SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS LTD.)versusNEPAL FOOD CORPORATION & OTHERS

               [20>11] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R. 1181


 SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS                       A
                   LTD.)
                               v.
        NEPAL FOOD CORPORATION & OTHERS
           (CIVIL APPEAL N0.7100 OF 2001)
                     OCTOBER 13, 2011                               B

     [R.V. RAVEENDRAN AND H.L. GOKHALE, JJ.]

      Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925 - ss.2 and 4; and
Article I, clause (b) and Article Ill, r.3 - Role of carrier's agent c
and its liability - Contract for sale of parboiled rice between
NFC and NHH - Vessel 'Pichit Samut' chartered by NHH for
carrying rice to be shipped by NFC to NHH, from Calcutta to
Penang, Malaysia - NFC filed suit against the owner of the
vessel and its agent Shaw Wallace for recovery of damages
                                                                     0
on ground of wrongful delivery by the ship-owner to NHH without
production of the necessary documents (bills of lading) and
wrongful failure on part of the ship-owner and Shaw Wallace to
furnish the bills of lading within the validity period of letter of
credit, thereby preventing NFC from negotiating and
recovering the amount due - Suit decreed by the High Court E
- Held: As per the sale contract, the seller (NFC) was entitled
to payment of the entire invoice value, at sight at the seller's
bank, on presentation of the "on board Bills of Lading"
supported by its commercial invoice - Mere fact that delivery
was taken by the buyer (NHH) at Penang even without the bills F
of Jading would not have caused any loss to the seller, if it had
been issued the bills of lading to which it was entitled, without
delay so that it could have realized the amount against the
Jetter of credit which was valid and in force till 15. 1. 1979- NFC
lost the value of goods on account of Shaw Wallace not G
releasing the bills of lading before 15.1.1979, even though it
was liable to issue the bills of lading on 17. 12. 1978 - The bills
of lading were ultimately issued on 25.1.1979- By deliberately
delaying the issue of the bills of Jading from 17.12.1978 to
                              1181                                  H
     1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A 25. 1. 1979, Shaw Wallace committed a breach of statutory duty
   cast under Article Ill (3) of the Schedule to the Act - It also
   acted negligently in performance of its legal duty in common
   law to issue the bills of lading on delivery of the mate's receipt,
   as the agent of the ship-owner - Thus it became liable to pay
8  damages    to make good the loss, namely the value of the
   goods covered by the bills of lading - If the issue of bill of
   lading is denied or delayed as a consequence of which the
   shipper suffers loss, the owner of the vessel and its agent will
  jointly and severally be liable to make good the loss by way
   of damages - Shaw Wallace alongwith the ship-owner was
C jointly and severally responsible for the Joss caused to NFC
  - Judgment and decree of High Court affirmed.
          Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925 - ss.2 and 4; and
    Article I, clause (b) and Article 1/1, r.3 - Role of carrier's agent
    and its liability - Contract for sale of rice between NFC and
0   NHH - Vessel 'Eastern Grand' sub-chartered by NHH for
    carrying rice to be shipped by NFC to NHH, from Calcutta to
    Penang, Malaysia - Shaw Wallace was the agent of the owner
    of the vessel, at Calcutta - NFC filed suit against the disponent
    owner of the vessel (main charterer), the owner of the vessel,
E   Shaw Wallace and Owner's Protective Agent, for recovery of
    damages on ground of wrongful delivery by the disponent
    owner to the buyers and wrongful failure to furnish the bills of
    lading thereby preventing NFC from negotiating and
    recovering the amount due - High Court decreed the suit
F   against the disponent owner and Shaw Wallace - Held: In the
    instant case, the letter of credit expired on 15. 1. 1979 while the
    goods were cleared at Penang between 16. 1. 1979 to 19. 1. 1979
    - It was only on 19.1.1979, after the expiry of Jetter of credit
    and after the goods were delivered to NHH, that NFC tendered
G   the mate's receipts and requested for issue of bills of lading
    from Shaw Wallace - Even if Shaw Wallace had delivered the
    bills of lading on the day of de~and namely on 19. 1. 1979 itself,
    NFC could not have _realized the amount against the letter of
    credit - Shaw Wallace could be made liable only if it had
