zamindari
               Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (in short "UPZA&LR Act)
               which provides that the entries in the base year 1356 Fasli are
               final and confers all rights on the occupant who would be entitled
               to retain possession thereof. It was also argued that the High c
               Court and the revisional court had adopted an erroneous ap-
               proach by relying on the result of a litigation in respect of some
               other land in a different village wherein Sanehi was held to be
               exclusive lessee and therE?fore, it was argued that it could not be
        .if. assumed that the present revenue record showing joint posses-
                                                                                   D
               sion and occupation of Faqir and Sanehi became unreliable. Fi-
               nally, the learned counsel for the appellants contended before us
               that the respondents did not take any steps to challenge the rev-
               enue record containing the name of Faqir before any court and in
               fact, the names of Faqir's sons i.e. Bhagirati & Ors. were mu-
               tated in 1368 Fasli after the death of Faqir by an order passed E
               by the Tehsildar where the respondents were on notice.
                    7. These submissions of the learned counsel forthe appel-
         ~   lantswere contested by the learned counsel appearing on behalf
             of the respondents. The learned counsel for the respondents ar- F
             gued that the suit property is the sole acquisition of the
             respondent's grandfather Sanehi and that they have been occu-
             pying the same exclusively after his death and thus are the sole.
             holders of the suit property and therefore, Bhagirati & Ors. had
             no title of the land in dispute which could entitle them to sell the
                                                                                   G
,..,    t    suit property to the appellants. It was further argued that Faqir got
             a fictitious entry of his name made in the Khetauni 135? Fasli
             and his name was not present at the time of the Third Settlement.
                 8. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and after
             examining the impugned judgment and the orders of the courts         H
    636        SUPREMEeOURT REPORTS                     [2008] 8 S.C.R.


A below and other materials on record, we are of the opinion that this
  appeal deserves to be allowed for the reasons set out hereinafter.
            9. From the admitted pedigree chart produced before us,
     it is pellucid that Faqir and Sanehi were real brothers and sons
     of Dehpal. The record shows that the suit property was recorded
B    in the name of Faqir and Sanehi in the Khatauni for 1356 Fasli
     and this entry continued in the Khatauni for 1357 Fasli to 1366         -1
     Fas Ii. It was a finding of fact of the Consolidation Officer, which
    was affirmed by the Settlement Officer, Consolidation that Faqir
    was in possession as recorded cultivator in possession from
C    1356 Fas Ii onwards. It was also a finding of fact of the Consoli-
    dation Officer that after the death of Faqir in 1356 Fasli, the
    names of his sons Bhagirati & Ors. were mutated in place of
    their father in 1368 Fasli on the basis of an order passed by the
    Tehsildar where the respondents were on notice. These find-
D   ings of fact ·were reversed by the revisional court which was           -¥·
    affirmed by the High Court on the ground that the name of Faqir
    was not present at the time of the Third Settlement and there-
    fore, the Khatauni for the year 1356 Fasli upto 1366 Fas Ii were
    fictitious. It is significant to note that the respondents had not
E   taken any steps to expunge the names of the vendors from the
    record even though they continued to be recorded along with
    the respondents. Furthermore, a lot of weight has been placed
    by the revision aI court as well as the High Court on the result of
    a litigation in respect of some other plots wherein it was con-         ~
F   eluded that a certain lease does not appear to have been en-
    tered by Sanehi for the benefit of the joint Hindu family and as
    such, Faqir could not be held to be a co-tenant. We are of the
    opinion that the result of that litigation should not have any bear-
    ing on the present case. It is an admitted fact that in the year
G   1356 Fasli, the name of Faqirwas entered along with Sanehi in
    the. Khetauni and yet it was held that this must be wrong be-           ~
    cause in respect of land in another village, the lease was held
    to be exclusively that of Sanehi and not for the benefit of Faqir.
    This, in our opinion, has been given exaggerated and undue
H   importance by both the revisional and the High Court. The fact
               RAM AVADH & ORS.v. RAM DAS &                        637
                ORS. [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]

