Holding

A competent court, not limited to a civil court, may grant an interim injunction inconsistent with a magistrate’s order under Sections 145/146 of the CrPC, provided a strong prima facie case and balance of convenience exist, and the magistrate’s order is not binding on the civil court.

Summary

The appellant, Shanti Kumar Panda, obtained a preliminary order and attachment of a shop under Sections 145 and 146 of the CrPC, while the real possessor, Shakuntala Devi, was not impleaded and was denied a hearing. The civil judge later granted her an ad‑interim injunction restraining the appellant from disturbing her possession, despite the earlier magistrate order. The District Judge set aside that injunction, holding that the magistrate’s order prevailed until superseded by a decree of a competent court, but the High Court restored the civil judge’s order. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the scope of Sections 145/146, the meaning of "competent court" and "until evicted in due course of law", and whether a civil court can issue an injunction inconsistent with the magistrate’s order. The Court held that the magistrate’s order is not binding on a competent court, which may grant an interim injunction if a prima facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable injury are shown, though such power is exercised sparingly. Consequently, the High Court’s restoration of the injunction was affirmed and the appeal dismissed.

Issues considered

The effect of orders passed under Sections 145 and 146 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on subsequent civil proceedings
Whether a "competent court" includes courts other than civil courts for determining title or possession
The meaning of "until evicted therefrom in due course of law" in Section 145(6)
Whether a civil court can grant an interim injunction inconsistent with the magistrate’s order
Whether the magistrate’s order binds the civil court at the interlocutory and final stages

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 145, s. 146

Subjects

Section 145 CrPCSection 146 CrPCinterim injunctioncompetent courtpossessionsummary enquirybinding effectcustodia legisArticle 227Article 226

Judgment

A SHANTI KUMAR PANDA
v.
SHAKUNTALA DEVI

NOVEMBER 3, 2003

B [R.C. LAHOTI AND ASHOK BHAN, JJ.]

Code ofCriminal Procedure, 1973-Sections 145 and 146-0rder passed
by e:t:ecutive magistrate-Proceedings before competent court against such
C order-Effect of-Held: Competent Court can pass an order of temporary
injunction or arrangement inconsi.tent with the order of Magistrate or
superseding it-While passing interlocutory order court should keep in mind
existence of prima facie case, balance ofconvenience and irreparable injury--
However, unsuccessful party should make out a prima facie case that findings
of magistrate is without jurisdiction, palpably wrong or self lnconsistent-ln
D the instant case, the proceedings under section 145 and 146 proceeded in the
absence of interested party though she was the real person claiming possession
and also title over the shop -Hence complainant directed to remain restrained
from interfering with the possession of interested party over the shop.

.Words and Phrases :
E
'Competent court' and 'until evicted therefrom in due course of law'-
Meaning of in the context of sections 145 and 146 of Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973.

There was dispute regarding shop premises. Appellant filed a
F complaint whereupon the police officer filed a report before S.D.M who
passed a preliminary order under Section 145(1) and order ofattachment
of shop under Section 146(1) Cr.P.C. Respondent then filed an application
for her impleadment as she was in peaceful possession of the shop.
However, SDM did not implead her and held that the appellant was in
G possession over the shop on the date of passing of the preliminary order
as also in the two months prior thereto and directed that until the rights
were determined by the competent court, shop be released in favour of
the appellant. Thereafter, respondent filed revision petition which was
dismissed. Respondent then filed suit based on title seeking permanent
preventive injunction against appellant and also ad-interim preventive
H 98
SHANTlKUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALA DEVI 99
injunction to protect her possession over the shop. Civil Judge allowed A
the application and restraining the appellant from interfering with the
possession of the respondent over the shop. It was observed that the
proceedings under sections 145 and 146 had proceeded in the absence of
the respondent though she was the real person claiming possession and
also title over the shop. Appellant filed an appeal. District Judge allowed B
the appeal holding that as the proceedings under Section 145 have
terminated in favour of appellant, issuance of order of injunction was not
justified unless and until the order of SOM was superseded by a decree
of Civil Court and that no injunction can be granted when disputed
property is in custodia /egis. Respondent then filed a petition under Article
227. High Court allowed the petition setting aside the order of the District C
Judge and restored the order passed by the Civil Judge. Hence the present
appeal.

