Holding

A Sessions Court may invoke Section 319 to add a new accused only after it has reached the evidence‑collection stage under Section 230; before that stage it must seek correction through the High Court’s inherent or revisional jurisdiction.

Summary

The appellant Ranjit Singh was named in an FIR for an unlawful assembly in which a rifle was seized and used to fire at the deceased; the police investigation under Section 173 exonerated him and the case was committed to the Sessions Court. The complainant filed a petition before the Sessions Judge seeking to have the appellant arraigned as an accused before any evidence was taken, and the Judge added him relying on the decision in Kishun Singh. The High Court affirmed that order, prompting an appeal to the Supreme Court. The Court held that after a committal order the Sessions Court may deal only with the accused listed in Section 209 until it reaches the evidence‑collection stage under Section 230, and the power to add a new accused under Section 319 arises only thereafter; before that stage the Court may only refer the matter to the High Court’s inherent or revisional jurisdiction to correct a grave omission. Consequently, the Sessions Court’s addition of the appellant before evidence collection was invalid and the order was set aside. The appeal was allowed, but the Court clarified that the Sessions Court retains the power to add accused under Section 319 after the evidence‑collection stage.

Issues considered

Whether a Sessions Court can invoke Section 319 of the Criminal Procedure Code to add a new accused before reaching the evidence‑collection stage (Section 230).
Whether material placed before the committal court constitutes ‘evidence’ for the purpose of Section 319.
What remedial procedure is available when a person who should be an accused is omitted before the evidence‑collection stage.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 173, s. 193, s. 209, s. 227, s. 228, s. 229, s. 230, s. 231, s. 319, s. 482

Subjects

Criminal Procedure CodeSection 319Sessions Court jurisdictionaddition of accusedevidence collection stagecommittal orderhigh court inherent jurisdictionmiscarriage of justice

Judgment

A RANJIT SINGH
v.
STATE OF PUNJAB

SEPTEMBER 22, 1998

B [M.M. PUNCHHI, CJ., K.T. THOMAS AND
SYED SHAH MOHAMMED QUADRI, JJ.]

<;riminal Procedure Code, 1973 :

C Sections 319 read with Sections 209 and 193, 227, 228, 229, 231 and
482-Power of Sessions Court to array a new person as an accused under
Section 319-Held, cannot be invoked prior to evidence collection stage-
Except Section 319, there is no intermediary stage at which Court of Session
can add to the array of accused-Till the stage of Section 230 is reached,
Sessions Court can deal on(v with the accused referred to in Section 209-
D But Sessions Court purporting to act under Section 319 need not wait till
the entire evidence has been collected-However, if Sessions Judge notices
from the materials produced the positive involvement of any person, he can
invoke the inherent or revisional jurisdiction of the High Court to summon
such a person before the evidence stage.
E Section 319-"Evidence" as envisaged in Section 319-Material placed
before the committal court cannot be treated as evidence during enquiry or
•
trial but the evidence adduced during trial of the case if the offence is triable
by a Court of Session.
· Eight persons including the appellant constituted an unlawful assembly.
F At the instance of the appellant, one of the members of the assembly forcibly
took the rifle of a gunman and fired at the deceased. FIR was registered, but
after an investigation, police exonerated the appellant The case was committed
to the Om rt of Session. However, before the evidence collection stage, the
Sessions Court, in response to a petition filed by the complainant alleging
G that the exoneration of the appellant by the police was improper, arraigned
the appellant as an accused in the case relying on the decision of this Court
in Kishun Singh(*). The order of the Sessions Judge was challenged before
the High Court but the same was confirmed by the High Court. Hence this
appeal
It was contended by appellant that only provision which enables the
H
8
RANJIT SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB 9
Sessions Court to add a new accused is Section 319 CrPC and the same A
could be invoked only on the strength of evidence in tile trial, ot'herwise the
purpose of requiring the investigating officer to submit final report under
Section 173 of the Code would be obliterated.