    committed breach of statutory duty or breach of any other legal
H   duty amounting to negligence causing loss to NFC - Having
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1183
          LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.
regard to the fact, that the letter of credit had expired on      A
15.1.1979 long prior to the tendering of mate's receipt and
demand for bills of lading, the delay of nine days in issuing
the bills of lading had no relevance - Evidently NFC and its
agent had taken the matter in a casual manner presumably
expecting a further extension of letter of credit - No finding
                                                                  8
that the mate's receipts were tendered or delivered with a
demand for issue of bills of lading prior to 19.1.1979 - The
High Court failed to consider this important aspect and wrongly
assumed thatbreach, default, delay could be attributed to Shaw
Wallace, in issuing the bills of Jading, even before the mate's
receipts were tendered on 19.1.1979 - Judgment and decree         C
of the High Court insofar as it decreed the suit against Shaw
Wallace set aside - Decree against the disponent owner not
disturbed.
     In the instant appeals viz. Civil Appeal No.7100/2001
and Civil Appeal No.7099/2011, the issue relating to the          D
role played by the carrier's agent and its statutory duty
and also its legal duty in common law arose for
consideration.
Civil Appeal No.710012001
                                                                  E
     Nepal Food Corporation (NFC)-first respondent
entered into a contract with Ngoh Hong Hang Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore ('NHH'l'buyer') for sale of parboiled rice. UPT
Imports Exports Ltd.-second respondent was the owner
of the vessel - 'M. V. Pichit Samut'. Shaw Wallace-appellant F
represented itself to be the agent of the owner of the
vessel. The said vessel 'Pichit Samur was chartered by
NHH from the owner of the vessel under charterparty
agreement for carrying rice to be shipped by NFC to NHH,
from Calcutta to Penang, Malaysia. Shaw Wallace was
appointed as the 'Owner's Protective Agent'. Shaw G
Wallace was also acting as the charterer's agent as per
charterer's request. M/s Asian Agency was the agent of
the seller (NFC) who was the shipper of the goods.
    NFC filed suit in the High Court against the owner of         H
    1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A the vessel and its agent Shaw Wallace for recovery of
  damages. The basis of the claim was two-fold. The first
  was wrongful delivery by the ship-owner to NHH without
  production of the necessary documents (bills of lading).
  The second was wrongful failure on the part of the ship-
B owner and Shaw Wallace to furnish the bills of lading
  within the validity period of letter of credit, thereby
  preventing the NFC from negotiating and recovering the
  amount due.
         The owner of the vessel did not defend the suit claim.
c Shaw Wallace in its written statement claimed that it had
   merely acted as the agent of the ship-owner in regard to
   that particular voyage undertaken by M.V. Pichit Samut;
   and that it could issue the bills of lading only on the
   instructions of and under the authority of the second
   respondent and that as it merely acted on the instructions
0 of the ship-owner, as its agent, it could not be held liable
   for the acts or omissions of the ship-owner. A Single Judge
   of the High Court decreed the suit with interest at 9% per
   annum from the date of suit. The Single Judge held that
   Shaw Wallace was liable to pay damages to NFC on three
E counts: (i) Breach of statutory duty: The act of withholding
  the bills of lading by Shaw Wallace was wrongful and in
  violation of the statutory duty imposed by Article Ill, Rule
  3 of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925. (ii) Breach of
  legal duty amounting to a wrongful act and negligence:
F The appellant wrongfully refused to make over to NFC,
  the bills of lading (which were documents of title to goods),
  though NFC was entitled to it on demand, in an attempt to
  assist the charterer (NHH) in realizing its purported claim
  and as a result of this wrongful act of Shaw Wallace, NFC
  suffered loss and damages to the extent of the value of
G the said goods. (iii) Conversion: Both ship-owner as well
  as Shaw Wallace acted inconsistently with the rights of
  NFC,in respect of the said bills of lading and such
  wrongful acts amounted to conversion of the said bills of
  lading which were documents of title to the goods, and
H thereby caused damages and injury to the plaintiff to the
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1185
          LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.

