SEETA HEMCHANDRA SHASHITTAL AND ANR. ETC.versusSTATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ORS.

A          SEETA HEMCHANDRA SHASHITTAL AND ANR. ETC.
                                         v.
                   STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ORS.

                              FEBRUARY 13, 2001

B                    [K.T. THOMAS AND R.P. SETHI, JJ.]


        Prevention of Corruption Act. 1947/Prevention of Corruption Act,
    1988-Section 5(2)/ Section 13(2) read with Section 13(/)(e).

C         Offences relating to corruption-Cogni::.ance of-Period for completing
    investigation-Non-prescription of-A public sen•ant booked for acquiring
    assets far in excess of his known sources of income-Charges heel filed after
    a long delay-Case involving voluminous records, large number of properties
    situated at various places and hundreds of documents regarding shares, fixed
    deposits etc. required to be scrutinised-Government taking two years to
D   accord sanction for prosecution-Such delay not attributable to investigating
    ojjicers-Chargesheet laid within a few days of obtaining such sanction-
    Held, in the circumstances criminal prosecution cannot be quashed merely
    on the ground of delay in completion of investigation.

E         Investigation-Delay in completion of-Consequence of-Aged Mother
    and mother-in-law of a public servant accused of abetting him in acquiring
    assets disproportionate to his know sources of income-Insufficient materials
    for proving their offence-Trial not likely to end within one or two years
    considering the volume of documents and evidence to be adduced by the
    prosecution-Held, it would be unfair and unreasonable to compel them to
F   stand the long trial having no reasonable prospect of ultimate conviction
    against them.

          Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 :

           Trial-Delay in-Criminal prosecution-Quashing of-Held, each case
G   is to be considered on its own facts--Question of delay not to be considered
    entirely from an academic angle.                                               +
         A public servant was booked for an offence under the Prevention of
    Corruption Act for acquiring assets far in excess of his known sources of
    income. After completion of the investigation, the Anti-Corruption Bureau
H                                       990
                SE ETA 1IEMCllANDRA SHASHITT AL v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA          991

       approached the State Government for obtaining sanction to prosecute him.         A
       The sanctfon was'accorded by the Government after two years. Thereupon a
       chargesheet was laid against the public servant, his wife, mother and mother-
       in-law before the Special Court dealing with offences under the Prevention of
       Corruption Act. The offence alleged against the mother and mother-in-law,
       both octogenarieans, was abetment of the main offence pitted against the         B
       public servant. Thereafter, the case moved at a slow pace.

             The accused persons filed a writ petition in the High Court for quashing
       the criminal proceedings on the ground that there was gross delay of 11
       years in filing the chargesheet. A Division Bench of the High Court dismissed
       the same solely on the ground that in a similar case the High Court refused C
       to countenance similar contention. Hence the present appeal by the mother
       and mother-in-law. The other two appeals have been preferred by the public
       servant and his wife.

            Allowing the appeal filed by the mother and mother-in-law and
       dismissing the appeals filed by the public servant and his wife, the Court.      D
             HELD : 1.1. The only offence alleged against the two octogenarian lady
       appellants is that they abetted the public servant to commit the offence under
       Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. There are two reasons to
       quash the criminal proceedings as against those two ladies. First is, the
       materials are too insufficient to prove that the two old ladies intentionally    E
       abetted the public servant in acquiring assets which are disproportionate to
       his known source of income. If that is the position, there is no reason to
       compel the two old ladies to embark upon a trial which, in all probabilities,
       cannot end in conviction against them. Second is, the trial is not likely to
       end within one or two years. Considering the volume of documents and of the
       evidence to be adduced by the prosecution, it would be unfair and unreasonable   F
       to compel the two ladies, who by the advancement of old age would possibly
       have already crossed into geriatric stage, to stand the long trial having no
       reasonable prospect of ultimate conviction against them.1998-G-H; 999-A-CI

             1.2. The case involves voluminous records as well as a large number of     G
       properties which are situated at various places and, hundreds of documents
-t--   regarding shares, debentures. Fixed deposits and receipts pertaining to
       hundreds of companies were also to be scrutinized. The documents sought to
       be produced by the prosecution run into fourteen large volumes. Officials of
       the Anti Corruption Bureau had to take a lot of time to conduct the
       investigation relating to every item of assets which was suspected to be         H
    992                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [200 I) I S.C.R.

