RAM BETI ETC. ETC.versusDISTRICT PANCHAYAT RAJADHIKARI AND ORS.

A                             RAM BETI ETC. ETC.
                                         v.
            DISTRICT PANCHAYAT RAJADHIKARI AND ORS.·

                              DECEMBER 17, 1997

B             [S.C. AGRAWAL ANDS. RAJENDRA BABU, JJ.)

          U.P. Panchayat Raj Act, 1947:

          Section 14-Removal of Pradhan of Gram Sabha by members of Gram
C Panchayat (a smaller body) and not by members of Gram Sabha who elects
  hint-Validity of-Held, is not violative of the concept of democracy and is
  not hit by Arlicle 14 of the Constituti01t-Removal of Pradhan members of
  Gram Panchayat amounts to removal by members of Gram Sabha through
  their elected representatives who have been entrusted with the responsibility to
  keep a watch on Pradha1t-Although Section 11 provides for holding of two
D meetings of Gram Sabha but legislature, having taken into consideration
  prevailing social. environment, considered it proper that instead of moving
  no-confidence motion at the meeting of Gram Sabha, Pradhan may be
  removed by the members of Gram Panchayat--Constitution of India, A1ticle
  14-Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 Pait IX (A1ticles, 243
E to 243-0).
         The appellants were duly elected Pradhans of Gram Sabha. Action
  for their removal was initiated before the concerned Gram Panchayat
  under Section 14 of the U.P. Panchayat Raj Act, 1947. Feeling aggrieved
  by the proposed move, these appellants approached the High Court by
F filing writ petition challenging the validity of Section 14. It was contended      ..
  by the appellants that since a Pradhan was elected by all the members of
  the Gram Sabha, he could be removed only if he had lost the confidence


                                                                                      -
  of the members who had elected him and that Section 14 of the Act which
  provided for removal of a Pradhan by members of the Gram Panchayat (a
G smaller body) was unconstitutional and void since it is destructive of the
  democratic functioning of the Panchayat which were part .of the local
  administration of the village community and runs counter to the concept
  of democracy which is a basic feature of the Constitution. However, the
  writ petitions filed by the appellant were dismissed. Hence this appeal.

H          Dismissing the appeal, this Court
                                          582
           RAM BETiv. DISTT. PANCHAYATRAJADHIKARI                            583

      HELD : 1. Although under Section 14 of the U.P. Panchayat Raj Act             A
the power of removal of a pradhan is conferred on the members of the
Gram Panchayat, which is a smaller body than the Gram Sabha, but the
members of the Gram Panchayat, having been elected by the members of
the Gram Sabha, represent the same electorate which has elected the Prad-
han. The removal of a Pradhan by two-third members of the Gram
Panchayatwho are also elected representatives of the members of the Gram            B
Sabha is, infact, removal by the members of the Gram Sabha through their
representatives. Just as the Municipal Board is visualised as a body
entrusted with the responsibility to keep a watch on the President, whether
elected by it or by the electorate, so also the Gram Panchayat is visualised
as a body entrusted with the responsibility to keep a watch on the Pradhan
who is not elected by it and is elected by the members of the Gram Sabha.
                                                                                    c
An arbitrary functioning of a Pradhan in disregard to the statute of his
acting contrary to the interests of the electorate could be known to the
members of the Gram Panchayat only and, in the circumstance, it is but
proper that the members of a Gram Panchayat are empowered to take
action for removal of a Pradhan, if necessary. [590-B-D]                            D

      Mohan Lal T!ipathi v. Dist1ict Magistrate, Rai Barei/ly & Ors., [1992)4
sec 80, relied on.

