RAM SINGH AND ORS.versusUNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH AND ORS.

                     RAM SINGH AND ORS.                                           A
                              v.
            UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH AND ORS.

                           NOVEMBER 7, 2003

       [SHIVARAJ V. PATIL AND D.M. DHARMADHIKARI, JJ.]                            B


     Labour Laws :

      Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970-Contract labour
employed with Government Administration-Control of the means and method           C
of work of contractor with the principal employer-Application before Central
Administrative Tribunal for regularization of service-Application rejected as
not maintainable-Writ Petition rejected by High Court-On appeal, held:
Where control is with the principal employer, mere fact offormal employment
by an independent contractor will not relieve the principal employer of his       D
liability-But, whether a particular relationship between employer and
employee is genuine or a camouflage through the mode of contractor is a
question offact which is to be raised and proved before industrial adjudicator-
Hence the case is to be adjudicated through industrial forum.

     Employer and Employee relationship-Determination of-Criteria-                E
Discussed.

      Department of Engineering, Chandigarh Administration established
a sub-station for maintaining electricity supply to Government Medical
College and Hospital. Appellants who were trained electricians and skilled
workmen were employed with the sub-station through different                      F
contractors. They filed application before Central Administrative Tribunal
seeking direction to the Administration to regularize their services in the
Administration on the ground that their work at the sub-station was of
perennial nature. The application was rejected on the ground that the
Tribunal had no jurisdiction to entertain the same as employees engaged           G
through contractor could not be held to be holders of 'civil post' as defined
under Section 3(q) of Administrative Tribunals Act.

     Appellant-employees filed writ petition before High Court on the
ground that their real employer was Engineering Department of the
                                     357                                          H
    358                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A Administration as it exercised complete control over their work; and that
    agency of contractor was resorted to by the Administration in order to
    deny the employees the benefit of regular employment. High Court
    dismissed the petitions.

          In appeal to this Court appellants contended that in respect of
B   contracts awarded, the Department retained complete control of the
    employment work and continuance of service of the contract labour; and
    that their work being of permanent and perennial nature, employment
    through contractor was an unfair labour practice.

         Respondent contended that direct control of the Engineering
C   Department was only for the purpose of ensuring efficiency and quality
    of work; and that employment through contractor was a temporary
    arrangement till the Administration created requisite number of posts and
    decided to recruit employees on deputation or by direct recruitment.

D         Dismissing the appeals, the Court

         HELD : I. Without ascertaining through the industrial forum,
    factual aspects of inter-se relationship between the Chandigarh
    Administration, the Contractor and the contract employees, no relief can
    be granted. (365-H; 366-A]
E
           2. Normally, the relationship of employer and employee does not exist
    between and employer and Contractor and servant of an independent
    Contractor. Where, however, an employer retains or assumes control over
    the means and method by which the work of a Contractor is to be done it
    may be said that the relationship between employer and the employee
F   exists between him and the servants of such a Contractor. In such a
    situation the mere fact of formal employment by an independent
    Contractor will not relieve the master of liability where the servant is, in
    fact, in his employment. In that event, it may be held that an independent
    Contractor is created or is operating as a subterfuge and the employee
G   will be regarded as the servant of the principal employer. Where a
    particular relationship between employer and employee is genuine or a
    camouflage through the mode of Contractor is essentially a question of
    fact to be determined on the basis of features of relationship, the written
    terms of employment, if any, and the actual nature of the employment.
    The actual nature of relationship concerning a particular employment
H   being essentially a question of fact, it has to be raised and proved before


                                                                                   -
                RAM SINGH v.UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH               359
an industrial adjudicator. [364-A-D[                                          A
      3. In determining the relationship of employer and employees, no
doubt 'control' is one of the important tests but is not to be taken as the
sole test. In determining the relationship of employer and employee all
other relevant facts and circumstances are required to be considered
including the terms and conditions of the contract. It is necessary to take   B
a multiple pragmatic approach weighing up all the factors for and against
an employment instead of going by the sole 'test of control'. An integrated
approach is needed. 'Integration' test is one of the relevant tests. It is
applit!d by examining whether the person was fully integrated into the
employer's concern or remained apart from and independent of it. The          C
other factors which may be relevant are - who has the power to select and
dismiss, to pay remuneration, deduct insurance contributions, organize the
work, supply tools and materials and what are the 'mutual obligations'
between them. [363-E-HJ

     Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. National Union Waterfront Workers,      D
[2001) 7 sec 1, followed.

