Holding

The suit was filed within the limitation period; the agreement, after the 1992 postponement, fell under the second part of Article 54, and the limitation period began on the plaintiffs' notice of refusal on 31 August 1995.

Summary

The plaintiffs entered into a 1989 agreement to purchase two shops and a godown, which stipulated a fixed date for performance contingent on the vacating of an injunction. In 1992 the defendants wrote requesting a postponement of performance without fixing a new date, which the plaintiffs accepted by forbearance. The plaintiffs were given possession in 1992 but were forcibly evicted on 31 August 1995, after which they filed a suit for specific performance on 15 September 1995. The trial court held the suit was within the three‑year limitation period under the second limb of Article 54 of the Limitation Act, 1963, because the plaintiffs only received notice of refusal on 31 August 1995. The High Court reversed, treating the original agreement as having a fixed date and deeming the suit time‑barred. The Supreme Court allowed the appeal, holding that the 1992 letter effected a valid extension of time under Section 63 of the Contract Act, converting the agreement into one without a fixed date; consequently the limitation period began when the plaintiffs learned of the refusal, making the suit timely. The decree of the trial court was restored and costs awarded against the defendants.

Issues considered

The agreement of 10 March 1989 contained a 'fixed date' for performance or not for purposes of Article 54, Limitation Act, 1963.
Whether the letter dated 18 June 1992 validly extended the time for performance under Section 63 of the Contract Act, 1872.
From which date the limitation period under the second part of Article 54 should be computed – the original contractual date or the date of notice of refusal (31 August 1995).
Whether the suit for specific performance filed on 15 September 1995 was barred by limitation.

Legislation cited

Indian Contract Act, 1872s. Section 63
Limitation Act, 1963s. Article 54, s. Section 3

Subjects

Specific performanceLimitation ActArticle 54Fixed date vs. no fixed dateSection 63 Contract ActNotice of refusalExtension of timeSale agreementEviction

Judgment

S. BRAHMANAND AND ORS. A
v.
K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) AND ORS.

OCTOBER 21, 2005

[B.N. SRIKRISHNA ANDC.K. THAKKER, JJ.] B

Limitation Act, 1963:

Article 54-Suit for specific performance-Plaintiff entered into an
agreement with defendant for sale of suit property on l 0. 3. I 989-The original C
agreement dated 10.3.1989 had a ''fixed date" for performance-However,
defendant made a request vide letter dated 18.6.1992 for postponing the
performance to a future date without fixing any further date for performance-
In 1992, plaintiff was put in possession of the suit property-However, during
the night of 31.8.1995 possession of the suit property was forcibly taken over D
by the defendant-Trial court decreed the plaintiff's suit for specific
performance holding that the suit filed on I 5.9. 1995 was within limitation
since the second part of Art. 54 was applicable and that the plaintiff was
willing to perform his part of the contract-However, the High Court dismissed
the suit as barred by limitation on the ground that the original agreement
dated I 0. 3. I 989 was one in which a date was fixed for performance- E
Correctness of-Held: It was only on 31.8.1995 that the plaintiff had notice
ofrefusal ofperformance when he was forcibly evicted from the suit property-
Hence, suit filed within I 5 days from this date is perfectly within the period
of limitation-High Court judgment set aside-Contract Act, 1872, S. 63.

The appellants-plaintiffs entered into an agreement with the F
respondents-defendants on 10.3.1989 for sale of the suit property. The original
agreement dated 10.3.1989 had a "fixed date" for performance but by a
subsequent letter dated 18.6.1992 the defendants made a request for
postponing the performance to a future date without fixing any further date
for performance. In 1992, the plaintiffs were put in possession of the suit G
property. However, during the night of 31.8.1995 possession of the suit
property was taken over by the defendants by breaking open the locks.

The appellants-plaintiffs filed a suit for specific performance on
15.9.1995. The trial court decreed the suit holding that the suit filed was
%1 H
462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A within limitation as the second part of Article 54 of the Limitation Act, 1963
was applicable since the plaintiffs had notice of refusal of performance only
on 31.8.1995 and that the plaintiffs were willing to fulfill their part of the
.· contract. However, the High Court dismissed the suit as barred by limitation
holding that the agreement dated 10.3.1989 was one in which a date was fixed
B for performance. Hence the appeal.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: l. Judgments which have held the field for a fairly long time
ought not to be disturbed unless there is a preponderant necessity dictated by
C the demands of justice to overturn them. It is true that no judgment after 1940
seems to have noticed that the judgment in Alopi Parshad delivered by the
Lahore High Court was expressly affirmed by the Privy Council in Lala Ram
Sarup. It is also possible that if this fact had been brought to the notice of the
High Courts, the course of the decisions might have taken a different turn.
Perhaps, the view of this Court might also have been different, if its attention
D was drawn to the judgment of the Privy Council. Nonetheless, the judgments
i_n Ramzan and Tarlok Singh being judgments of a coordinate Bench, this
Court is bound by the observations therein. However, there is no necessity to
refer the matter to a larger Bench at this juncture as contended by the
appellants. (47~E, F, G]