remains that Faqir's name was entered in 1356 Fasli, wh.ich A
was not challenged by the respondents till 1366 Fasli i.e. for
almost 11 years. From 1356 Fasli onwards, throughout the
names of Faqir and thereafter his sons are continuing in the
revenue record and in that view of the matter, the concurrent
findings of fact arrived at by the courts below should not have B
been disturbed by the revisional court and the High Court.
        10. The learned counsel for the respondents argued before us
that the name of Faqir was entered fictitiously without there being
any order of any authority showing the basis on which his name was
entered. It is true that there does not appear any order passed by         C
any competent authority to show how Faqir got his name entered in
1356 Fasli but that by itself would not lead us to infer that the name
was fictitiously entered. Nothing has been shown to us to prove that
Sanehi and Faqir had separated prior to 1915 except the result of
the litigation of 1944 on which, as noted hereinabove, we are not          D
inclined to place much weight. From the admitted pedigree chart
also, as noted herein earlier, it is clear that Faqir and Sanehi were
real brothers and sons of Dehpal. In this view of the matter, it would
not be appropriate to raise such serious doubts over how Faqir's
name appeared in the KhetaunL In any view of the matter, in our            E
view, the vendors would be entitled to the benefit of Section 20 of the
UPZA&LR Act. Section 20 provides that where the person is re-
corded as an occupant of any land in Khasra Khatauni for 1356
Fasli, which has been taken as the base year, he shall be entitled to
retain possession thereof. If the entry was not challenged, it could       F
not be doubted and have to be deemed to be correct in view of
explanation 111 to Section 20 which provide that the entries in the year
1356 Fasli is final and confers all rights on occupant. In the present
case, the name of Faqir appeared along with Sanehi in the 1356
Fasli upto 1366 to 1368. Mutation was carried out after considering        G
objections of respondents, by the Tehsildar.
     11. There is another aspect of this matter. In the present
case, even if it is found that the names of Faqir and subse-
quently Bhagirati & ors. were fictitiously recorded, the fact re-
mains that they were recorded Bhumidars an9 co-tenure hold-                H
    638        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    (2008] 8 S.C.R.

                                                                           ,.l
A ers (it is an admitted fact that Bhagirati & Ors. deposited ten
  times the land revenue under Sections 134 to 137 of the UP ZA
  & LR Act for grant of Bhumidari Sanad in respect of the suit
  land) and that no step was taken by the respondents ever to
  challenge their title to the suit property or the inclusion of their
                                                                                  F
                                                                                  I

B names in the revenue record. For this reason, the interest of the               I
  present appellants cannot be defeated particularly when they
  had made due enquiries under Section 55(1 )(b) of the Transfer            ~

  of Property Act that the vendors were the recorded Bhumidars
  of the suit property and had a transferable right before purchas-
                                                       '
c ing the suit property and therefore, in our opini·on,    they were
  bonafide purchasers f<:Jr value w!thout notice.
         12. Before parting with this judgment, we may also con-
  sider the submission of the learned counsel for the appellants
  that the revisional court viz. Assistant Director, Consolidation
D h~d no jurisdiction under Section 48 of the Act to set aside the         .'ii
  concurrent findings of fact of the COflsolidation Officer arid the
  Settlement Officer, Consolidation. In support of her submission,
  she relied on two decisions of this court in Ram Avtar & Ors.                   t
                                                                                  i
   Vs. Ram Dhani & Ors.[(1997) 2 SCC 263] and Ram DularVs.                        !
E Dy   Director of Consolidation, Jaunpur& Ors. [JT 1994 (3) SCC
  341 ]. From these authorities, it is clear that the Director Con-
  solidation under Section 48 of the Act does not have the juris-.
  diction to interfere with the findings of fact, without any basis
  and on assumptions. In view of our foregoing discussion, we
F are, therefore, of the considered view that it was not open to the
  Assistant Director Consolidation, whose order was affirmed by
  the High Court in the impugned judgment, to interfere with the
  concurrent findings of fact arrived at by the Consolidation Of-                 j,,,




  ficer as also the Settlement Officer, Consolidation.                            r
G         13. For the reasons aforesaid, we set aside the judgment of
    the High Court and the Revisional Court and affirm the decisions of    -i
    the Consolidation Officer and the Settlement Officer, Consolidation.
    The appeal is thus allowed. There will be no order as to costs.               I


    K.K.t.                                           Appeal allowed.              ~
H                                                                                 '