extent of the value of the said goods.                          A
    Feeling aggrieved, Shaw Wallace filed an intra-court
appeal which was dismissed by the Division Bench of the
High Court. Aggrieved, Shaw Wallace came up before this
Court.
                                                                B
Civil Appeal No.7099/2001
     The first respondent-NFC entered into a contract with
Ngoh Hong Hang Pvt. Ltd., Singapore ('NHH'/ 'buyer') for
sale of certain quantities of Nepal parboiled rice. Thye
Shipping Parma SA, the second respondent was the                c
disponent owner (main charterer) of the vessel - 'M. V.
Eastern Grand under a charter arrangement with the
owner of the vessel - M/s Eastern Steamship & Enterprises
(S) Ltd.- third respondent. The said vessel 'Eastern Grand'
was sub-chartered by NHH (buyer of the rice) from Thye
Shipping under a charterparty agreement for carrying rice       D
supplied by NFC, from Calcutta to Penang, Malaysia.
Khemka & Co. (Agencies) Pvt. Ltd., the fourth respondent
was the Owner's Protective Agent. Shaw Wallace was the
agent of the owner of the vessel, at Calcutta. M/s Asian
Agency was the agent of the seller (NFC) who was the            E
shipper of the goods.
     NFC-the first respondent filed suit in the High Court
against the disponent owner of the vessel (charterer), the
owner of the vessel, Shaw Wallace and Owner's Protective
Agent, for recovery of damages. The basis of the claim          F
was two-fold. The first was wrongful delivery by the
second respondent to the buyers. Second was wrongful
failure to furnish the bills of lading thereby preventing the
NFC from negotiating and recovering the amount due.
While the first was the cause of action against the Thye        G
Shipping; the second was a cause of action against both
Thye Shipping and Shaw Wallace.
     Respondent nos. 2, 3 and 4 did not contest the suit.
.Shaw Wallace-appellant in its written statement
 contended that (a) it did not issue the bills of lading to     H
    1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A NFC because it was bound by the instructions of its
   principal; (b) a suit against an agent of a disclosed principal
   was not maintainable; (c) it was in no way concerned with
   the delivery of the cargo since its role was limited to that
  of an agent with the responsibility of getting the goods
8 loaded; (d) it had no knowledge of the opening of the letter
  of credit or the expiry date thereof; and (e) it was in no
  way concerned with the main contract of sale of rice
  between NFC and NHH. A Single Judge decreed the suit
  against Thye Shipping (second respondent) and Shaw
  Wallace (appellant) with interest at 9% per annum from
C the date of suit. Feeling aggrieved, Shaw Wallace filed an
  intra court appeal, which was dismissed. The said
  judgment was also challenged before this Court.
        Disposing of the appeals, the Court
D       HELD:
    Civil Appeal No.7100/2001
        1.1. NFC did not engage the vessel Pichit Samut. It
  was chartered by the buyer NHH to carry the goods
E purchased by it from NFC. The contract of carriage was
  governed by the terms of the charterparty agreement dated
  11.10.1978. As per the said charterparty agreement, if the
  ship was delayed, the Charterer (NHH) was responsible
  to pay the demurrage and the agreement provided that
  the demurrage should be settled at Singapore, twenty days
F after discharge of the cargo at Penang. Thus NFC did not
  have any obligation towards the owner of the vessel to
  pay either the freight or any demurrage charges. If there
  was any delay for which NFC was liable, that was a matter
  to be sorted out by NHH making a claim against NFC. As
G per the sale contract dated 7.12.1977 betw<!en NFC as
  seller/shipper and NHH as the buyer, the seller (NFC) was
  entitled to payment of the entire invoice value, at sight at
  the seller's bank, on presentation of the "on board Bills of
  Lading" supported by its commercial invoice. NFC had
H secured its interest by ensuring that the buyer opens an
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1187
          LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.