This Court expressed its reservations regarding legal position as
propounded by Kishun Singh 's case (*), and in Raj Kishore Prasa::J's case (**). B
Therefore, the question in this appeal whether Sessions Court had power
under Section 319 to arraign a new person, prior to the evidence-collection
stage, was directed to be considered by a larger Bench of this Court.

Allowing the appeal, this Court
c
HELD : 1.1. With the committal order, the Sessions Court gets
unfettered jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offences involved in the
case. But the crucial question is whether such jurisdiction would envelop
.powers to summon any person as an accused other than those covered by the
committal order. From the stage of committal till the Sessions Court reaches D
the stage of evidence collection indicated in Section 230 Cr PC., that court
can deal with only the accused referred to in Section 209 CrPC. There is
no intermediary stage till then for the Sessions Court to add any other
person to the array of the accused. (14-C; 16-A-B]

1.2. Once the Sessions Court takes cognizance of the offence pursuant E
to the committal order, the only other stage when the court is empowered to
add any other person to the array of the accused is after reaching evidence
collection when powers under Section 319 of the Code can be invoked. There
is no other power for the Sessions Court to permit addition of new person
or persons to the array of the accused. However, it is not necessary for the
court to wait until the entire evidence is collected for exercising the said F
powers. (16-8-C]

Joginder Singh v. State of Punjab, [1979] 1 SCC 345, relied on.

(*) Kishun Singh v. State ofBihar, [1993] 2 SCC 16 and Nissar v. State
of UP., (1995] 2 sec 23, referred to. G
1.3. However, all the materials produced by the investigating agency
clearly show the positive involvement of a person who was not shown in the
array of the accused due to some inadvertence or om mission. The Sessions
Court is not altogether p9werless to deal with such situations to prevent
miscarriage of justice. It is then open to the Sessions Court to send a report H
10 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A to the High Court detailing the situation so that the High Court can in its
, inherent powers or revisional powers direct the committing Magistrate to
rectify the committal order by issuing process to such left out accused. But
the said procedure need be resorted to only for rectifying or correcting
grave mistakes. [16-F-H; 17-A]

B 1.4. It is settled that "evidence" envisaged in Section 319 of the Code
is the evidence tendered during trial of the case if the offence is triable by
a Court of Session The material placed before the committal court cannot
be treated as evidence collected during enquiry or trial. [13-B]

(**) Raj Kishore Prasad v. State of Bihar, [1996] 4 SCC 495, relied
C on.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
982 of 1998.

D From the Judgment and Order dated 30.4.1998. of the Punjab and Ha.-yana
in Cr!. A. No. 413 of 1998.

T.S. Arunachalam (Sudhir Walia) for Vishal Malik and M.S. Dahiya for
the Appellant.

R.S. Sodhi and Lokesh Kumar for the Respondent.
E
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

THOMAS, J. Leave granted.

The issue raised in the present appeal is this; Whether Sessions Court
F can add a new person to the array of accused in a case pending before it at
a stage prior to collecting any evidence? The Sessions Judge before whom
the said issue was first raised in this case held that he could do so on the
strength of the decision of a Two Judge Bench of this Court in Kishun Singh
v. State of Bihar, (1993] 2 SCC 16. Appellant, who was the accused so added .~

G challenged the order in revision before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana
and a learned Single Judge who heard it, dismissed the revision following the
ratio in Kishun Singh (supra) which was re-affirmed by this Court in Nissar
V. State of U.P., [I 995] 2 sec 23. While considering the question whether a
committing Magistrate can exercise power under Section 319 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure (for short "the Code"), a Two Judge Bench of this Court
H has, in Raj Kishore Prasad v. State of Bihar, (1996] 4 SCC 495 expressed
RANJIT SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [THOMAS,J.] 11
reservation about the legal position propounded in Kishun Singh 's case. Now A
the question is directed to be considered by a larger Bench in the light of the
reservation expressed in Raj Kishore 's case. Hence this appeal came to be
listed before a Three Judge Bench.