    Municipal Corporation ofGreater Mumbai v. KV Shramik Sangh, [2002)
4 sec 609, relied on.

     BHCL v. State of U.P., [2003) 6 SCC 528, distinguished.
                                                                              E

      Hussainbhai, Calicut v. The Alath Factory Thezhilali Union Kozhikode,
[1978) 4 SCC 257 and Secretary, HSEB v. Suresh, [1999) 3 SCC 501,
referred to.
                                                                              F
     Industrial Law - Third edition by!. T. Smith and JC Wood, referred to.

     CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3166 of 2002.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 3.8.2000 of the Punjab and Haryana
High Court in C.W.P, No. 11786 of 1999.                                       G
                                  WITH

     C.A. Nos. 3200, 3167 of 2002.

     Sanjay Parikh, Abhinash K. Misra and A.N. Singh for the Appellants.      H
    360                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A         Ms. Kamini Jaiswal, Ms. Suresh Kumari, Dinesh Verma and Ms. S.
    Janani (NP), A.P. Mohanty for the Respondents.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

        DHARMADHIKARI, J. The Department ofEngineering, Chandigarh
B Administration, is maintaining electricity supply to the Government Medical
  College and Hospital, Chandigarh. It has established a sub-station for that
  purpose.

          All the appellants in this batch of appeals are trained electricians and
C skilled workmen. They have been employed through different Contractors
    for various jobs connected with the sub-station set up to maintain electricity
    supply.

         The employees working at the sub-station in the Medical College and
  Hospital premises approached the Central Administrative Tribunal, Chandigarh
D with a prayer that the work of the employees for maintaining supply of
  electricity in the College and Hospital premises being of a perennial nature,
  the Engineering Department of Chandigarh Administration be directed to
  regularise their services in the Administration. By its detailed judgment passed
  on 13.8.1988 the Tribunal rejected the petitions filed bS' the employees on
E merits as also on the ground that the employees engaged through contractor
  cannot be held to be holders of 'civil post' as defined under Section 3(q) of
  the Administrative Tribunals Act hence the Tribunal has no jurisdiction to
  grant any relief.

          The employees then filed separate Writ Petitions under Article 227 of
p the Constitution in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana which have been
    dismissed by the impugned common judgment passed on 3.8.2000.

        The contention advanced by the contract employees before the High
  Court was that although they were employed on various jobs by the Contractor
  for maintaining supply of electricity to the College and Hospital the
G Engineering Department of the Chandigarh Administration exercises complete
  control over their work. According to them the real employer is the Engineering
  Department of the Chandigarh Administration and the Contractor has been
  introduced only to pay them salary or wages. It was argued that in order to
  deny the employees benefits of regular employment under Chandigarh
H Administration, the agency of Contractor has been resorted to. The employees
      RAM SINGH v.UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH [DHARMADH!KARI, J]            36 J

sought annulment of the order of the Tribunal and in the alternative sought         A
issuance of directions for consideration of their cases for regularisation of
their services under the Chandigarh Administration. They also sought directions
to prohibit by issuance of a notification under the provisions of the Contract
Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970, engagement of labour through
contractor for maintaining elettricity supply to ·the government hospitals and      B
other college premises.

      In this batch of appeals, learned counsel appearing for the employees
have drawn our attention to certain conditions of the contracts which have
been awarded to various Contractors for maintaining supply of electricity.
Reading those conditions of the contract, it is argued that they clearly indicate   C
that Engineering Department of Chandigarh Administration has retained
complete control on the employment, work and continuance of service of the
contract Jabour. It is further argued that maintenance of supply of electricity
to hospital and college premises being a work of pennanent and perennial
nature, employment of the staff for it through contractor is an unfair labour
practice.                                                                           D
        The respondent Chandigarh Administration has not disputed the fact
that the maintenance of electricity supply to the Hospital and College building
 is under the Engineering Department of Chandigarh Administration. Its case
 is that the Engineering Department of Chandigarh Administration does not           E
have adequate maintenance staff to execute the job, hence the work has been
 awarded to Contlactors through the process of tender. With regard to the
 certain tenns of the contract it is explained that to ensure efficiency 'nd
quality of work, which is of a technical nature to be carried under technical
guidance and as the Contractors' availability at the site for all twenty four
hours is not possible, work of supervision is kept with the regular staff of the    F
Engineering Department attached to the College and Hospital. In the event of
emergency, the employees have to seek guidance from the available staff at
the Hospital. This is said to be the reason for incorporating conditions in the
contract that the contract employees would be directly under the control of
the Department. It is submitted that such control is only for the purpose of        G
ensuring efficiency and quality of work.