E Kashi Prasad v. Chhc.bi Lal, AIR (1933] All 410 2, Alopi Parshad v.
Court of Wards AIR (1938) Lah 23, Lala Ram Sarup v. Court of Wards AIR
(1940) PC 19, Kruttiventi Ma//ikharjuna Rao v. Vemuri Pardhasaradhirao,
AIR 31 (1944) Mad 218, R. Muniswami Goundar v. B.M Shamanna Gouda,
AIR 37 (1950) Mad 820, Hutchegowda v. H.M Basaviah, AIR 41 (1954)
F Manipur, Purshottam Sava v. Kunverji Devji, AIR (41) 1954 Saurashtra 104,
Lakshminarayana Reddiar v. Singaravelu Naicker, AIR 50 (1963) Mad 24,
Shrikrishna Keshav Kulkarni v. Balaji Ganesh Kulkarnim, AIR 1976 Born
342, P. Sivan Muthiah v. John Sathiavasagam, (1990) I MLJ 490; Ramzan v.
Hussaini, (19901 I SCC 104 and Tar/ok Singh v. Vijay Kumar Sabharwal,
(19961 8 sec 367' referred to.
G
2. Thus, this was a situation where the original agreement of 10.3.1989
had a "fixed date" for performance, but by the subsequent letter of 18.6.1992
the defendants made a request for postponing the performance to a future
date without fixing any further date for performance. This was accepted by
the plaintiffs by their act of forbearance and not insisting on performance
H forthwith. There is nothing strange in time for performance being extended,
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) 463
even though originally the agreement had a fixed date. Section 63 of the A
Contract Act, 1872 provides that every promisee may extend time for the
performance of the contract. Such an agreement to extend time need not
necessarily be reduced to writing but may be proved by oral evidence or in
some cases, even by evidence of conduct including forbearance on the part of
the other party. Thus, in this case there was a variation in the date of B
performance by express representation by the defendants, agreed to by the
act of forbearance on the part of the plaintiffs. What was originally covered
by the first part of Article 54 now fell within the purview of the second part
of the Article. (476-C, D, E)

Ramzan v. Hussaini, [1990) l SCC 104 and Tarlok Singh v. Vijay Kumar C
Sabharwal, (19961 8 SCC 367, relied on.

Pazhaniappa Chettiyar v. South Indian Planting and Industrial Co. Ltd.,
AIR 1953Trav-C161, approved.

3. In the present case, it was only on 31.8.1995/1.9.1995 that the D
plaintiffs realized that there was a refusal to perform, when they were forcibly •
evicted from the suit property. It is only then that the plaintiffs had notice of
refusal of performance. Counted from this date, the suit was filed within 15
days and, therefore, was perfectly within the period of limitation. The suit
filed by the plaintiffs was within the period of limitation and was not liable to
be dismissed under Section 3 of the Limitation Act, 1963. All other issues E
concurrently have been held in favour of the plaintiffs. Hence, there is no
impediment to the plaintiffs succeeding in the suit. [477-B, CJ

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 6202-6203 of
2004.
F
From the Judgment and Order dated 16.9.2003 of the Kerala High Court
in A.S. No. 393/97 (E) and A.S. No. 281 of I 997(E).

R.F. Nariman, Fazlin Anam and E.M.S. Anam for the Appellants.

T.L Viswanatha Iyer, Alex Joseph and K. Rajeev for the Respondent No. G
2.

L. Nageswara Rao, Sewa Ram and P.K. Manohar for the Respondent
Nos. 3-4.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
H
464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A SRIKRISHNA, J. These two appeals by special leave impugn the·
common judgment of the High Court of Kerala rendered in First appeals AS
Nos. 393/97 (E) and 281/97 (E) setting aside the decree made by the trial court
in OS No. 647/95.

The appellants before us were the plaintiffs before the trial court in
B Original Suit No. 647/95 and the respondents were the respective defendants
in the said suit. For the sake of convenience, the parties are hereinafter
referred to as they were arrayed in the suit before the trial court i.e. as
Plaintiffs and Defendants.