      2.1. Although under Section 11(1) of the Act provision is made for            E
holding of two general meetfogs of the Gram Sabha in each year as well
as for requisitioning of a meeting by one fifth of the members, but the
legislatures, in its wisdom, thought it proper that the matter of removal
of a Pradhan, instead of being considered at the meeting of the Gram
Sabha, should be considered by the members of the Gram Panchayat. The               F
number of members of the Gram Sabha is also fairly large. It would range
from one thousand to more than three thousand. Elections to public offices
even at village level give rise to sharp polarisation of the .electorate on caste
or communal basis. The possibility of disturbance of law and order in a
meeting of the Gram Sabha called for considering a motion for removal
of the Pradhan cannot be excluded. Moreover, there cannot also be due               G
deliberation of a serious matter as no confidence motion by a very large
body of persons. While amending Section 14 of the Act so as to confer the
power to remove the Pradhan of the Gram Sabha on the members of the
Gram Panchayat the legislature must have taken into consideration the
prevailing social environment. Moreover, by way of safeguard against any            H
    584                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A arbitrary exercise of the power of removal it is necessary that the motion
    must be passed by a majority of two- thirds of the members present and
    voting. [590-F -HJ

           2.2. Therefore, it cannot be held that Section 14 of the Act, in so far
    as it empowers the members of the Gram Panchayat to remove the Prad-
B   ban of a Gram Sabha by moving motion of no confidence, is unconstitu-
    tional and void being violative of the concept of democracy or is arbitrary
    and unreasonable so as to be hit by Article 14 of the Constitution. (591-A]

          Mohan Lal T1ipathi v. Distlict Magistrate, Rai Bareilly & Ors., (1992]
c 4 sec 80, referred to.
         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4675 of
    1997 Etc. Etc.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 7.5.97 of the Allahabad High
D Court in W.P. No. 14191 of 1997.

          G.L. Sanghi, Yogeshwar Prasad, J.P. Goyal, Mahabir Singh, R.D.
    Upadhaya, Mukesh K. Giri, Abha R. Sharma, Safia Khan, Kavin Gulati,
    Ms. Nandini Gore, A.V. Palli, Atul Sharma, Shrish Kumar Mishra, Indra
E   Makwana, Pravir Chudhary, Arvind Agrawal, Manoj Saxena, Ms. B. Sunita
    Rao, Pramod Swarup, S.K. Mehta, Dhruv Mehta, Fazlin Anam, Ms.
    Shobha Verma, Punit Dutt Tyagi, Shree Pal Singh, P.K. Jain, D.K. Garg,
    R.P. Gupta, A.K. Srivastava, B.L Yadav, B.M. Sharma, T.N. Singh, S.K.
    Bhatt, S.R. Bhatt, Debasis Misra, Suman Bala Rastogi, D.K. Sexena, S.K.
F   Sabbarawal, J.P. Dhanda, K.K. Rai, B.Y. Kulkarni, Shyam Mohan •
    Srivastava, Neeraj Srivastava, Anbhuj Srivastava, C.L. Sahu, Rajesh,
    Makrand D. Adkar, S.D. Singh, Anil Kumar Gupta-II, Ms. Rani
    Jethmalani, Prem Sunder Jha, V.B. Joshi, Alok Singh, Umesh Bhagat, Anis
    Ahmed Khan, Guiab Chandra, M.K.D. Namboodri, M.P. Raju, T.V. Rajan,
    U.S. Prasad, Neeraj Jain, Monish Mohan, Santosh Gupta, M.P.S. Tamar,
G   Ms. Sandhya Goswami, Sunil Kumar, S.K. Sinha, S. Kulshreshtha, Rakesh
    K. Sharma, Ms. M. Annapoorani, S.P. Singh, Goodwill Indeevar, Vishnu
    Sharma, Ms. Mridhla Ray Bhardwaj, Shashindra Tripathi, Sudamaji
    Shamli, K.L. Taneja and V.K. Sharma for the appearing parties.