Appellant contended that an order of temporary injunction
inconsistent with the order of magistrate under Sections 145 and/or 146
of the Code or superseding it cannot be passed by the civil court; and that D
under section 145(6) the Parliament intended to confer a binding efficacy
on the Magistrate's order not only qua the parties to the proceedings but
also qua all concerned to respect and abide by the order of the Executive
Magistrate and such order and the possession of the successful party
protected thereunder shall continue to survive and hold valid and good E
unless at the final adjudication of civil rights the competent court has
directed the party successful in proceedings before the Magistrate to be
evicted, whence and whence alone that party shall lose possession and
bound to hand over the same to the party successful in the Civil Court.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court F
HELD : 1. The law as to the effect of the order of the Magistrate
under Sections 145/146 Cr.P.C. for the purpose of legal proceedings
initiated before a competent court subsequent to the order is as follows :

(a) The words 'competent court' as used in Section 146(1) do not G
necessarily mean a civil court only. A competent court is one which has
the jurisdictional competence to determine the question of title or the rights
of the parties with regard to the entitlement as to possession over the
property forming subject matter of proceedings before the Executive
Magistrate. Further the words 'until evicted therefrom in due course of
law' as occurring in Section 145(6)' mean the eviction of the party H
100 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A successful before the Magistrate, consequent upon the adjudication of title
or right to possession by a competent court, that does not necessarily mean
a decree of eviction. (113-B-C; 110-D-F)

Jhunamal alias Devandas v. State ofMadhya Pradesh and Ors., (1988)
4 sec 452, referred to.
B
(b) A party unsuccessful in an order under Section 145(1) would
initiate proceedings in a competent court to establish its entitlement to
possession over the disputed property against the successful party.
Ordinarily, a relief of recovery of possession would be appropriate to be
C sought for. In legal proceedings initiated before a competent court
consequent upon attachment under Section 146(1) of the Code it is not
necessary to seek relief of recovery of possession. As the property is held
custodia legis by the Magistrate for and on behalf of the party who would
ultimately succeed from the court it would suffice if only determination
of the rights with regard to the entitlement to the possession is sought for.
D Such a suit shall not be bad for not asking for the relief of possession.
(113-D-F)

(c) A decision by a criminal court does not bind the civil court while
a decision by the civil court binds the criminal court An order passed by
the Executive Magistrate in proceedings under Section 145/146 of the Code
E is an order by a criminal court and that too based on a summary enquiry.
The order of the magistrate is entitled to respect and weight before the
competent court at the interlocutory stage. At the stage of final
adjudication of rights, which would be on the ~vidence adduced before
the Court, the order of the Magistrate is only one out of several pieces of
l_!Vidence. The competent court is not bound by the findings arrived at by
F the Magistrate even on the question of possession though, as between the
parties, the order of the Magistrate would be evidence of possession. The
competent court has jurisdiction "Rd would be justified in arriving at a
finding inconsistent with the one arrived at by the Executive Magistrate
even on the question of possession. (113-F-H)
G Bhinka and Ors. v. Charan Singh, AIR (1959) SC 960 and Anil Behari
Ghosh v. Smt. Latika Bala Dassi and Ors., AIR (1955) SC 566, referred to.
Evidence by' Sarkar Fifteenth Edition, p.845, relied on.
(d) The Court will be loath to issue an order of interim injunction or
H to order an interim arrangement inconsistent with the one made by the
--
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALADEVI 101

Executive Magistrate. The Court does have jurisdiction but the same shall A
be exercised not as a rule but as an exception. At the stage of passing an
interlocutory order, the competent court shall have to form its opinion
on the availability of a prima facie case, the balance of convenience and
the irreparable injury. Further, even at the stage of passing an ad-interim
order the party unsuccessful· before the Executive Magistrate may on B
material placed before the Court succeed in making out a strong prima
facie case demonstrating the findings of the Executive Magistrate to be
without jurisdiction, palpably wrong or self-inconsistent in which or the
like cases the Court may, after recording its reasons and satisfaction, make
an order inconsistent with, or in departure from, the one made by the
Executive Magistrate. The order of the court-final or interlocutory, would C
have the effect of declari!)g one of the parties entitled to possession and
evicting therefrom the party successful before the Executive Magistrate
within the meaning of Section 145(6). (113-H; 114-A-D)

2. In the instant case, respondent was not allowed to participate in
the proceedings under Section 145 inspite of h.er efforts. The party D
proceeded against by the Executive Magistrate was not interested in
contesting the proceeding~. Trial Court felt strongly against the police
action taken under Section 145(1) Cr.P.C. and restrained the appellant
from interfering with the possession of the respondent over the shop. First
Appellate Court did not record any disagreement with the observations E
made by Civil Judge that the proceedings under section 145 and 146 had
proceeded in the absence of the respondent who was not even allowed
opportunity of being heard though she was the real person claiming
possession and also title over the shop but proceeded on a different
reasoning that as the proceedings under Section 145 have been terminated·
in favour of appellant, issuance of order of injunction was not justified F
unless and until the order of SDM was superseded by a decree of Civil
Court and that no injunction can be granted when disputed property is
in custodia /egis. High Court set aside the order and rertored the order
passed by Civil Judge. Thus no case for interference with the order of High
Court is made out. [114-E-G)
G
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 10906 of
1996.