C The Facts:
On I 0.3 .1989 an agreement was entered into between Defendants I and
2 (K.R. Muthugopal and V. Rajan, respectively) on the one hand, and Plaintiffs
I, 2 and 3 (S. Brahmanand, S. Vinod and G. Ratna Bai, respectively), on the
other hand, for sale of the suit property which comprised two shops and one
D godown in Kozhikode. The preambulatory part of the agreement makes it clear
that as on the date of the agreement a stranger, by name, Thazhekeepattu
Moosakutty had filed two suits O.S. Nos. 98/87 and 99/87 before the II
Additional Sub Judge, Kozhikode, alleging that there was an agreement to sell
the suit property to him of which there was a breach, and seeking specific
performance of the alleged agreement of the sale of the suit property. By the
E agreement of sale dated I0.3 .1989 the parties specifically recorded that, the
Defendants had not made any such agreement of sale of the suit property to
the said Moosakutty. According to the Plaintiffs and the Defendants, the suit
property was originally let out to Bhatt family (of which Defendants 3 & 4
are members) who refused to vacate it on the request made by the Defendants
F I and 2 (i.e. the landlords). A suit for eviction was filed agailtst the said Bhatt
family and a decree for eviction was made. Even before the decree could be
executed, two suits had been filed in which Moosakutty alleged that the
Plaintiffs had entered into an agreement to sell the suit property to him and
sought specific performance. Agreement dated 10.3.1989 broadly referred to
the developments and the fact that as on the date of the agreement an interim
G injunction had been issued by the civil court in O.S. Nos. 98/87 and 99/87
restraining the transfer of the suit property to third parties. The agreement
shows that the parties were well aware of the pending litigation and yet the
Plaintiffs (purchasers) under the agreement had offered to purchase the same
for a total consideration of Rupees six lakhs only, which was accepted "subject
to the restrictions contained in the interim orders mentioned above". Clauses
H
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 465

(I), (3), (5) and (9) of the agreement are relevant and are reproduced as under: A
'·
"(I). That the first parties agreed to sell and the second parties agree
to purchase· the said properties for a total consideration of Rs.6,00,000
(Rupees six lakhs only) immediately after the interim order in O.S. 991
88 and O.S. 98/88 imposing restriction on alienation is evicted by the
Court." B
"(3) That the second parties shall tender the valuable amount of Rs.
5, 78,000 (Rupees five lakh seventy eight thousand only) to the first
parties immediately on the tennination of the proceedings in court as
mentioned above, when the first parties shall cause the sale deed
executed and registered in favour of the second parties with all the C
valid title deeds."

"( 5) That the sale would be complete when the parties comply with
the conditions herein."

' . "(9) That the first parties do hereby covenant undertake and make the D
second party believe that the first parties have good title to the said
properties and it is free from all encumbrances, charges attachments,
claims and demands whatsoever and is not affected by any notice or
scheme for acquisition or requisition proceedings apart from the
temporary legal impediment imposed on transfer in O.S. 98188 and O.S .. E
99188 mentioned above and if there is found any defect in title the first
parties shall be liable to pay back all money received from the second
parties along with all damages incurred by the second parties of such
defects of title of the first parties. It is also decided that the advance
amount will be the first charge over the properties."

On 10.6.1992 the suits filed by Moosakutty, O.S. Nos. 98/87 and 99/87 F
were dismissed and interim orders granted therein stood vacated. Though,
Moosakutty made an application for continuation of the injunction order till
he was able to file an appeal, this prayer was rejected by the civil court, but
the order of status quo continued for a period of two weeks from the date
of dismissal of the suits i.e. upto 24.6.1992. G
On 11.6.1992 the Plaintiffs were put in possession of the godown by
- one Dandayudhan, who was the constituted attorney of Defendants I and 2.
On 18.6.1992, First Defendant addressed a letter to the First Plaintiff and what
he said therein is very material. He said:
H
466 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A "Dear Brahmanand,

Trust this will find you all quite well. I am in receipt of your letter-
dated 12.6.92. It is indeed gratifying to know that the two suits filed
by Bhatt have been dismissed. Dandayudhan gave me information
I0th itself and I immediately intimated him to hand over keys of the
B godown to you as a token of our intent.ion to fulfill our commitments
under the agreement. Personally, I am not for delaying matters any
niore. However, it appears that Bhatt has filed an injunction petition
to get injunction till appeal is filed.

My friends here are saying that we might as well await the result
c of the petition before going ahead with registration. Otherwise it may
create further problems. Knowing Bhatt, I am sure you will agree that
it is advisable to wait for things to be more clear, now that you are
in possession of the godown.

It is a pity that Bhatt can got hold of people like Moosakutty to
D harass us. I look forward to coming to Calicut shortly along with
Rajan, to conclude the registration as soon as I get information from
Dandayudhan in the matter.