A   belonging to the appellant public servant. If this was a case which needed no
    sanction from the government for submitting the charge-sheet before the
    court, the investigating agency could have filed the charge-sheet at the end of
    four years from the lodgment of FIR. The delay .in obtaining sanction from
    the Governmen~ cannot be attributed to the investigating officers. Considering
    the number of desks over which the matter had to pass, and the voluminous
B   records to be studied at all levels the two years time cannot be considered to
    be so unreasonably long as to affect the fundamental right of the appellants.
    The charge-sheet was laid within a few days of obtaining the sanction. In the
    facts and circumstances, the criminal prosecution cannot be quashed merely
    on the ground of delay highlighted by the appellants.[997-G-H; 998-A-B;D-Ff
c
          2. There is a need for speeding up the trial as undue delay in culminating
    the criminal proceedings is antithesis to the Constitutional protection
    enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution. Nonetheless the court has to
    view it from pragmatic perspectives and the question of delay cannot be
    considered entirely from an academic angle. In other words, when approached
D   by accused to quash proceedings on the ground of delay, courts must consider
    each case on its own facts. The Code of Criminal Procedure provides periods
    for completing investigation in regard to offences punishable with sentences
    upto imprisonment not exceeding three years. However, the offences relating
    to corruption are among those excluded from the purview of such periods of
E   limitation. (955-D-G[

           Hussainara Khatoon and ors. v. Home Secretary State of Bihar, (1980)
    I SCC 81; Andhra Pradesh v. PV Pavitharan, (1990) 2 SCC 340; A.R. Antulay
    v. R.S. Nayak, (1992) I SCC 225; Rajdeo Sharma v. State of Bihar, (1998) 7
    SCC 507 and Rajdeo Sharma v. State of Bihar, [1999) 7 SCC 604, referred
F to.
         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
    176 of2001.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 15.3.2000 of the Bombay High
G   Court in Crl. W.P. No. 516 of1997.

                                         With                                           +
          Criminal Appeals Nos. 177 and 178 of2001.

H         Dr. Rajeev Dhawan, Markand D. Adkar, S.D. Singh and Vishwajit Singh
 SEET A HEMCHANDRA SHASHITTAL "·STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [THOMAS ..I.] 993

for the Appellants.                                                              A
      Shridhar Y. Chitale and S.V. Deshpande for the Respondents.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

       THOMAS, J. Leave granted. Two lady octogenarians feel that there is       B
not much time ahead of them to complete a trial which is yet to begin, and
counting the number of years which the investigation consumed for finalising
the charge-sheet, the trial would not be anything less than a long drawn out
one. The two ladies approached the High Court of Bombay, along with their
kinsfolk, who too are arrayed in the same case, one of them as the kingpin,
to get the criminal case axed down at the threshold of the trial stage, mainly   C
on the ground of long delay in completing the investigation. But the High
Court, instead of snipping down the case charge- sheeted, dismissed the writ
petition solely on the ground that in a similar case the High Court refused
to countenance similar contention.

        The facts, barely necessary for disposal of these appeals, can be        D
stated thus: Appellant Niranjan Hemchandra Shashittal is a Government servant
who attained the rank of Deputy Commissioner in the Department of Prohibition
and Excise of the Maharashtra Government (he will hereinafter be1referred to
as 'the appellant-public servant"). Appellant Seeta Hemchandra Shashittal
who is now aged 83, and Shanta Subarao Shirali, who is now aged 81, are the      E
mother and mother-in-law of the appellant-public servant, respectively. His
wife Anuradha is also an appellant as she too was arrayed as accused.

       On the basis of some infonnation received by the Anti Corruption
Bureau (ACB for short) a preliminary enquiry was conducted and on 26.6.1986
an FIR was lodged against the appellant-public servant for the offence under     F
Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. This was immediately
followed by raids conducted at the places which the ACB officials believed
to be the buildings of the appellant-public servant situated at Mumbai and
Nasik. The raids and certain other enquiries conducted by them revealed that
appellant-public servant had acquired assets worth Rs. 33.44 lacs, in the year   G
 1986, which were far in excess of his known sources of income. The
investigation was completed by the Assistant Commissioner of Police attached
to the ACB and he submitted the final report to his superior who was the
Director of ACB, in July 1990. After the draft final report was approved the
ACB approached the Government of Maharashtra on 6.4.1991 for obtaining
sanction to prosecute the appellant-public servant. The Government accorded      H
    994                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  (2001] I S.C.R.