H         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
         RAMBET!v. DISIT. PANCHAYATRAJADHIKARI[S.C.AGARWAL.J.]              585

           S.C. AGRAWAL, J. These matters raise common question relating           A
     to the validity of the provisions contained in Section 14 of the U .P.
     Panchayat Raj Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') in so far as
'-
'    the said provision provides for removal of the Pradhan of a Gram Sabha
     by a majority of two-thirds of the members of the Gram Panchayat present
     and' voting.
                                                                                   B
            The Act was enacted by the U .P. Legislature to establish and develop
     Local Self-Government in the rural areas of the State and to make better
     provision for village administration and development. The Act amongst
     other things makes provision for establishment and constitution of Gram
     Sabhas and Gram Panchayats, election of Pradhans and Up-Pradhans of C
     Gram Sabhas and members of Gram Panchayats and removal of Pradhans
     and Up-Pradhans. The election to the office of the Pradhan or Up-Pradhan
     of a Gram Sabha and a member of a Gram Panchayat is required to be
     held by secret ballot in the manner prescribed (Section 12A). Under the
     U.P. Panchayat Raj Rules, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Rules') the D
     Pradhan is elected by the members of the Gram Sabha, i.e., all persons
     whose names are for the time being included in the electoral roll of a Gram
     Sabha. Prior to the amendments introduced in the Act by the U.P. Act,
     No. 9 of 1994, Section 14(1) of the Act provided that the Pradhan could
     be removed by two-thirds of the members of the Gaon Sabha present and
     voting at a meeting specially convened for the purpose and of which at least E
     15 days' previous notice has been given. By the Constitution (Seventy-third
     Amendment) Act, 1992 Part IX (Articles 243 to 2430) has been introduced
     in the Constitution. The said Part contains provisions relating to
     Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels. In Article 243N
     it has been provided that notwithstanding anything contained in the said p
     Part any provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a State
     immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third
     Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of the
     said Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a
     competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the expiration
     of one year from such commencement whichever is earlier. In accordance G
     with the said requirement, the U.P. State Legislature amended the Act by
     enacting Act 9 of 1994. As a result of the amendment introduced in the
     Act by Act 9 of 1994 the Gaon Sabhas have been designated as Gram
     Sabhas and under Section 3 a Gram Sabha has to be established for a
     village or group of villages by the State Government by notification. The H
     586                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A Gram Sabha consists of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to
  a village comprised within the area of a Gram Panchayat. Under Section
  llF the State Government is required to declare by notification any area
  comprising a village or group of villages, having as far as practicable, a
  population of one thousand, to be a Panchayat area for the purpose of the
  Act. Section 12 provides for constitution of a Gram Panchayat for every
B Panchayat area. The Gram Panchayat consists of a Pradhan and nine
  members where the Panchayat area is having a population of one thousand,
  eleven member where the Panchayat area is having a population of more
  than one thousand but not more than two thousand, thirteen members
  where the Panchayat area is having a population of more than two
C thousand but not more than three thousand and fifteen members where the
  Panchayat area is having a population of more than three thousand. The
  election to the office of the Pradhan continues to be held by secret ballot
  by all the members of the Gram Sabha as laid down in Section 12A and
  the Rules. Section 14 of the Act, as amended by Act 9 of 1994, provides
D as follows :
              "Section 14. Removal of pradhan or Up-Pradhan.· (1) The Gram
              Panchayat may, at a meeting specially convened for the purpose
              and of which at least 15 days' previous notice shall be given, remove
              the Pradhan by a majority of two- thirds of the members present
E             and voting.

              (2) A meeting for the removal of a Pradhan shall not be convened
              within one year of his election.

              (3) If the motion is not taken up for want of quorum or fails for
F             lack of requisite majority at the meeting, no subsequent meeting
              for the removal of the same Pradhan shall be convened within a
              year of the date of the previous meeting.

              (4) Subject to the provisions of this section, the procedure for the
              removal of a Pradhan including that to be followed at such
 G            meeting, shall be such as may be prescribed.