In the meanwhile please be in touch with Dandayudhan

E With best wishes,

Yours faithfully,

Sd/-

(K.R. Muthugopal)"
F
The Proceedings in the Trial Court and the High Court:

On 20.6.1992, one R. Latha, sister of Defendant 4 filed a suit O.S. No.
382/92 in which she claimed partition in respect of the suit property, with a
G prayer to restrain the Defendants "from alienating by way of sale, mo11gage
or lease and/or transferring possession of the plaint schedule property in any
manner to any other persons and from causing any loss or damage in any .
manner to the buildings standing in the plaint schedule property". An order
was passed therein on 2. 7.1992 directing "to maintain status quo until further
orders".
H
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.) 467

On 24.8.1995, Defendants l and 2 abruptly cancelled the power of A_.'
attorney in favour of Dandayudhan. During the night of 31.8.1995 possession
of the suit godown was taken over by the Defendants by breaking open the
locks. According to the Plaintiffs, on 1.9.1995 when the First Plaintiff went to
the shop, as usual, he found the defendants and other strangers present
therein, who tried to attack him and caused apprehension about his life. An
altercation followed during which the First Plaintiff was told that Defendants B
1 and 2 had sold the suit property to Defendants 3 and 4 and that the
Plaintiffs may seek their remedy anywhere. This gave an apprehension to the
Plaintiffs that the Defendants were intent upon refusing to execute and
register the document and complete the conveyance of the suit property to
them. With this apprehension, the Plaintiffs made enquiries in the office of the C
Sub Registrar and learnt that the suit property had already been sold by
Defendants l and 2 to Defendants 3 and 4 during the period from 30.8.1995
to 31.8.1995. On 4.9.1995 the Plaintiffs issued a notice to Defendants 1 and
2 calling upon them to execute the sale deed and complete the conveyance
of the suit property to them. The Plaintiffs brought a suit for specific
performance on 15.9.1995, which is numbered as O.S. No. 647/95. The Bhatts, D
who were alleged to be the purchasers of the property, were also impleaded
as Defendants 3 and 4 to the suit. On 18.10.1995, Moosakutty's appeal was
dismissed as settled out of court and all interim orders made therein came to
be vacated. On 2.l.1996, Lata's suit O.S. No. 382/92 was dismissed for non.-
payment of court fee. E
The Subordinate Judge, Kozhikode tried Original Suit No. 64 7/95 and
rendered the judgment on 31.3.1997. The following issues were framed by the
trial court:

"l. Whether there was a sale agreement between the plaintiffs and F
defendants 1 and 2 on I 0.3.89 in respect of the plaint schedule
property as alleged?
2. Whether defendants 3 and 4 are bona fide purchasers of the
plaint schedule property without notice of the sale agreement?
3. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled to specific performance of the G
sale agreement as alleged?
4. Reliefs and costs?
Additional Issue :
5. Whether the suit is barred by limitation?" H
468 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A With regard to Issm: No. 1 the trial court discussed the evidence in
detail and came to the conclusion that the defence set up by the Defendants
was wholly unbelievable and that from the evidence adduced in the case, it
could safely be found that the agreement dated 10.3.1989 in respect of the suit
property had been executed by Defendants 1 and 2, as contended by the
B Plaintiffs, upon payment of consideration of Rs. 22,000 as advance, as recited
in the document. The trial court also held that there was clinching evidence
to prove that Defendants 1 and 2 had put the Plaintiffs in possession of the
godown, after the 10.3.1989 agreement in June, 1992.

With regard to the second issue, the trial court totally disbelieved the
C defence set up by the defendants and held, "thus the evidence only leads
us one way, that is to the fact that defendants 3 and 4 had due knowledge
of the sale agreement, prior to their entering into a deal for purchase of the
plaint schedule properties. It is also clear from the evidence that the sale
deeds were not taken by them in good faith."

D The trial court held in favour of the Plaintiffs on all issues. According
to the trial court, the suit was for specific performance of an agreement in
respect of which no date had been fixed and, therefore, the cause of action
would arise only when the Plaintiffs had notice that the performance had been
refused. The trial court was of the opinion that the second part of Article 54
of the Limitation Act, 1963 was applicable and since the Plaintiffs notice of
E the refusal of performance by the Defendants I and 2 arose only on 31.8.95/
1.9.1995, the suit filed on 15.9.1995 was within limitation. On this finding, the
learned judge of the trial court decreed the suit as prayed for, since the
learned judge was satisfied that the Plaintiffs were willing to perform their part
of the agreement and the defendants were not.
F
On appeal to the High Court, the High Court agreed with the trial court
judgment on all the issues, but differed only on the finding with regard to
limitation. The High Court took the view that the agreement dated I 0.3 .1989
was one in which a date was fixed for performance and, therefore, the suit was
hopelessly barred by limitation. In this view of the matter, the High Court set
G aside the decree and dismissed the suit.
Thus, on all the issues that were raised in the suit, the findings in
favour of the Plaintiffs were confirmed by the High Court in appeal. The only
question which has been argued before us, and which we need to consider
is the issue of limitation.
H
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 469

Submissions: A
Mr. R.F. Nariman, learned counsel for the Plaintiffs vehemently contended
that the High Court was wrong in reversing the decree on the ground of
limitation. His submissions were as follows.