From the Judgment and Order dated 20.2.96 of the Allahabad High
Court in C.M.W.P.No. 33885 of 1995.
H
102 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A Sunil Gupta and Punit Dutt Tyagi for the Appellant. •
Jayat Bhush~il for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B R.C. LAHOTI, J. Shanti Kumar Panda, the appellant before us lodged
a complaint with Station Officer, Line Bazar, Jaunpur, whereupon the police
filed a report before the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (S.D.M.) Sadar, Jaunpur,
who made a preliminary order under Section 145(1) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Code', for short) recording
his satisfaction that a dispute, likely to cause a breach of the peace, exists
C concerning the shop, which is the subject matter of dispute (hereinafter referred
to as 'the shop', for short) between the appellant and one Kamta Prasad (not
a party in this appeal) and requiring both of them to attend his court and put
in the written statements of their respective claims as respects the fact of
actual possession of the shop. The learned S.D.M. also found that the case
D was one of emergency and therefore he directed the shop to be attached
under Section 146(1) of the Code. The preliminary order under Section 145( I)
and the order of attachment under Section 146(1) were both made on 16.5.92.
Kamta Prasad appeared and stated that he had nothing to do with the shop
and the owner of the property, who was also in possession thereof, was one
Shakuntala Devi (respondent No. I herein, hereinafter referred to as 'the
E respondent', for short). Kamta Prasad also submitted that the appellant had
deliberately not impleaded the respondent as a party to the proceedings as he
was in collusion with the police and wanted to deprive Shakuntala Devi of
her lawful possession over the shop. Shakuntala Devi, on becoming aware of
the proceedings (obviously on the information provided by Kamta Prasad),
F moved an application before the learned S.D.M. stating that she was a party
interested in the subject matter of dispute and as she was in peaceful possession
of the shop, she ought to have been joined as party to the proceedings and
as that not done, she prayed for her impleadment and an opportunity of being
heard.

G The learned S.D.M. kept the application filed by the respondent pending
till 6.7.92 when the proceedings were directed to be disposed of by a final
order. No opportunity was allowed to the respondent to join in the proceedings
and to file her own claims as to the possession of the shop. The learned
S.D.M. held that the appellant was in possession over the disputed shop on
the date of the passing of the preliminary order as also in the two months
H prior thereto. Having made that declaration the learned S.D.M. directed that
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALA DEVI [LAHOTI, J.] I 03
until the rights were detennined by the competent court, the shop shall be A
released in favour of Shanti Kumar Panda, the appellant.

Shakuntala Devi, the respondent and Kamta Prasad both preferred
revision petitions against the order of the learned S.D.M. By order dated
27.2.93 the learned Additional Sessions Judge directed the revision to be
dismissed by holding that the order of the learned S.D.M. did not suffer from B
any infinnity. Both these orders were put in issue by the respondent and
Karnta Prasad by filing a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution in the
High Court which too was dismissed on 6.12.93. One of the reasons which
has prevailed with the High Court for dismissing the petition is that the
respondent had already approached the Civil Court and the jurisdiction of the C
Civil Court having been invoked, which was an efficacious alternative remedy
available to the respondent, it was not appropriate for the High Court to
entertain the writ petition and exercise its jurisdiction under Article 226 of
the Constitution.

Soon after the decision by the learned Additional Sessions Judge on D
27.2.93, Shakuntala Devi, the respondent, filed civil suit No.283 of 1993
based on title, seeking a pennanent preventive injunction against Shanti Kumar
Panda, the appellant herein. Kamta Prasad who alone was impleaded by the
respondent as the party in the proceedings under Sections 145/146 of the
Code was not impleaded as a party in the civil suit filed by the respondent
Shakuntala Devi, inasmuch as the impleadment of Kamta Prasad who was E
not claiming any interest and not even possession over the shop was considered
to be unnecessary. The respondent also sought for an ad-interim preventive
injunction so as to protect her possession over the shop. By order dated
5.8.95 the learned Civil Judge allowed the application filed by the respondent
and directed the appellant to remain restrained from interfering with the p
possession of the respondent over the shop. The learned Civil Judge also
directed a court officer to go at the site of the shop and after opening the
locks to put the respondent in possession of the shop. It would be relevant
to note some of the observations, pungent to some extent, made by the
learned Civil Judge during the course of his order. The learned Civil Judge
observed that the proceedings under Sections 145/146 of the Code had G
proceeded in the absence of the respondent who was not even allowed an
opportunity of being heard though she was the real person claiming possession
and also title over the shop. The learned Judge said -