             The appellants in the appeals and the petitioners in the special leave
      petitions and writ petitions (hereinafter referred to as 'the petitioners')
      were duly elected as Pradhans of Gram Sabhas. Action for their removal
 H    was initiated before the concerned Gram Panchayat under Section 14 of
    RAMBET!v. DJSTT. PANCHAYATRAJADHIKARI [S.C.AGARWAL,J.]                587

the Act. Feeling aggrieved the proposed move for their removal as Pradhan        A
by the members of the respective Gram Panchayats, they approached the
Allahabad High Court by filing writ petitions under Article 226 of the
Constitution wherein they challenged the validity of Section 14 of the Act.
It was urged that since a Pradhan is elected by all the rnembers of the Gram
Sabha he could be removed only if he had lost the confidence of the
members who had elected him and Section 14 of the Act which provides
                                                                                 B
for removal of a Pradhan by members of the Gram Panchayat is uncon-
stitutional and v1Jid since it is destructive of the democratic functioning of
the Panchayats which are part of the local administration of the village
community and runs counter to the concept of democracy which is a basic
feature of the Constitution. The said contention was, however, rejected by       c
a learned single Judge of the High Court in Smt. Ram Beti v. District
Panchayat Rai Adhika1i, (Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 14191 of 1997
decided on May 7, 1997) as well as by a Division Bench of the High Court
in Bankey Lal v. State of U.P., (Special Appeal No. 432 of 1994 decided on
July 15, 1997). The judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court has         D
been followed by the High Court in other judgments dismissing the writ
petitions filed by the petitioners. The said judgments of the High Court are
under challenge before this Court in the appeals and special leave peti-
tions. Some of the Pradhans who were sought to be removed under Section
14 of the Act have filed writ petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution.
                                                                                 E
       In the impugned judgment the High Court has placed reliance on the
decision of this Court in Mohan Lal Tlipathi v. Dist1ict Magistrate, Rai
Bareilly & Ors., (1992] 4 SCC 80, wherein this Court was dealing the
provisions contained in sub- section (2) of Section 87-A of the U.P.
Municipalities Act, 1916 which empowered the members of a Municipal
                                                                                 F
Board to remove the President who was directly elected by the electorate
by moving a Motive of No-Confidence. The validity of the said provision
was challenged before this Court on the ground that it was violative of the
democratic concept since it provided for removal or recall of an elected
representative by a smaller and different body th<:n the one that elected
him. The said contention was, however rejected by this Court. It was             G
observed:

        "Democracy is a concept, a political philosophy, an ideal practised
        by many nations culturally advanced and politically mature by
        resorting to governance by representative of the people elected          H
    588                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A         directly or indirectly. But electing representative to govern is
          neither a 'fundamental right' nor a 'common right' but a special
          right created by the statutes, or a 'political right' of 'privilege' and
          not a .natural 'absolute' or 'vested right'. Concepts familiar to
          common law and equity must remain strangers to Election Law
          unless statutorily embodied. Right to remove an elected repre-
B
          sentative, too, must stem out of the statute as in the absence of a
          constitutional restriction it is within the power of a legislature to
          enact a law for the recall of officers. Its existence or validity can
          be decided on the provision of the Act and not, as a matter of
          policy." (pp.84, 85)
c
          "An elected representative is accountable to its electorate. That is·
          the inherent philosophy in the policy of recall. For the President
          his electorate, to exercise this right, is the Board as it comprises
          representatives of the same constituency from which the President
D         is elected. Purpose of Section 87-A of the Act, is, to remove elected
          representative who has lost confidence of the body which elected
          him. It may be by people themselves or they may entrust their
          power through legislation to their representatives. In the Act it is
          the latter. Members of the Board are elected from smaller con-
          stituencies. They represent the entire electorate as thy are repre-
E         sentatives of the people although smaller in body. A President who
          is elected by the entire electorate when removed by such members
          of the Board who have also been elected by the people is in fact
          removal by the electorate itself. Such provision neither violates the
          spirit nor purpose of recall of an elected representative. Rather it
F         ensures removal by a responsible body. It cannot be criticised
          either as irrational or arbitrary or violative or any democratic 'norm.
          (pp. 87, 88)


          "The Board is thus visualised as a body entrusted with respon-
G         sibility, to keep a watch on the President whether elected by it or
          the electorate. Any arbitrary functioning by the President or dis-
          regard of provision of the statute or acting contrary to the interest
          to the electorate could be known to the Board only. Therefore it
          was not only proper but necessary to empower the Board to take
H         action, if necessary." (p. 89)
    RAMBETlv. DISIT. PANCHAYATRAJADHJKARI [S.C.AGARWAL,J.]               589