On reading the agreement of 10.3.1989 as a whole, it is clear that no date B
for specific performance was fixed until the cloud on the vendors' title was
removed. In other words, the date of performance was only after the dismissal
of the two suits. This meant that the date fixed for performance would arise
only after the final dismissal of Moosakutty's suits and the appeals therein.
In the alternative, he contended that letter dated 18.6.1992 can be read to C
show the true common intention of the parties, which was that the date of
performance was extended until the difficulty created by Moosakutty's appeal
and the injunction therein was resolved and that "it is advisable to wait for
things to be more clear". He, therefore, contends that this letter would suggest
that whatever the parties might have originally intended, after the letter of
18.6.1992 the time had been extended. That even if clause (1) of the agreement D
alone must be looked at, vacating an injunction is not a certain event, and,
therefore, the first part of Article 54 of the Limitation Act, 1963 would not
apply.

In his submissions, 'the catena of judgments ending with the judgments
of this Court holding that the first part of Article 54 of the Limitation Act, 1963 E
would apply to an agreement wherein no date was fixed, but the performance
was with reference to a future contingency, has been wrongly decided and
we should refer the matter to a larger Bench for an authoritative exposition
of the law. The expressions "date" and "time" have been used differently, as
evident from a contrast of the language used in Articles 53 and 54 of the · F
Limitation Act, 1963. Finally, that even if tlie two expressions are
interchangeable, the construction of the expression "date" is ambiguous and
in such circumstances the interpretation of the statute must be in favour of
preserving the remedy and against the dismissal of a suit.

Mr. Rao, learned counsel, who appeared for Respondents 3 and 4 (the G
.
--;
Bhatt family) contends that the expressions "date" and "time" used in the
Schedule to the Limitation Act are interchangeable; the maxim id cerium est
quad cerium reddi palest ('That is certain which can be reduced to a certainty.')
clearly applies to a situation like this; the expression "date" is interchangeable
with "day" or "time". He relied on a series of judgments, including two
judgments of this Court, in support of his contention. He also refuted the H
470 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

~ A argument that there was any ambiguity in interpreting the language used in
Article 54 of.the Limitation Act, 1963; that the High Court had on a careful
reading of the agreement ascertained the intention of the parties, and there
was no reason for this Court to take any different view of the matter.

It would be useful to set out the provisions of Article 54 before critically
B appraising the arguments presented to us on both sides.

"Article Description of Period of Time from which period
suit limitation begins to run

c 54 For specific Three years The date fixed for the
performance of a performance, or, if no such
contract. date is fixed, when the plaintiff
has notice that performance
is refused."
D Though, at first b'lush, it may appear that the use of the expression
"date" used in this Article of the Limitation Act, 1963 is suggestive of a
specific date in the calendar, we cannot forget the judicial interpretation of
this expression over a long period of time. Different High Courts took different
views of the matter, which has been a subject matter of controversy. Some
interpreted the expression strictly and literally, while others have taken an
E extended view.

In Kashi Prasad v. Chhabi Lal and Ors., 1 the High Court dealing with
Article 113 of the Limitation Act, 1908, which was in pari materia with Article
54 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, took the view that the force
F of the word "fixed" implies that the date should be fixed definitely and should
not be left to be gathered from surrounding circumstances of the case. It must
be a date clearly mentioned in the contract whether the said contract be oral
or in writing.

In Alopi Pars had and Anr. v. Court of Wards and Ors., 2 also the court
G was concerned with Article 113 of the Limitation Act, 1908. A suit for specific
performance was brought on an agreement of sale where the time for
performance of the contract was "after passing of a decree". Though no date

'AIR (1933) Allahabad 4IO (2)

H 'AIR (1988) Lahore 23
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTl-IUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 471
for performance was fixed for the agreement, the trial Court had opined that A
time must be held to have begun to run from the date on which the decree
was passed in view of the maxim cerium est quod certum reddi potest ("That
is sufficiently certain which can be made certain"). The Lahore High Court
was of the view that statutes of limitation must be strictly construed and that
the respondents before it had failed to bring a case specifically within the B
purview of the first part of Article 113 and that the case did not fall within
the first part but fell within the second part of Article 113. The judgment of
the Allahabad High Court in Kashi Prasad (supra) was approvingly referred
to and followed. This judgment was taken in appeal before the Privy Council
and approved by the Privy Council in Lala Ram Sarup v. Court of Wards. 3

Jn Kruttiventi Mallikharjuna Rao v. Vemuri Pardhasaradhirao', a
c
contract was entered into on 18. 7.1934, and the vendor promised to execute
the sale deed when both his brothers who were studying elsewhere returned
to the village for the next vacation, i.e., in May-June 1935. The High Court
held that this was "too indefinite to be regarded as fixing a "date" for the
perfonnance of the contract and the period of limitation must be computed D
from the date of refusal to perform".