"She was not even offered the opportunity of being heard. The real. H
104 SUPREME COURT REi'ORTS [2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A fact is that after the death of Smt. Tapesara the anti social elements •
conspired to grab her house and shop and under that conspiracy the
sister of Tapesara, i.e., Shakuntala Plaintiff whose possession was
over the disputed house and shop wanted to eject her forcibly and the
administration fully helped in evicting the plaintiff from her house
and shop...... .it is clear that the plaintiff was in possession and still
B she is in possession. Merely by taking advantage of the condition of
the plaintiff the Sub-Inspector and the S.D.M. under the proceeding
under Section 145 Cr.P.C. got locked the shop and house and the
plaintiff is again entitled to live therein. If it is not so any one could
take possession of any one's house in collusion with the administration.
c The day it is done that day will become a symbol of injustice in the
society.......... The one who is not a party to the proceeding under
Section 145 Cr.P.C. the finding given under Section 145 Cr.P.C. is
not binding on him."

The appellant preferred a miscellaneous appeal. The learned District
D Judge, vide his order dated 15.11.95, allowed the same and set aside the
order dated 5.8.95 passed by the learned Civil Judge. The principal reason
which has prevailed with the learned District Judge was that the proceedings
under Section 145 of the Code having terininated in favour of Shanti Kumar
Panda, the appellant, the trial court was not justified in issuing the order of
E injunction unless and until the order of the learned S.D.M. was superseded
by a decree of the Civil Court and that no injunction can be granted when
the disputed property is in custodia legis.

The respondent preferred a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution.
The High Court has allowed the petition, set aside the order of the learned
F. District Judge and restored the order passed by the learned Civil Judge.
Feeling aggrieved by the order of the High Court this appeal has been preferred
by special leave.

Mr. Sunil Gupta, the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the appellant,
has forcefully urged, placing reliance on the phraseology employed by the
G Parliament in drafting Section 145 of the Code, that once an order under
Sections 145 and/or 146 of the Code has been passed, finally terminating
proceedings thereunder, then it is only a decree for eviction passed by a Civil
Court in a suit based on title filed by the party unsuccessful before the
learned S.D.M. which would supersede the order passed by the Magistrate;
H which order continues to remain in operation and ought to be respected not
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALADEVl[LAHOTl,J.] 105

,
,J
only by the parties thereto but also by the Civil Court. In other words, he
submitted that an order of temporary injunction inconsistent with the order
of the Magistrate under Sections 145/146 of the Code or superseding it cannot
A

be passed by the Civil Court.

Mr. Jayant Bhushan, the learned Senior Counsel, who initially
represented the respondent before being designated as senior advocate, B
appeared at the time of hearing and submitted that though he was not instructed
to appear yet he is available to assist the Court to place the correct legal
position in spite of his having given up the brief to the respondent. We
appreciate the gesture shown by him. He has adopted a line of reasoning
opposite to the one adopted by Mr. Sunil Gupta and has supported the order C
of the trial court restored by the High Court. The rival submissions made
before us raise certain important issues touching the value and efficacy of the
final order passed under Sections 145/146 of the Code in the proceedings
wherein that order is called in question.

Sections 145 and 146 of the Code, insofar as they are relevant for our D
purpose are extracted and reproduced hereunder:

"145. Procedure where dispute concerning land or water is likely to
cause breach of peace.

(1) Whenever an Executive Magistrate is satisfied from a report of E
a police officer or upon other information that a dispute likely to
cause a breach of the peace exists concerning any land or water
or the boundaries thereof, within his local jurisdiction, he shall
make an order in writing, stating the grounds of his being so
satisfied, and requiring the parties concerned in such dispute to
attend his Court in person or by pleader, on a specified date and F
time, and to put in written statements of their respective claims
as respects the fact of actual possession of the subject of dispute.

(2) & (3) *** ***
(4) The Magistrate shall then, without reference to the merits or the G
claims of any of the parties to a right to possess the subject of
dispute, pursue the statements so put in, hear the parties, receive
all such evidence as may be produced by them, take such further
evidence, if any, as he thinks necessary, and, if possible, decide
whether any and which of the parties was, at the date of the
order made by him under sub-section (I), in possession of the H
106 SUPREME COURT R1:i'ORTS (2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A subject of dispute :

Provided that, if it appears to the Magistrate that any party has
been forcibly and wrongfully dispossessed, within two months
next before the date on which the report of a police officer or
other information was received by the Magistrate, or after that
B date and before the date of his order under sub-section ( 1), he
may treat the party so dispossessed as if that party had been in
possession on the date of his order under sub-section (!).