Facts, barely necessary for disposal of this appeal, are following :
B
On 24.12.1996, an FIR was lodged at Rajkot Police Station (Punjab)
alleging that eight persons (including the present appellant) formed themselves
into an unlawful assembly at about 8 P.M. and on the exhortation of the
appellant one of the members of the unlawful assembly snatched away the
rifle of a gunman and fired at Chamkaur Singh who succumbed to the gunshot
injuries later. In the rioting some other persons also sustained injuries. C
) Police took up investigation and on completion thereof a final report
was laid before the Magistrate concerned under Section 173 of the Code
against a number of persons, but in that report appellant Ranjit Singh has
been completely exonerated by the police.
D
After the case was committed to the Court of Sessions the de facto
complainant (Darshan Singh who furnished the first information) filed a petition
before the Sessions Judge on 5-6-1997 praying that appellant also be arraigned
as an accused since his exoneration by investigating agency was improper.
Learned Sessions Judge allowed the said petition and appellant was summoned E
as an accused in the case. That order of the Sessions Judge. was challenged
before the High Court but it was confirmed by the impugned order.

Shri T. S. Arunachalam, Senior Advocate for the appellant contended
that the only provision which enables a Sessions Court to add a new accused
is Section 319 of the Code <1nd powers thereunder could be invoked only on F
the strength of evidence in the trial, but not otherwise. According to the
learned Senior Counsel when investigating agency had found the appellant
innocent the court has no power to overrule that conclusion without additional
material placed before the court in the manner permitted by Jaw. Otherwise the
" purpose of requiring the investigating officer to submit final report under
Section 173 of the Code would be obliterated. The contingency mentioned in G
the illustration cited by their Lordships in Kishun Singh 's case (supra) is a
rank exception which need not be taken into account for formulating a legal
principle and even otherwise the ratio laid down in the said case requires
reconsideration, contended th.:: learned senior counsel.

Shri R.S. Sodhi, learned counsel who argued for the State defended the H
12 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A impugned order on the premise that Sessions Court has such powers which
have been well recognized by this Court in Kishun Singh 's case as well as
in Nissar Singh 's case (supra).

Section 319 of the Code reads thus : \
B "319. Power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty
of offence. (I) Where, in the course of any inquiry into, or trial of, an
offence, it appears from the evidence that any person not being the
accused has committed any offence for which such person could be
tried together with the accused, the Court may proceed against such
person for the offence which he appears to have committed.
c
(2) Where such person is not attending the Court, he may be arrested
or summoned, as the circumstan :es of the case may require, for the
purpose aforesaid.

(3) Any person attending the Court, although not under arrest or
D upon a summons, may be detained by such Court for the purpose of
the inquiry into, or trial of, the offence which he appears to have
committed.

(4) Where the Court proceeds against any person under sub-section
(!)then -
E
(a) the proceedings in respect of such person shall be commenced
afresh, and witnesses re-heard;

(b) subject to the provisions of clause (a) the case may proceed
as if such person had been an accused person when the Court took
F cognizance of the offence upon which the inquiry or trial was
commenced."

The said provision is an improved form of its corresponding provision (Section
351) in the old Criminal Procedure Code, 1898. The subtle change brought
about in the present Section has been succinctly delineated by Ahmadi, J (as A

G his Lordship then was) in Kishun Singh 's case in the following lines :

"It is, therefore, manifest that Section 3 19 of the Code is an improved
version of Section 351 of the old Code; the Changes having been
introduced therein on the suggestion of the Law Commission to make
it comprehensive so that even persons not attending the court can be
H arrested or summoned as the circumstances of the case may require
RANJIT SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [THOMAS, J.] 13
and by deleting the words 'of which such court can take cognizance' A
and by adding clause (b) it is clarified that the implement of a new
J person as an accused in the pending proceedings will not make any
difference insofar as taking of cognizance is concerned."

Now it is well neigh settled that "evidence" envisaged in Section 319
of the Code is the evidence tendered during trial of the case if the offence B
is triable by a court of Session. The material placed before the committal court
cannot be treated as evidence collected during enquiry or trial. (vide Rajkishore
Prasad v. State of Bihar, [ 1996) 4 SCC 495).