In R. Muniswami Goundar (died) and Anr. v. B.M. Shamanna Gouda
and Ors.' interpreting the expression "date fixed" in Article 113 of the Limitation
Act, 1908 the doctrine of id cerium est quodi cerium reddi potest was
pressed into service along with its exposition in Broom's Legal Maxims' and E
it was held that it was wide enough to include a date which though at the
time when the contract was made was not known, but could be ascertained
by an event which subsequently was certain of happening.

In Hutchegowda v. HM Basaviah, 7 upholding the view in Muniswami F
Goundar (supra), it was held that an agreement to execute the sale deed "after

'AIR (1940) Privy Council 19

'AIR 31 (1944) Madras 218

'AIR 37 (1950) Madras 820
G
"p. 423, 10th edn.

'AIR 41 (1954) Manipur

H
472 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A the 'Saguvali chit' is granted fell within the first part of Article 113 of the
Limitation Act, 1908.

In Purshottam Sava v. Kunverji Devji and Ors.,' the judgment of the
Madras High Court in R. Muniswami Goundar (supra) was followed and it
was held that the expression "date fixed" can be interpreted as meaning either
B the date fixed expressly or a date that can be fixed with reference to a future
event which is certain to happen.

In Lakshminarayana Reddiar v. Singaravelu Naicker and Anr., 9 it was
held that !he phrase occurring in the third column of Article 113 of the
Limitation Act, 1908 "the date fixed for the performance" must be not only
C a date which can be identified without any doubt as a particular point of time,
but it should also be a date which the parties intended should be the date
when the contract could be performed.

In Shrikrishna Keshav Kulkarni and Ors. v. Balaji Ganesh Kulkarni
and Ors., 10 the agreement for sale of a property stated that the sale was to
D be executed after the attachment which the creditors had brought was raised.
Noticing the fact that there was absence of any indication as to when the
attachment would be raised, the court treated it as a case in which no date
was fixed for performance of the contract and, therefore, falling within the
second part of Article 54 of the Limitation Act, 1963.

E P. Sivan Muthiah and Ors. v. John Sathiavasagam" arose from a suit
for specific performance with an alternative prayer for recovery of advance
paid under the agreement of sale. Referring to Article 54 of the Limitation Act,
1963 the court took the view that the expression "date fixed" could mean
either the date expressly fixed or the date that can be fixed with reference to
F a future event, which is certain to happen. If the date is to be ascertained
depending upon an event which is not certain to happen, the first part of
Article 54 would not be applicable, and in such an eventuality, it is only the
latter part of Article 54 that could be invoked by treating it as a case in which
no date had been fixed for performance and the limitation would be three
years from the date when the plaintiff had notice that performance is refused.
G
'AIR 41 (1954) Saurashtra 104

'AIR 50 (1963) Madras 24

'°AIR (1976) Bombay 342

H 1l (1990) I M.L.J. 490
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.) 473
This was a case where performance was due after the tenants in the property A
had been vacated. The court took the view that since eviction of the tenants
was an uncertain event, the time must be deemed to have run only from the
date when the plaintiffs had notice that the performance had been refused by
the defendants.

In Ramzan v. Hussaini 12 a suit was filed for specific performance of a B
contract of sale in respect of a house. The property was mortgaged and
according to the plaintiff, the defendant had agreed to execute a deed of sale
on the redemption of the mortgage by the plaintiff herself, which she did in
1970. In spite of her repeated demands, the defendant failed to perform his
part, which resulted in a suit being filed. The question that arose before this C
Court was whether the agreement was one in which the date was "fixed" for
the performance of the agreement or was one in which no such date was fixed.
This Court answered the question in the affirmative by holding that, although
a particular calendar date was not mentioned in the ~ocument and although
the date was not ascertainable originally, as soon as the plaintiff redeemed
the mortgage, it became an ascertained date. This Court also agreed with the D
view expressed in the Madras High Court in R. Muniswami Goundar (supra)
and held that the doctrine id certum est quad certum reddi potest is clearly
applicable. It also distinguished Kruttiventi Mallikharjuna Rao (supra) and
Kashi Prasad (supra) as cases that arose out of their peculiar facts.