(5) Nothing in this section shall preclude any party so required to
attend, or any other person interested, from showing that no such
c dispute as aforesaid exists or has existed; and in such case the
Magistrate shall cancel his said order, and all further proceedings
thereon shall be stayed, but, subject to such cancellation, the
order of the Magistrate under sub-section (I) shall be final.

(6) (a) If the Magistrate decides that one of the parties was, or should
under the proviso to sub-section (4) be treated as being, in such
D
possession of the said subject, he shall issue an order declaring
such party to be entitled to possession thereof until evicted
therefrom in due course of law, and forbidding all disturbance of
such possession until such eviction; and when he proceeds under
the proviso to sub-section (4), may restore to possession the
E party forcibly and wrongfully dispossessed.

(b) The order made under this sub-section shall be served and
published in the manner laid in sub-section (3)."

146. Power to attach subject of dispute and to appoint receiver.

F (I) If the Magistrate at any time after making the order under sub-
section (I) of Section 145 considers the case to be one of
emergency, or if he decides that none of the parties was then in
such possession as is referred to in Section 145, or ifhe is unable
to satisfy himself as to which of them was then in such possession
of the subject of dispute, he may attach the subject of dispute
G until a competent Court has determined the rights of the parties
thereto with regard to the person entitled to the possession thereof:

Provided that in the event of a receiver being subsequently appointed
in relation to the subject of dispute by any Civil Court, the Magistrate

H (a) shall order the receiver appointed by him to hand over the possession
-- SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALA DEVI [LAHOTI, J.]

of the subject of dispute to the receiver appointed by the Civil Court and
shall thereafter discharge the receiver appointed by him.
107
A

(b) may make such other incidental or consequential orders as may be
just.

Possession is nine points in law. One purpose of the enforcement of the B
laws is to maintain peace and order in society. The disputes relating to property
should be settled in a civilized manner by having recourse to law and not by
taking the law in own hands by members of society. A dispute relating to any
land etc. as defined in sub-section (2) of Section 145 having arisen, causing
a likelihood of a breach of the peace, Section 145 of the Code authorizes the
Executive Magistrate to take cognizance of the dispute and settle the same by
c
holding an enquiry into possession as distinguished from right to possession
or title. The proceedings under Sections 145/146 of the Code have been held
to be quasi-civil, quasi-criminal in nature or an executive or police action.
The purpose of the provisions is to provide a speedy and summary remedy
so as to prevent a breach of the peace by submitting the dispute to the D
Executive Magistrate for resolution as between the parties disputing the
question of possession over the property. The Magistrate having taken
cognizance of the dispute would confine himself to ascertaining which of the
disputing parties was in possession by reference to the date of the preliminary
order or within two months next before the said date, as referred to in proviso
E
to sub-section (4) of Section 145, and maintain the status quo as to possession
until the entitlement to possession was determined by a court, having
competence to enter into adjudication of civil rights, which an Executive
Magistrate cannot. The Executive Magistrate would not take cognizance of
the dispute if it is referable only to ownership or right to possession and is
not over possession simpliciter; so also the Executive Magistrate would refuse F
to interfere if there is no likelihood of breach of the peace or if the likelihood
:::::( of breach of peace though existed at a previous point of time, had ceased to
exist by the time he was called upon to pronounce the final order so far as
he was concerned.

There is a difference between a case where the subject-matter of dispute
G
is not attached by the Executive Magistrate under Section 146( I) and the
case where it is so attached. Under sub-section (I) of Section 145 a preliminary
order taking cognizance of the dispute h11ving been passed, the Magistrate
would under sub-section (4) decide who was in possession of the disputed
property on the date of the passing of the preliminary order. Consistently H
108 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. S S.C.R.

A with such finding, a declaration by Magistrate in favour of such party would
follow under sub-section (6) entitling it to retain possession over such property
until evicted therefrom in due course of law. And until such eviction all
disturbances in its possession shall be forbidden. If any party is found to have
been forcibly or wrongfully dispos5essed within two months next before the
B date on which the report of a police officer or other information setting the
Magistrate in motion was received by him or between such date and the date
of order under sub-section (I), then the party dispossessed has to be fictionally
treated as one in possession on the date of preliminary order under sub-
section (I). The declaration of entitlement to possession under proviso to
sub-section (4) read with sub-section (6) shall be made in favour of such
C party and the party found to have been so dispossessed forcibly and wrongfully
may also be restored into possession. The declaration having been made, it
would be for the unsuccessful party to approach the competent court and
secure such order as would enable his entering into possession and evicting
the party successful in proceedings under Section 145.
D What is an eviction "in due course of law" within the meaning of sub-
section (6) of Section 145 of the Code? Does it mean a suit or proceedings
directing restoration of possession between the parties respectively unsuccessful
and successful in proceedings under Section 145 or any order of competellt
court which though not expressly directing eviction "of successful party, has
E the effect of upholding the possession or entitlement to possession of the
unsuccessful party as against the said successful party. In our opinion, which
we would buttress by reasons stated shortly hereinafter, ordinarily a party
unsuccessful in proceedings under Section 145 ought to sue for recovery of
possession seeking. a decree or order for restoration of possession. However,
a party though unsuccessful in proceedings under Section 145 may still be
F able to successfully establish before the competent court that it was actually
in possession of the property and is entitled to retain the sim1e by making out
a strong case demonstrating the finding of the Magistrate to be apparently
incorrect.