      Similarly, it is explained that !he contract labour has been employed for
technical work. Insistence lias been made in the condition of contract for
engaging qualified electricians and helpers to avoid any danger and hazard
in the maintenance of electricity. The condition that the staff provided by the     H
    362                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A contractor would not be changed without approval of the Department is for
    the sake of convenience since the staff already engaged by the Contractor
    would become familiar with the electrical system of the Hospital and frequent
    change in the staff might impair normal work. Thus explaining the various
    conditions of the contract it is submitted that the employees have been engaged
B   through the Contractor for maintenance of electricity from the sub-station.
    This, it is said, is a temporary arrangement till the Administration creates
    requisite number of posts and decides to recruit employees under the
    Department on deputation or by direct recruitment.

        We have examined the contentions advanced by the employees before
C the Tribunal and in the High Court. Before the Tribunal and the High Court,
  the appellants did not dispute the fact that they are employees of the Contractor.
  They sought relief of regularisation of their services under the Engineering
  Department of Chandigarh Administration on the ground that the work of
  maintaining supply of electricity for which they have been employed being
  of a permanent and perennial nature, they should be directed to be directly
D employed by the Administration.
         In these appeals before us there appears to be a shift from the stand
  taken by the employees before the Tribunal and in the High Court. What is
  now being urged is that the electricity supply is to be maintained by the
E Engineering Department of the Administration and instead of directly
  employing the appellants, the Administration has resorted to the mode of
  appointment through Contractor. Relying on the terms and conditions of the
  contract it is submitted that entire control exercised on the employees is of
  the Engineering Department. They are, in fact, employed by the Engineering
  Department though under the garb of contractual appointment which is fake
F and a camouflage. It is argued that this Court can lift the veil of make-believe
  relationship and hold that the appellants are in fact the employees of the
  Engineering Department of the Administration. Strong reliance is placed on
  (1978] 4 SCC 257, Hussainbhai, Calicut v. The Alath Factory Thezhila/i
  Union Kozhikode; (1999] 3 SCC 601 and Secretary, HSEB v. Suresh, [2003]
G 6 SCC 528, BHEL v. State of UP.
        Learned counsel appearing for the respondent on the side of the
  Administration submitted that in the Constitution Bench decision of this Court
  in the case of Steel Authority of India Ltd v. National Union Waterfront
  Workers, [2001] 7 SCC I, after considering all previous decisions, this Court
H has explained the nature of right of contract employees in various contingencies
       RAM SINGH r.UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH [DHARMADHIKARI, J.]           363
such as where there exists a notification issued under Section 10( 1) of CLRA        A
Act prohibiting employment of contract labour in particular establishment
and where there is no such prohibition. The Constitution Bench has also
explained the legal position of the contract labour where it is employed
through the agency of contractor although in reality such employment is
directly under the principal employer and for the employer's work or processes       B
in the establishment.

       Reference has also been made by counsel for the parties to the decision
of this Court in Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai v. KV Shramik
Sangh, [2002] 4 SCC 609, in which the Constitution Bench decision in Steel
Authority of India (supra) has been relied to direct the employees to seek           C
remedy by availing forum of industrial adjudication under the Industrial
Disputes Act. It is held that it is only in industrial adjudication that facts and
circumstances can be investigated to ascertain the nature of employment.

      On behalf of the Chandigarh Administration, it is stated that its
Engineering Department is registered under Section 7 of the CLRA Act It is           D
not disputed by the parties that no notification under section I 0(1) of the
CLRA Act has been issued prohibiting employment of contract labour in the
Engineering Department of Chandigarh Administration.

     We have considered the arguments advanced on behalf of the employees            E
based on the terms of the contract