In Tarlok Singh v. Vijay Kumar Sabharwa/ 13 the parties by agreement E
determined the date for performance of the contract, which was extended by
a subsequent agreement stipulating that the appellants shall be required to
execute a sale deed within 15 days from the date of the order vacating the
injunction granted in a suit. The suit was initially dismissed and, thereafter,
a review application was also dismissed as withdrawn on ·22.3. 1986. On F
23.12.1987 a suit was filed for perpetual injurrction. In that suit, an application
came to be made under Order 6 Rule 17 CPC for converting it into a suit for
specific performance of an agreement dated 18.8.1984. This amendment was
allowed on 25.8. I 989. It was held that since the amendment was ordered on
25.8.1989, the crucial date for examining whether the suit was barred by
limitation was 25.8.1989. Since the injunction was vacated when the original G
suit was initially dismissed, and the review application came to be dismissed
on 22.3.1986, it was held that it was a situation covered by the first part of

"!1990] 1 sec 104

"!19961 s sec 367 H
474 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A Article 54 and, in any event, on 25.8.1989 the suit was barred by limitation.
Supplementary Contentions:

Mr. Nariman, learned counsel strongly urged that, the view taken by the
Allahabad High Court in 1933 and followed by the Lahore High Court in 1938
B had been expressly affirmed by the Privy Council in its judgment in Lala Ram
Sarup (supra). Unfortunately, in none of the judgments of the High Courts
decided subsequently was the fact noticed that the decision of the Lahore
High Court had been expressly affirmed by the Privy Council, nor was this
noticed in the two judgments of this Court in Ramzan (supra) and Tarlok
C Singh (supra). Mr. Nariman contended that if the Privy Council judgment had
been noticed, then perhaps none of the judgments of the High Court would
have been able to take a contrary view on the interpretation of Article 54 of
the Limitation Act, 1963, since the Privy Council had already interpreted
Article 113 of the Limitation Act, 1908, which was in pari materia. He,
therefore, urged that we should take a different view of the matter, and if we
D feel ourselves bound by the judgments of this Court in Ramzan (supra) and
Tarlok Singh (supra), the matter should be referred to a larger Bench.1

The argument, thus, presented, no doubt, is attractive, but upon deeper
consideration, we decline to follow the course suggested by the learned
counsel for two reasons. Judgments which have held the field for a fairly long
E time ought not to be disturbed unless there is a prepondering necessity
dictated by the demands of justice to overturn them. It is true that no
judgment after 1940 seems to have noticed that the judgment in Alopi Parshad
(supra) delivered by the Lahore High Court was expressly affirmed by the
Privy Council in Lala Ram Sarup (supra). It is also possible that if this fact
F had been brought to "the notice of the High Courts, the course of the decisions
might have taken a different tum. Perhaps, the view of this Court might also
have been different, if its attention was drawn to the judgment of the Privy
Council. Nonetheless, we feel that the judgments in Ramzan (supra) and
Tarlok Singh (supra) being judgments of a coordinate Bench, we are bound
by the observations therein. We do not see the necessity of referring the
G matter to a larger Bench at this juncture since we are of the view that for the
disposition of this case it is not necessary to go into the larger issue urged
by Mr. Nariman. We are satisfied that the Plaintiffs are entitled to succeed on
an altogether different ground arising from the facts of the case.

A careful perusal of the letter dated 18.6.1992 leaves one in no doubt
H as to what exactly the Defendants had in mind when this letter was written.
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.) 475
Doubtless, in the original agreement dated I 0.3.1989, the date for performance A
had been fixed differently under clauses (I) and (3). Clause (I) stated that the
sale would take place "immediately after the interim order in O.S. 99/88 and
98/88 imposing restriction on alienation is vacated by the court". These two
suits were the suits of Moosakutty. Clause (3), however, said that the time
for performance would be "immediately on the termination of the proceedings
in court as mentioned above, when the first parties shall cause the sale deed B
executed". Perhaps, in the light of the authorities cited at the Bar ending with
the two judgments of this court in Ramzan and Tarlok Singh (supra), it is
possible to say that the expression "date fixed" need not be a calendar date,
but time period fixed with reference to a certain event, the happening of which
is definite. The High Court seems to have judged by this test and, reversed C
the trial court's judgment and dismissed the suit.