G In a case where attachment has been made under Section 146(1) of the
Code, it is not necessary for the unsuccessful party to seek the relief of
possession from the court; a mere adjudication of rights would suffice
inasmuch as the attached property is held custodia legis by the Magistrate for
and on behalf of the party who would be successful from the competent court
by establishing his right to possession over the property.
H
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALA DE\'! [LAHOTI, J.] I 09
Mr. Sunil Gupta, the learned Senior Counsel for the appellant submitted, A
reading literally the sub-section (6) of Section 145 of the Code, that declaration
of the successful party "to be entitled to possession thereof until evicted
therefrom in due course of law, and forbidding all disturbance of such
possession until such eviction" means that the Parliament intended to confer
a binding efficacy on the Magistrate's order not only qua the parties to the B
proceedings but also qua all concerned to respect and abide by the order of
the Executive Magistrate and such order and the possession of the successful
party protected thereunder shall continue to survive and hold valid and good
unless at the final adjudication of civil rights the competent court has directed
the party successful in proceedings before the Magistrate to be evicted, whence
and whence alone that party shall lose possession and bound to hand over the C
same to the party successful in the Civil Court.

It is well-settled that a decision by a Criminal Court does not bind the
Civil Court while a decision by the Civil Court binds the Criminal Court (See
Sarkar on Evidence, Fifteenth Edition, page 845). A decision given under
· Section 145 of the Code has relevance and is admissible in evidence to D
show:- (i) that there was a dispute relating to a particular property; (ii) that
the dispute was between the particular parties; (iii) that such dispute led to
the passing of a preliminary order under Section I45( I) or an attachment
under Section 146(1), on the given date; and (iv) that the Magistrate found
one of the parties to be in possession or fictional possession of the disputed E
property on the date of the preliminary order. The reasoning recorded by the
Magistrate or other findings arrived at by him have no relevance and are not
admissible in evidence before the competent court and the competent court
is not bound by the findings arrived at by the Magistrate even on the question
of possession through, as between the parties, the order of the Magistrate
would be evidence of possession. The finding recorded by the Magistrate F
does not bind the Court. The competent court has jurisdiction and would be
justified in arriving at a finding inconsistent with the one arrived at by the
Executive Magistrate even on the question of possession. Sections I45 and
146 only provide for the order of the Executive Magistrate made under any
of the two provisions being superseded by and giving way to the order or G
decree of a competent court. The effect of the Magistrate's order is that
burden is thrown on the unsuccessful party to prove its possession or
entitlement to possession before the competent court.

In Bhinka and Ors. v. Charan Singh, AIR (1959) SC 960, this Court
held that the Magistrate does not purport to decid~ a party's title or right to H
110 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A possession of the land but expressly reserves that question to be decided in
due course of law. His order is a temporary order irrespective of the rights
of the parties, which will have to be agitated and adjudicated upon by a
competent forum and in the manner provided by law. The life of the said
order is coterminous with the passing of a decree by a Civil Court and the
B moment a Civil Court makes an order of eviction, it displaces the order of
the Criminal Court. The orders under Section 145 of the Code are thus
merely police orders and do not decide any question of title.

We would like to clarify that in the case of Bhinka and Ors. (supra) the
question what is a competent court, did not arise for determination; nor did
C the question as to what is the weight and value to be assigned to or what is
the efficacy of the order of the Magistrate in a subsequent suit or proceeding
initiated before a competent court directly arise for consideration. This we
say because it is also well-settled that Sections 145 and 146 nowhere
specifically provide for the order of the Magistrate being subject to and
superseded by only a decree of 'Civil Court'. The words 'competent court'
D used in Section 146 (I), in the context in which they have been used, only
mean "any court which has jurisdictional competence to decide the question
of title or rights to the property or entitlement to possession based on right
or title to the property though the court is not necessarily a Civil Court". The
words 'until evicted therefrom in due course of law' as occurring in sub-
E section (6) of Section 145' mean the eviction of the party successful before
the Magistrate, con:;equent upon the adjudication of title or right to possession
by a competent court; that does not necessarily mean a decree of eviction.
The party unsuccessful before the Magistrate may dispute the correctness of
the finding arrived at by the Magistrate and is at liberty to show before the
competent court that it had not dispossessed the successful party or that it is
F the unsuccessful party and not the successful party who was actually in
possession and the finding to the contrary arrived at by the Magistrate was
wholly or apparently erroneous and unsustainable in law.