A sanction on 22.1.1993 and thereupon the charge sheei was laid against all the
    appellants on 4.3.1993 before the Special Court dealing with offences under
    the Prevention of Corruption Act. The offence alleged against the appellant-
    public servant was under Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(e) of the
    Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The offence alleged against the lady
B   appellants was abetment of the main offence pitted against the appellant-
    public servant.

         All the appellants appeared before the Special Judge on 14.1.1994
  when process was issued to them. The next posting in the said court happened
  to be only after the lapse of one year. On the said day appellants moved some
C interlocutory applications. After posting the case on different future dates for
  disposal of such interlocutory applications, the case moved at a slow pace
  and reached the stage of hearing preliminary arguments for considering whether
  charge should be framed or not. It was in the aforesaid context that the
  appellants filed the writ petition before the High Court of Bombay on 15.4.1997
  for quashing the criminal proceedings.
D
          . The main ground urged in the writ petition is that there was gross
    delay of 11 years for filing the charge-sheet and that such delay violates
    Article 21 of the Constitution. According to the appellants, such delay had
    caused unbearable mental trauma, fear psychosis and tension to them as well      ·t
E   as to the other members of the family, besides tremendous humiliation and
    defamation heaped on them. They also said that the abnormal delay had
    caused colossal financial losses to the appellants and the impact of it had
    shattered the prospects of personal, professional and business development
    of the members of the family.

F          A Division Bench of the High Court dismissed the writ petition merely
    because two other writ petitions filed by some others, in some other cases
    were dismissed. The entire judgment of the Division Bench in the present writ
    petition is in a cryptic form and the same is extracted below:

            "Jn view of the common order passed in Criminal Writ Petition No.
G           1642of1999 and Criminal Writ Petition No. 1742of1999, this petition
            stands disposed of accordingly."

         As a copy of the said common order was produced by the appellants
  we could peruse the same, but the fact situations in those other cases were
  vastly different from the present case, except the common factor that offences
H alleged were under the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act. Of
 SEET A HEMCHANDRA SHASHITT AL 1• STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [THOMAS, J.] 995

course, learned counsel for the appellants made a plea before us to remand              A
the writ petition to the High Court for fresh disposal. But we refrain from
adopting that shortcut, lest, that would further protract the already delayed
case.

       Dr. Rajeev Dhawan, who argued for the old lady appellants, divided the
post FIR period of the present case into three different stages. First is the           B
period from 1986 to 1990 which is claimed to be the period taken for
investigation. Second is from 1990 to 1993, which is said to be the period
taken for obtaining sanction of the Government for laying charge-sheet before
the court. Third is the period from 1994 till the date of filing of the writ petition
in the High Court in 1997, during which the progress in the trial court was             C
slower than creeping through the process and consequently no charge could
be framed until the appellants filed the writ petition before the High Court.

        This Court has emphasised, time and again, the need for speeding up
the trial as undue delay in culminating the criminal proceedings is antithesis
to the Constitutional protection enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution.           D
Nonetheless the court has to view it from pragmatic perspectives and the
question of delay cannot be considered entirely from an academic angle. In
other words, the High Court and this Court, when approached by accused to
quash proceedings on the ground of delay, must consider each case on its
own facts. Unfortunately the delay has so permeated in our legal system that            E
at all levels tardiness has become the leitmotif. Such a malady has been
judicially reprobated and efforts have been made to curtail the delay which
has developed as a systemic canker.

       For the first time the Code of Criminal Procedure provided periods for
completing investigation in regard to offences punishable with sentences F
upto imprisonment not exceeding three years. Provisions have been incorporated
in Chapter 36 of the Code imposing a legal bar on the court to take cognizance
of such offences after the lapse of the period of limitation fixed in respect of
different categories of offences the punishment of which does not exceed the
aforesaid limit. However, the offences relating to corruption were among those G
excluded from the purview of such periods of limitation.