In Kishun Singh 's case the above position, though in a different context
has been highlighted through the following observations : C
"On a plain reading of sub-section(!) of Section 319 there can be no
doubt that it must appear from the evidence tendered in the course
of any inquiry or trial that any person not being the accused has
committed any offence for which he could be tried together with the
accused. This power, it seems clear to us, can be exercised only if it D
so appears from the evidence at the trial and not otherwise. Therefore,
th is sub-section contemplates existence of some evidence appearing
in the course of trial wherefrom the Court can prima facie conclude
that the person not arraigned before it is also involved in the
commission of the crime for which he can be tried with those already E
named by the police."

In fact learned Judges were reiterating the legal position adumbrated by
a Three Judge Bench of this Court in Joginder Singh and Anr. v. State of
Punjab and Anr., [1979) 1 SCC 345.

Having found so an endeavour was made in Kishun Singh 's case to see F
whethe~ power to add any other person to the array of accused can be traced
out from the Code de hors Section 319, if the Judge finds that besides the
accused arraigned before him the complicity of another person in the
commission of the crime has prima facie surfaced from the material before
him. The fear expressed was that if such an approach is not adopted,· the G
matter will slip into the hands of the investigation officer who may or may
not send up for trial an offender for trial even if prima facie evidence exists.
After detailed discussion their Lordships held thus :

"On the Magistrate committing the case under Section 209 to the
Court of Session the bar of Section 193 is lifted thereby investing the H
14 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Court of Session complete and unfettered jurisdiction of the court of
original jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offence which would
include the summoning of the person or persons whose complicity in
the commission of the crime can prima facie be gathered from the
material available on record."
(underlining supplied)
B
It is regarding the last part of the aforesaid observations that serious
arguments were addressed by the counsel urging reconsideration thereof. We
have no doubt that with the committal order Session Court gets unfettered
jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offences involved in the case. But the
C crucial question is whether such jurisdiction would envelop powers to summon
any person as an accused other than those covered by the committal order.

The change made by the new Code in Section 209 is that it is the "case"
which is committed to the Court of Session and not the accused. But while
committing the case to the Court of Session the committing court has a further
D duty which is in respect of the accused in the case. Section 209 says that 1;he
committal court has to "remand the accused to custody until such commitment
has been made" subject to the provisions relating to bail. The accused
referred to in the section is the accused against whom the Magistrate has
already issued summons or warrant under Section 204 (!) (b) of the Code. The
said clause reads thus :
E
"If in the opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence
there is sufficient ground for proceeding, and the case appears to be-

xxx xxx xxx

(b) a warrant-case, he may issue a warrant, or, if he thinks fit, a
F
summons, for causing the accused to be brought or to appear at a
certain time before such Magistrate or if he has no jurisdiction himself
some other Magistrate having jurisdiction".
"

The said power can be exercised in respect of any offence in warrant
G cases whether it is triable by a Court of Session or a magistrate. Once the
accused is before the magistrate, in the next sta!;C: he has to supply copies
of documents referred to in Section 207 if it Is a case instituted on police
report, and otherwise the documents referred to in Section 208 of the Code.
We have to read Section 209 in the aforesaid sequences of provisions.

H "209 Commitment of case to Court of Session when offence is triable
RANJIT SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [THOMAS, J.) 15
exclusively by it.-Whea in a case instituted on a police report or A
otherwise, the accused appears or is brought before the Magistrate
and it appears to the Magistrate that the offence is triable exclusively
by the Court of Session, he shall-

(a) commit, after complying with the provisions of section 207 or
section 208, as the case may be, the case to the Court of Session, and B
subject to the provisions of this Code relating to bail, remand the
accused to custody until such commitment has been made;

(b) subject to the provisions of this Code relating to bail, remand the
accused to custody during, and until the conclusion of, the trial;

(c) send to that Court the record of the case and the documents and
c
articles, if any, which are to be produced in evidence;

(d) notify the Public Prosecutor of the commitment of the case to the
Court of Session."
D
Commitment of a case to the Court of Sessions will be complete only
on compliance with the formalities enumerated in Section 209 which includes
dealing with the accused in the manner mentioned therein.