In Jhunama/ alias Devandas v. State of Madhya Pradesh and Ors.,
[1988] 4 SCC 452, this Court has held that a concluded order under Section
G 145, Cr.P.C., made by the Magistrate of competent jurisdiction should not be
set at naught merely because the unsuccessful party has approached the civil
Court. An order made under Section 145, Cr.P.C., deals only with the factum
of possession of the party as on a particular day. It confers no title to remain
in possession of the disputed property. The order is subject to decision of the
H civil Court. The unsuccessful party therefore must get relief only in the civil
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALA DEVI [LAHOTI, J.] 111
-- Court. He may move the civil court with a properly constituted suit. He may
file a suit for declaration and prove a better right to possession. The civil
A

Court has jurisdiction to give a finding different from that which the Magistrate
has reached. Here again we may hasten to add that the expression 'civil
court' used by this Court in Jhunamal's case (supra) means competent court
and not necessarily a civil court as commonly understood.
B
At what stage 'llay the competent court arrive at a finding inconsistent
with the one given by the Magistrate? Is it correct to say that the finding
recorded by the Magistrate can be dislodged only at the time of and by
passing a final decree terminating the suit? Or, whether the competent court
can, depending on the facts and circumstances of a given case, arrive at a C
finding different from the one recorded by the Magistrate even at the state of
interlocutory order such as one of injunction or appointment of receiver
during the pendency of the suit?

We have already indicated hereinabove the extent of relevance of an
order under Sections 145/146 of the Code in a subsequent civil action between D
the parties. In a civil action between different parties the finding of a criminal
court cannot be treated as binding except to the extent of being evidence of
the factum of a particular judgment having been delivered by the particular
criminal court on a particular date as already indicated hereinabove. In Anil
Behari Ghosh v. Smt. Latika Bala Dassi and Ors., AIR (1955) SC 566 this
Court has held that in a proceeding for revocation of a grant of probate under E
Section 263 of the Succession Act the previous judgment of the Criminal
Court convicting the son of the murder of his father and sentencing him to
transportation for life is not admissible in evidence of the fact that the son
was the murderer of the testator. That is a question to be decided cm evidence.
·Tue judgment of the Criminal Court is relevant only to show that there was F
such trial resulting in such conviction and sentence of the son to transportation
for life.

The order of the magistrate under Section 145/146 of the Code is not
only an order passed by Criminal Court but is also one based on summary
enquiry. The competent Court in any subsequent proceedings is free to arrive G
at its own findings based on the evidence adduced before it on all the issues
arising for decision before it. At the stage of judgment by Civil Court the
order of the magistrate shall be of almost no relevance except for the purpose
of showing that an enquiry held by the magistrate had resulted into the given
declaration being made on a particular date. The competent Court would be H
112 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A free to record its own fmdings based on the material before it even on the
question of possession which may be inconsistent with or contrary to the
findings arrived at by the magistrate.

At the stage of passing an interlocutory order such as on an application
for the grant of ad interim injunction under Rule I or 2 of Order 39 of the
B CPC, the competent Court shall have to form its opinion on the availability
of a primafacie case, the balance of convenience and the irreparable injury-
the three pillars on which rests the foundation of any order of injunction. At
that stage material in the shape of affidavits, documents and pleadings is
placed before the Court for its consideration. The order of the Executive
C Magistrate may also be placed before it, who having held an enquiry, though
summary in nature, has arrived at a fir<ding on the question of possession
which the Code intends to be sustained unless the Court of competent
jurisdiction by its judicial order supersedes the fmding or the effect of such
fmding and till then all disturbances in possession of the successful party are
intended by the Code to be forbidden. The Civil Court shall also respect such
D order and will be loath to arrive at an interim arrangement inconsistent with
the one made by the Executive Magistrate. However, this is far from holding
that the Civil Court does not have jurisdiction to make an order of injunction
inconsistint with the order of the Executive Magistrate. The jurisdiction is
there but the same shall be exercised not as a rule but as an exception. There
E may be cases such as one where the order of the Executive Magistrate can
be shown to be without jurisdiction, palpably wrong or containing self·
contradictory findings. For example, the Magistrate may have made an order
treating the party dispossessed beyond two months to be as in possession.
There may be cases where in spite of the order made by the Executive
Magistrate based on the evidence adduced before it, the competent court,
F based on the material produced before such Court, may be inclined to hold
that prima facie a very strong case for retaining or placing one of the parties
in possession of the suit property is made out or where it will be totally
unjust or inequitable to contique one party in possession of the property as
ordered by the Executive Magistrate. In such exceptional situations, the
G competent court (which will mostly be a civil court) may have jurisdiction
for granting an order of injunction in departure from the findings recorded
and the declaration made by the Executive Magistrate under Section 145 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure. The order under Section 146 of the Code
would not pose a problem of that magnitude. Inasmuch as the property is
under attachment and is placed in the hands of a receiver the Civil Court can
H comfortably examine whether it would be just and expedient to continue with
SHANTI KUMAR PANDA v. SHAKUNTALADEVI [LAHOTI,J.] I 13
the attachment and with the same receiver or to appoint another receiver or A
to make some other interim arrangement during the pendency of the civil
suit.