      The learned counsel for the petitioners have sought to distinguish the    A
said decision in Mohan Lal Tlipathi (supra) on the ground that the said
case was decided in the context of the office of the President of a Municipal
Board who is elected by a larger body of electorate and has no application
to a case of removal of a Pradhan of the Gram Sabha who is elected by a
much smaller body of electorate. The learned counsel have placed reliance
                                                                                B
on the following observations of this Court in the judgment in Mohan Lal
Tripathi (supra) :

        "Comparison with provision in Panchayat Raj Act where a Pradhan
        is removable by the Gaon Sabha was odious as a Gaon Sabha is a
        very small body as compared to a Municipally." (p. 89)                  c
      These observations were made in the context of the provisions of
Section 14 of the Act, as it stood at that time, i.e., prior to amendment by
Act 9 of 1994, when it provided for removal of a Pradhan by the members
of the Gaon Sabha who had elected him.                                          D

       The learned counsel for the petitioners have also invited our
attention to Section 11 of the Act wherein pro~ision is made regarding
meetings and functions of Gram Sabha and it is prescribed that-every Gram
Sabha shall hold two general meetings in each year - one, known as kharif
                                                                            E
meeting, to be held after harvesting of the kharif crop and other, known as
rabi meeting, to be held after harvesting of the rabi crop. The learned
counsel have pointed out that under the first proviso to Section 11(1) a
meeting of the Gram Sabha can also be requisitioned by not less than
one-fifth.of the number of the members. It has been urged that there is no
difficulty in ,moving a motion of no-confidence in any of the two gsneral F
meetings of the Gram Sabha which are required to be held in each year or
by requisitioning an extraordinary general meeting of the Gram Sabha for
that purpose. It is no doubt true that under Section 11(1) of the Act
provision is made for holding of two general meetings of the Gram Sabha
in each year as well as for requisitioning of a meeting by one-fifth of the G
members. But the Legislature, in its wisdom, thought it proper that the
matter of removal of a Pradhan, instead of being considered at the meeting
of the Gram Sabha, should be considered by the members of the Gram
Panchayat. The considerations which weighed with this Court for
upholding the validity of sub-section (2) Section 87-A of the U.P. H
    590                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP.6S.C.R.

A Municipalities Act, 1916 relating to the removal of the President of a
  Municipal Board in Mohan Lal T1ipathi (supra) are, in our opinion, also.
  applicable to the removal of the Pradhan of the Gram Sabha. Although
  under Section 14 of the Act the power of removal of a Pradhan is conferred
  on the members of the Gram Panchayat, which is a smaller body than the
B Gram Sabha, but the members of the Gram Panchayat, having been elected
  the members of the Gram Sabha, represent the same electorate which has
  elected the Pradhan. The removal of a Pradhan by two-thirds members of
  the Gram Panchayat who are also elected representatives of the members
  of the Gram Sabha is, in fact, removal by the members of the Gram Sabha
C through their representatives. Just as the Municipal Board is visualised as
  a body entrusted with the responsibility to keep a watch on the President,
  whether elected by it or by the electorate, so also that Gram Panchayat is
  visualised as a body entrusted with the responsibility to keep a watch on
  the Pradhan who is not elected by it anti is elected by the members of the
D Gram Sabha. An arbitrary function of a Pradhan in disregard to the statute
  or his acting contrary to the interests of the electorate could be knbwn to
  the members of the Gram Panchayat only and, in the circumstances; it is
  but proper that the members of the Gram Panchayat are empowered tq
  take action for removal of the Pradhan, if necessary. It is no doubt true
  that in Section 11 of the Act provision is made for holding two general
E meetings of the Gram Sabha in each year and for requisitioning of a
  meeting of the Gram Sabha by one-fifth of its members. But, at the same
  time, we cannot lose sight of the fact the number of members of the Gram
  Sabha is also fairly large. It would range from one thousand to more than
  three thousand. Elections to public offices even at village level give rise to
F sharp polarisation of the electorate on cast or communal basis. The
  possibility of disturbance of law and order in a meeting of the Gram Sabha
  called for ,considering a motion for removal of the Pradhan cannot be
  excluded. Moreover, there cannot also be due deliberation of a serious
  matter as no confidence motion by a very large body of persons. While
G amending Section 14 of the Act so as to confer the power to remove the
  Pradhan of a Gram Sabha on the members of the Gram Panchayat the
  legislature must have taken into consideration the prevailing social
  environment. Moreover, by way of safeguard against any arbitrary exercise
  of the power of removal it is necessary that the motion must be passed by
H a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting.
    RAMBETiv. DISTf. PANCHAYATRAJADHIKARI[S.C.AGARWAL.J.]                591