       In determining the relationship of employer and employee, no doubt
'control' is one of the important tests but is not to be taken as the sole test
In determining the relationship of employer and employee all other relevant
facts and circumstances are required to be considered including the terms and        p
conditions of the contract. It is necessary to take a multiple pragmatic approach
weighing up all the factors for and against an employment instead of going
by the sole 'test of control'. An integrated approach is needed. 'Integration'
test is one of the relevant tests. It is applied by examining whether the person
was fully integrated into the employer's concern or remained apart from and
independent of it. The other factors which may be relevant are - who has the         G
power to select and dismiss, to pay remuneration, deduct insurance
contributions, organise the work, supply tools and materials and what are the
'mutual obligations' between them (see Industrial Law - Third edition by I. T.
Smith and JC Wood - at pages 8 to 10).
                                                                                     H
    364                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A        Nonnally, the relationship of employer and employee does not exist
  between an employer and Contractor and servant of an independent Contractor.
  Where, however, an employer retains or assumes control over the means and
  method by which the work of a Contractor is to be done it may be said that
  the relationship between employer and the employee exists between him and
B the servants of such a Contractor. In such a situation the mere fact of fonnal
  employment by an independent Contractor will not relieve the master of
  liability where the servant is, in fact, in his employment. In that event, it may
  be held that an independent Contractor is created or is operating as a subterfuge
  and the employee will be regarded as the servant of the principal employer.
  Where a particular relationship between employer and employee is genuine
C or a camouflage through the mode of Contractor is essentially a question of
  fact to be detennined on the basis of features of relationship, the written
  tenns of employment, if any, and the actual nature of the employment. The
  actual nature of relationship concerning a particular employment being
  essentially a question of fact, it has to be raised and proved before an industrial
D adjudicator. Conclusion Nos. 5 & 6 of the Constitution Bench decision of this
  Court in Steel Authority of India (supra) are decisive for purposes of this
  case which read as under:

             "(5). On issuance of prohibitio11 notification under section I0(1) of
            the CLRA Act prohibiting employment of contract labour or otherwise,
E           in an industrial dispute brought before it by any contract labour in
            regard to conditions of service, the industrial adjudicator will have to
            consider the question whether the contractor has been interposed either
            on the ground of having undertaken to produce any given result for
            the establishment or for supply of contract labour for work of the
            establishment under a genuine contract or is a mere ruse/camouflage
F           to evade compliance with various beneficial legislations so as to
            deprive the workers of the benefit thereunder. If the contract is found
            to be not genuine but a mere camouflage, the so-called contract labour
            will have to be treated as employees of the principal employer who
            shall be directed to regularise the services of the contract labour in
G           the establishment concerned subject to the conditions as may be
            specified by it for that purpose in the light of para hereunder.

            (6) If the contract is found to be genuine and prohibition notification
            under Section I0(1) of the CLRA Act in respect of the establishment
            concerned has been issued by the appropriate Government, prohibiting
H           employment of contract labour in any process, operation or other
       RAM SINGH v.UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH [DHARMADHIKARI, J]         365
        work of any establishment and wherein such process, operation or A
        other work of the establishment the principal employer intends to
        employ regular workmen, he shall give preference to the erstwhile
        contract labour, if otherwise, found suitable and, if necessary, by·
        relaxing the condition as to maximum age appropriately, taking into
        consideration the age of the workers at the time of their initial B
        employment by the contractor and also relaxing the condition as to
        academic qualifications other than technical qualifications."

      lh Cffi:! of Steel Authority of India (supra) after recording the above
conclusions, the Constitution Bench added :-

        "We have used the expression "industrial adjudicator" by design as        C
        determination of the questions aforementioned requires enquiry into
        disputed questions of facts which cannot conveniently be made by
        High Courts in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226 of the
        Constitution. Therefore, in such cases the appropriate authority to go
        into those issues will be the Industrial Tribunal/Court whose             D
        determination will be amenable to judicial review."

      Relying on the Constitution Bench decision of this Court, in the case
of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai v. KV Shramik Sangh [2002]
(4) sec 609, the employer who had lost the case in the writ petition before
the High Court was directed to approach the appropriate court for industrial      E
adjudication.                                                      ·

      The rulings of this Court which have been relied but which are earlier
to the decision of the Constitution Bench in case of Steel Authority of India
(supra) can be of little assistance to support the contentions on behalf of the
appellants. The other decision strongly relied in the case of BHEL (supra)        F
[2003 (6) SCC 528] is distinguishable. The decision in favour of the workmen
was rendered in that case after an industrial adjudication had ended in their
favour.

      In view of clear and binding pronouncement of law by the Constitution
Bench of this Court in the case of Steel Authority of India (supra), in the       G
present appeals which arise from writ petitions preferred against the adverse
judgment of the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), none of the reliefs,
as prayed for, can be granted to the employees. Without ascertaining through
the industrial forum, factual aspects of inter se relationship between the
Chandigarh Administration, the Contractor and the contract employees, no          H
    366                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A relief can be granted.
          For the aforesaid reasons, these appeals are dismissed but without
    prejudice to the rights of the employees to resort to the remedy of industrial
    adjudication in accordance with law as explained above.

B         In the circumstances, we make no order as to costs in these appeals.

    K.K.T.                                                    Appeals dismissed.