Now, we may look at the procedure for trial before the Court of Session
as laid down in Chapter XVIII of the Code which contains practically all the E
provisions relating to such trial. The commencing Section 225 of the Chapter
only says that prosecution shall be conducted by a Public Prosecutor. The
next Section 226 says that "when the accused appears or is brought before
the Court in pursuance of a commitment of the case under Section 209, the
prosecutor shall open his case by describing the charge brought against the F
accused and stating by what evidence he proposes to_ prove the guilt of the
accused."
>
It is clear that during the said stage the Court of Session can deal only
with the accused who is referred to in Section 209. The accused who, can
appear or can be brought before a Session Court at that stage is only that G
accused who is referred to in Section 209. Section 227 deals with the power
of the court to decide whether that accused is to be discharged or not. If he
is not discharged the Sessions Court is obliged to frame a charge against that
accused as per Section 228 of the Code. Thereafter the plea of that accused
has to be recorded as enjoined by Section 229. The stage of evidence collection
commences only next. (vide Sections 230 and 231 of the Code.) H
16 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A So from the stage of committal till the Sessions Court reaches the stage
indicated in Section 230 of the Code that Court can deal with only the accused
referred to in Section 209 of the Code. There is no intennediary stage till then
for the Session Court to add any other person to the array of the accused.

Thus, once the Sessions Court takes cognizance of the offence pursuant
B to the committal order the only other stage when the Court is empowered to
add any other person to the array of the accused is after reaching evidence
collection when powers under Section 319 of the Code can be invoked. We
are unable to find any other power for the Sessions Court to pemiit addition
of new person or persons to the array of the accused. Of course it is not
C necessary for the court to wait until the entire evidence is collected for
exercising the said powers.

But then one more question may survive. In a situation where the
Sessions Judge notices from the materials produced but before any evidence
is taken, that any other person should also have necessarily been made an
D accused (without which the framing of the charge would be defective or that
it might lead to miscarriage of justice) is the Sessions Court completely
powerless to deal with such a contingency? One such situation is cited by
the learned Judges through an illustration narrated in Kishun Singh 's case
(supra) as follows :

E "Where two persons A and B attack and kill X and it is found from
the material placed before the Judge that the fatal blow was given by
A whereas the blow inflicted by B had fallen on a non-vital part of
the body of X. If A is not challaned by the police, the Judge may find
it difficult to charge B for the murder of X with the aid of Section 34
IPC. If he cannot summon A, how does he frame the charge against
F B?"

Another instance can be this. All the materials produced by the
investigating agency would clearly show the positive involvement of a person
who was not shown in the array of accused due to some inadvertence or
G ommission. Should the court wait until evidence is collected to get that
person arraigned in the case?

Though such situations may arise only in extremely rare cases the
Sessions Court is not altogether powerless to deal with such situations to
prevent miscarriage of justice. It is then open to the Sessions Court to send
H a report to the High Court detailing the situation so that the high Court can
RANJIT SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB [THOMAS, J.] 17

in its inherent powers or revisional powers direct the committing Magistrate A
to rectify the committal order by issuing process to such left out accused. But
-· ' we hasten to add that the said procedure need be resorted to only for
rectifying or correcting such grave mistakes.

For the' foregoing reasons we find it difficult to support the observations
in Kishun Singh 's case that powers of the Sessions Court under Section 193 B
of the Code to take cognizance of the o:!Jence would include the summoning
of the person or persons whose complicity in the commission of the trial can
prima facie be gathered from the materials available on record.

In the result we set aside the impugned order of the Sessions Court
adding the appellant as an accused in the case. However, we make it clear that C
we do so without prejudice to the powers of Sessions Court to add any
person in the array of the accused under Section 319 of the Code.

The appeal is thus allowed.

R.K.S. Appeal allowed. D