       For the reasons aforementioned we are unable to hold that Section        A
14 of the Act, in so far as it empowers the members of the Gram Panchayat
to remove the Pradhan of a Gram Sabha by moving a motion of no-con-
fidence, is unconstitutional and void being violative of the concept of
democracy or is arbitrary and unreasonable so as to be hit by Article 14 of
the Constitution.
                                                                                B
       It was urged by the learned counsel for the petitioners that in the
event of removal of a Pradhan by a motion of no-confidence, the Up-Prad-
han takes over as Pradhan under Section 12H of the Act and that there is
no provision in the Act or the Rules which requires that a fresh election
be held to elect a new Pradhan \vithin a particular period. It is submitted     C
that under Section llA of the Act provision is made for reservation of the
offices of Pradhans for the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and
the backward classes and for women and that said policy of reservation
would be frustrated if a Pradhan of a Gram Sabha belonging to a reserved
category is removed and another Pradhan belonging to the said category          D
is not elected before the expiry of the term fixed for the Pradhan belonging
to the said category. It has also been urged that in the event of the removal
of a Pradhan belonging to a reserved category, the Up-Pradhan, who takes
over as Pradhan, may be a person who does not belong to that reserved
category and that the removal of the Pradhan in such a case would result
in the object underlying the policy of reservation contained in Section llA     E
would be defeated by the members of the Gram Panchayat. Though these
submissions do not touch upon the question of validity of Section 14 of the
Act, but they raise issues which need consideration by the authorities al
the proper level. Shri Yogeshwar Prasad, the learned senior counsel ap-
pearing for the State of Uttar Pradesh, states that attention of the            p
authorities would be invited to these aspects so that appropriate action can
be taj(en soon.

       Another grievance that has been raised by the learned counsel for
the petitioners in some of these cases is that in the Writ Petitions that were
filed before the High Court, in addition to the challenge to the validity of G
Section 14 of the Act, the petitioners had also raised other quest;ons
assailing the validity of the provisions relating to the consideration of the
motion of no-confidence. It has been submitted that the High Court did
not go into the said question and the writ petitions have been dismissed on
the basis of the earlier judgment upholding the validity of Section 14 of the H
    592                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A Act. We find that in many of the impugned judgments the High Court has
    only c~nsidered the question of validity of Section 14 of the Act and writ
    petitions have been dismissed on the view that the said Section is valid. On
    the basis of the record it cannot be ascertained whether any other question
    was raised in the writ petitions but it was not considered by the High Court.
B   In the circumstances, we consider it appropriate, in the interest of justice,
    to direct that, if any of the petitioners whose writ petition was dismissed
    by the High Court files a writ petition challenging his removal as Pradhan
    on the basis of a motion of removal passed under Section 14 of the Act.on
    the ground that such action was taken without complying with the
    provisions of Section 14 or the relevant Rules in that regard, the High
C   Court may, if it is satisfied that such a contention had been raised in the
    earlier writ petition but was not considered by the High Court while
    disposing the earlier writ petition, may permit the said petitioner to raise
    such a plea in the subsequent writ petition and consider the same on
     merits.
D         The appeals, special leave petitions and writ petitions are accordingly
    dismissed. But in the circumstances there will be no order as to costs.

    R.K.S. ·                                   Appeals and Petitions dismissed.




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