For the purpose of legal proceedings initiated before a competent court
subsequent to the order of an Executive Magistrate under Sections 145/146
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the law as to the effect of the order of B
the Magistrate may be summarized as under:-

(I) The words 'competent court' as used in sub-section {I) of Section
146 of the code do not necessarily mean a civil court only. A
competent court is one which has the jurisdictional competence
to determine the question of title or the rights of the parties with C
regard to the entitlement as to possession over the property
forming subject matter of proceedings before the Executive
Magistrate;

(2) A party unsuccessful in an order under Section 145(1) would
initiate proceedings in a competent court to establish its D
entitlement to possession over the disputed property against the
successful party. Ordinarily, a relief of recovery of possession
would be appropriate to be sought for. In legal proceedings
initiated before a competent court consequent upon attachment
under Section 146(1) of the Code it is not necessary to seek E
relief of recovery of possession. As the property is held custodia
legis by the Magistrate for and on behalf of the party who would
ultimately succeed from the court it would suffice if only
determination of the rights with regard to the entitlement to the
possession is sought for. Such a suit shall not be bad for not.
asking for the relief of possession. F
(3) A decision by a criminal court does not bind the civil court while
a decision by the civil court binds the criminal court. An order
passed by the Executive Magistrate in proceedings under Sections
145/146 of the Code is an order by a criminal court and that too
based on a summary enquiry. The order is entitled to respect and G
weight before the competent court at the interlocutory stage. At
the stage of final adjudication of rights, which would be on the
evidence adduced before the court, the order of the Magistrate is
only one out of several pieces of evidence. (4) The Court will
be loath to issue an order of interim injunction or to order an H
114 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A interim arrangement inconsistent with the one made by the
Executive Magistrate. However, to say so is merely stating a rule
of caution or restraint, on exercise of discretion by Court, dictated
-
by prudence and regard for the urgent/emergent executive orders
made within jurisdiction by their makers; and certainly not a tab
on power of Court. The Court does have jurisdiction to make an
B interim order including an order of ad-interim injunction
inconsistent with the order of the Executive Magistrate. The
jurisdiction is there but the same shall be exercised not as a rule
but as an exception. Even at the stage of passing an ad-interim
order the party unsuccessful before the Executive Magistrate may
c on material placed before the Court succeed in making out a
strong prima facie case Jemonstrating the findings of the
Executive Magistrate to be without jurisdiction, palpably wrong
or self-inconsistent in which or the like cases the Court may,
after recording its reasons and satisfaction, make an order
inconsistent with, or in departure from, the one made by the
D Executive Magistrate. The order of the court final or interlocutory,
would have the effect of declaring one of the parties entitled to
possession and evicting therefrom the party succ,essful before the
Executive Magistrate within the meaning of sub-section (6) of
Section 145.
E In the present case, the trial Court has felt strongly against the police
action taken under Section 145(1) of the Code. This can clearly be inferred
from the observations contained in the order of the learned Civil Judge. The
plaintiff-respondent herein was not allowed in spite of her efforts to participate
in the proceedings under Section 145. The party proceeded against by the
F Executive Magistrate was not interested in contesting the proceedings. The
first Appellate Court has not recorded any disagreement with the observations
made by the learned Civil Judge but has proceeded on a different reasoning
which reasoning has been found to be erroneous by the High Court. The
High Court has agreed with the view taken by the learned Civil Judge. We
do not think that any case for interference with the order of the High Court
G is made out.

The appeal is dismissed. No order as to the costs.

N.J. Appeal dismissed.