        In Hussainara Khatoon and Ors. v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar,
[1980] 1 SCC 81 the entire focus made by the three-Judge Bench was on the
trial stage. An advocate of this Court filed a habeas corpus petition on the
basis of newspaper reports that several under-trial prisoners, including women          H
    996                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2001) I S.C.R.

A and children, were languishing in Bihar jails for several years awaiting trial.
    Hence the consideration in that case was confined to the delay involved in
    trials.

           It was in State of Andhra Pradesh v. PV Pavithran, (1990] 2 SCC 340
    that delay in completing investigation was recognised as a ground for quashing
B criminal proceedings. The following observation was made by the learned
    Judges in the said decision:

            "There is no denying the fact that a lethargic and lackadaisical manner
            of investigation over a prolonged period makes an accused in a
            criminal proceedings to live every moment under extreme emotional
c           and mental stress and strain and to remain always under a fear
            psychosis. Therefore, it is imperative that if investigation of a criminal
            proceedings staggers on with tardy pace due to the indolence or
            inefficiency of the investigating agency causing unreasonable and
            substantial delay resulting in grave prejudice or disadvantage to the
D           accused, the court as the protector of the right and personal liberty
            of the citizen will step in and resort to the drastic remedy of quashing
            further proceedings in such investigation."

           Nonetheless, learned Judges hastened to add that "it is not possible
                                                                                          t   I
    to formulate inflexible guidelines or rigid principles of uniform application for
E   speedy investigation or to stipulate any arbitrary period of limitation within
    which investigation in a criminal case should be completed."

           The matter gained further attention when a Constitution Bench of this
    Court has made a glimpse of the delay involved in criminal proceedings at all
    stages A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak, [1992] I SCC 225. Though the background
F   for the reference made in that case to the Constitution Bench pertained to the
    delay in the trial stages, the Bench has made clear references to the delay in
    the investigation stage also. In paragraph 81 the learned Judges have observed
    thus:

            "Now, can it be said that a law which does not provide for a reasonably
G
            prompt investigation, trial and conclusion of a criminal case is fair, just
            and reasonable? It is both in the interest of the accused as well as
            the society that a criminal case is concluded soon. If the accused is
            guilty, he ought to be declared so. Social interest lies in punishing the
            guilty and exoneration of the .innocent but this determination (of guilt
H           or innocence) must be arrived at with reasonable despatch-reasonable
       SEETA HEMCHANDRA SHASHITTAL v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA [THOMAS, J.J 997

              in an the circumstances of the case. Since it is the accused who is         A
             charged with the offence and is also the person whose life and/or
             liberty is at peril, it is but fair to say that he has a right to be tried
             speedily. Correspondingly, it is the oblfgation of the State to respect
             and ensure this right. It needs no emphasis to say, the very fact of
             being accused of a crime is cause for concern. It affects the reputation     B
             and the standing of the person among his colleagues and in the
             society. It is a cause for worry and expense. It is more so, if he is
             arrested. If it is a serious offence, the man may stand to lose his life,
             liberty, career and all that he cherishes."




..                                                                                        c
            While laying down the propositions the Constitution Bench encompassed
     investigation as part of the amplitude for registering speedy trial. At the same
                                                    a
     time the bench struck a note of caution that realistic and practical approach
     should be made regard being had to "all attending circumstances, including
     the nature of the offences, the number of accused and witnesses etc." Each
     case, therefore, must be considered on its own facts, without being pedantically
     persuaded merely because delay had occasioned during investigation ~tage.            D

            Though learned Senior Counsel made reference to the decision of this
     Court in Rajdeo Sharma v. State ofBihar, [ 1998) 7 SCC 507, as well as in 1999
     (7) sec 604) wherein the earlier directions were slightly modified, those
     directions need be applied during the posJ charge period. The trial was
                                                                                          E
     explained in the said decision as covering the period commencing from
     recording the plea of the accused.