In our judgment, the High Court went wrong in not giving full effect to
the import of letter dated 18.6.1992. What does this letter convey? By the time
this letter was written, the two suits filed by Moosakutty had been dismissed
by the trial court, but he had moved an applica_tion for interim· relief, after D
obtaining a status quo order from the trial court. Jn the light of this situation,
the Defendants I and 2 represented to. the Plaintiff I and assured him that
they (Defendants I and 2) still have the intention of standing by their promise
and as a token of their intention to fulfill their commitments under the
agreement, Dandayudhan had been informed immediately to hand over the E
keys of the godown to the Plaintiffs. Finally, the letter says:

" ... Personally, I am not for delaying matter any more. However it
appears that Bhatt has filed an injunction petition to get injunction till
appeal is filed.

My friends here are saying that we might as well await the result F
of the petition before going ahead with registration. Otherwise it may
create further problems. Knowing Bhatt, I am sure you will agree that
it is advisable to wait for things to be more clear, now that you are
in possession of the godown."

Further, the letter says: G

"I look forward to coming to Calicut shortly along with Rajan, to
conclude the registration as soon as I get information from
Dandayudhan in the matter."
H
476 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A Both the parties knew that the suits, which were dismissed on 10.6.1992
resulting in the interim injunction granted by the trial court being vacated,
were technically filed by Moosakutty, but that Moosakutty had been put up
by the Bhatts (Defendants 3 and 4), who were unsuccessful in the eviction
petition. against them. In these circumstances, the Defendant's representation
to the Plaintiffs would amount to a request for forbearance from insisting on
B performance or pursuing legal action pursuant thereto until the things "become
more clear".

Thus, this was a situation where the original agreement of 10.3.1989 had
a "fixed date" for performance, but by the subsequent letter of 18.6.1992 the
C Defendants made a request for postponing the performance to a future date
without fixing any further date for performance. This was accepted by the
Plaintiffs by their act of forbearance and not insisting on performance forthwith.
There is nothing strange in time for performance being extended, even though
originally the agreement had a fixed date. Section 63 of the Indian Contract
Act, 1872 provides that every promisee may extend time for the performance
D of the contract. Such an agreement to extend time need not necessarily be
reduced to writing, but may be proved by oral evidence or in some cases,
even by evidence of conduct including forbearance on the part of the other
party. 14 Thus, in this case there was a variation in the date of performance by
express representation by the Defendants, agreed to by the act of forbearance
E on the part of the Plaintiffs. What was originally covered by the first part of
Article 54, now fell within the purview of the second part of the Article.
Pazhaniappa Chettiyar v. South Indian Planting and Industrial Co. Ltd. and
Anr., 15 was a similar instance where the contract when initially made had a
date fixed for the performance of the contract but the Court was of the view
that "in tbe events that happened in this case, the agreement in questioJJ.
F though started with fixation of a period for the completion of the transaction
became one without such period on account of the peculiar facts and
circumstances already explained and the contract, therefore, became one in
which no time fixed for its performance." and held that was originally covered
by the first part of Article 113 of the Limitation Act, 1908 would fall under
G the second part of the said Article because of the supervening circumstances
"See in this connection the observations of this Court in Keshavlal Lal/ubhai Patel and
Ors. v. Lallbhai Trikurnlal Mills ltd.. AIR 45 (1958) SC 512, para 8. See also in this connection
Smt. Saraswathamma v. H. Sharad Shrikhande and Ors .. AIR (2005) Karnataka 292 and
K. VENKOJI RAO v. M. Abfu/ Khuddur Kureshi. AIR (1991) Karnataka 119 following the
judgment in Keshavla/ Lallubhai Patel (supra).

H "AIR (1953) Trav-C 161.

...
'
S. BRAHMANAND v. K.R. MUTHUGOPAL (D) [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 477
of the case. A
In the present case, it was only on 31.8.1995/1.9.1995 that the plaintiffs
realised that there was a refusal to perform, when they were forcibly evicted
from the godown. It is only then that the Plaintiffs had notice of refusal of
performance. Counted from this date, the suit was filed within 15 days and,
therefore, was perfectly within the period of limitation. We, therefore, disagree B
with the High Court on this issue of limitation and hold that the suit filed by
the Plaintiffs was within the period of limitation and was not liable to be
dismissed under Section 3 of the Limitation Act. All other issues concurrently
have been held in favour of the Plaintiffs. Hence, there is no impediment to
the Plaintiffs succeeding in the suit. C
Conclusion:

In the result, we allow the appeals and set aside the impugned judgment
of the High Court and affirm the decree made by the trial court in favour of
the Appellants-Plaintiffs. Considering the utterly dishonest defence raised by D
the Defendants and the fact that Defendants 3 and 4 colluded with Defendants
I and 2, we think that the original Defendants I to 4 (present Respondents
in both the appeals), need to be imposed with costs. Defendants I and 2 pay
a sum of Rs. 50,000.00 and Defendants 3 and 4 shall together pay a sum of
Rs. 50,000.00 to the appellants.
E
G.N. Appeal allowed.