            With the above legal position in mind we have to analyse this case to
     find out whether the delay involved in the investigation have impaired the
     fundamental rights of the appellants which is enshrined in Article 21 of the         F
     Constitution. Viewing the investigation in this case from a realistic angle it has
     spread over to a period of four years i.e. from June 1986 to July 1990. The
     Assistant Commissioner of Police attached to the ACB who has sworn to an
     affidavit before the High Court in answer to the averments contained in the



.
     Writ Petition, has stated that the case involves voluminous records as well
                                                                                          G
     as a large number of properties which are situated at various places and that
     hundreds of documents regarding shares, debentures, fixed deposits and
     receipts pertaining to hundreds of companies were also to be scrutinized.
     According to him such a heavy work turned out to be a time consuming job.
     It is not disputed that the documents sought to be produced by the prosecution
     run into fourteen large volumes. Officials of the ACB had to take a lot of time      H
    998                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     (200 I) I S.C.R.

A to conduct· the investigation relating to every item of assets· which was
    suspected to be belonging to the appellant public servant.

            If this was a case which needed no sanction from the government for
    submitting the charge-sheet before the court, the investigating agency could
    have filed the charge-sheet at the end of four years from the lodgment of FIR.
B   In this context, it is apposite to refer to the legislative fixation of periods for
    taking cognizance of different offences. An offence punishable with
    imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years has to be taken cognizance
    of by the court concerned within three years of the date of registration of the
    FIR. Of course, this is subject to certain other exceptions. As pointed out
C   earlier, the legislature has not chosen to fix any period to take cognizance of
    the offence if.the punishment prescribed thereto exceeds imprisonment for
    three years. The offence alleged against the appellant is punishable with
    imprisonment up to seven years. These aspects were highlighted by us for
    the purpose of satisfying ourselves that criminal proceedings pending against
    the appellants cannot be quashed on the mere ground that the investigation
D   consumed a period of four years.

           The delay taken for obtaining sanction from the Government cannot be
    attributed to the investigating officers. As pointed out earlier, sanction was
    applied for on 6.4.1991 and the Government accorded sanction on 21.2.1993.
E   Though we are unable to approve the said time of two years for the Government
    to decide the question of giving sanction, considering the number of desks
    over which the matter had to pass, and the voluminous records to be studied
    at all levels, we hesitate to hold that the said interval was so unreasonably
    long as to affect the fundamental right of the appellants. The charge-sheet
    was laid within a few days of obtaining the sanction.
F
          For the aforesaid reasons we are not inclined to quash the criminal
    prosecution merely on the ground of delay highlighted by the appellants.

           Nonetheless, we are told that the only offence alleged against the two
G senescent lady appellants is that they abetted the public servant to commit
    the offence under Section 13(2) of the P.C. Act. For two reasons we are
    disposed to quash the criminal proceedings as against those two ladies. First
    is, the materials are too insufficient to prove that those two old ladies
    intentionally abetted the public servant in acquiring assets which are
    disproportionate to his known source of income. If that is the position, why
H   should those two old ladies be compelled to embark upon a trial which, in all
L


                                                                   C.


     SEETA HEMCHANDRA SHASHITTAL v. STATE
                                      (,'
                                          OF MAHARASHTRA [THOMAS, JJ 999

    probabilities, cannot end in conviction against them, even assuming that the A
    octogenarian ladies would be able to survive till the end of the trial. Second
    is, the trial is not likely to end within one or two years. Even if the Special
    Court would strictly adhere to the directions issued by this Court in Rajdeo
    Sharma's case (supra) we reasonably foresee that the prosecution would be
    able to complete the evidence only within the farthest time permitted in B
    Rajdeo Sharma as we can have a glimpse of the volume of documents and
    of the evidence to be adduced by the prosecution. We feel that it would be
    unfair and unreasonable to compel the two ladies, who by the advancement
    of old age would possibly have already crossed into geriatric stage, to stand
    the long trial having no reasonable prospect of ultimate conviction against
    them. We are, therefore, inclined to de link them from the array of accused and C
    quash the criminal prosecution so far as those two ladies are concerned. We
    do so.

           Thus, the appeals filed by the two lady appellants -Seeta Hemchandra
    Shashittal and Shanta Subarao Shirali -would stand allowed but the appeals
    filed by the appellant-public servant Niranjan Hemchandra Shashittal and his   D
    wife Anuradha Niranjan Shashittal, would stand dismissed.

    M.P.                                      Crl Appeal No. 176/2001 allowed.
                             Crl Appeal Nos. 177/200 I and 178/200 I dismissed.