irrevocable letter of credit and by making the supply during     A
the currency of the letter of credit. The shipper (NFC) was
certain of obtaining payment from the Bank under the
buyer's letter of credit, by merely producing before the
bank, the bills of lading and the invoice. The shipper was
entitled to the bills of lading from the agent of the            8
shipowner, immediately on production of the mate's
receipt. Therefore, the mere fact that delivery was taken
by the buyer (NHH) at Penang even without the bills of
lading would not have caused any loss to the seller, if it
had been issued the bills of lading to which it was entitled,
without delay so that it could have realized the amount          C
against the letter of credit which was valid and in force till
15.1.1979. NFC lost the value of goods on account of Shaw
Wallace not releasing the bills of lading before 15.1.1979,
even though it was liable to issue the bills of lading on
17.12.1978. [Para 16] [1205-B-G]                                 D
     1.2. The delivery of the goods on board the ship was
completed on 4.12.1978. On 17.12.1978, Asian Agency
presented the mate's receipt along with the filled forms of
bills of lading to Shaw Wallace and demanded the issue
of signed bills of lading. Issue of mate's receipt on behalf E
of the master of the ship was the authority and instruction
to the agent of the ship-owner to issue the bills of lading
to the shipper. The likelihood of a dispute between the
charterer/buyer and shipper/seller regarding demurrage
for lay days was not sufficient to suspend the F
authorization given by issue of the mate's receipt. But
Shaw Wallace did not issue the bills of lading inspite of
Asian Agency furnishing the mate's receipts and duly filled
forms of bills of lading. Thereafter, Asian Agency made a
further demand by telex on 1.1.1979. Shaw Wallace replied G
that the ship-owner wanted a bank guarantee towards
payment of demurrage before the release of bills of lading,
without indicating the amount for which the bank
guarantee was to be given. By this process, issue of the
bills of lading which was legitimately due on 17.12.1978 H
was postponed beyond 15.1.1979, on which date the letter
    1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A of credit ceased to be operative. The bills of lading were
   ultimately issued on 25.1.1979. Having regard to Rule 3 of
  Article Ill of the Schedule to the Act, there was a statutory
  duty cast upon Shaw Wallace as agent of the carrier, to
  issue the bills of lading, without delay. Shaw Wallace was
8 aware of the relevance and importance of bills of lading.
  By deliberately delaying the issue of the bills of lading
  from 17.12.1978 to 25.1.1979, Shaw Wallace committed a
  breach of statutory duty cast under Article Ill (3) of the
  Schedule to the Act. It also acted negligently in
  performance of its legal duty in common law to issue the
C bills of lading on delivery of the mate's receipt, as the agent
  of the ship-owner. Thus it became liable to pay damages
  to make good the loss, namely the value of the goods
  covered by the bills of lading. For this purpose it is
  immaterial whether Shaw Wallace was aware or unaware
D of the fact that the Letter of Credit was expiring on
  15.1.1979. The contention of Shaw Wallace that it was
  acting merely on the instructions of the shipowner in
  refusing to issue the bills of lading till furnishing of a bank
  guarantee and therefore not liable, is rejected. [Para 17]
E [1205-H; 1206-A-G]                  ,
       1.3. The appellant made a belated attempt to avoid
  liability by contending that it was not responsible or liable
  for the issue of bills of lading, that only the master of the
  ship who received the goods, had to issue the bills of
F lading, and that NFC having permitted the ship to leave
  the port without obtaining the bills of lading, could not
  require the agent to issue the bills of lading. The well
  recognized practice relating to carriage of goods by sea
  is that where a consignment is loaded/received on board
G on different dates, the person in charge of the vessel
  issues mate's receipts acknowledging the quantity
  received, as and when the goods are received. On
  completion of delivery of goods by the shipper, on
  production of the mate's receipts, the bills of lading would
  be issued to the shipper either by the master of the vessel
H or by the agent of the shipowner. In this case, at the
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1189
          LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.

relevant time, Shaw Wallace represented to NFC and its             A
agent (Asian Agency) that it was the agent of the carrier
and did all acts expected to be carried out by the carrier's
agents, that is informing the shipper's agents about the
arrival of the ship by issuing notice of readiness and by
calling upon the shipper's agent to load the cargo. It             B
issued to the master of the vessel, the mate's receipt book,
bearing printed caption of 'Shaw Wallace & Co. Ltd.,'
thereby making it clear that it was acting as an agent of
the carrier. The mate's receipt forms issued by Shaw
Wallace for use by the master of the ship clearly contained
a printed provision that the bills of lading could be obtained     C
at the agent's office. Shaw Wallace corresponded and
dealt with the shipper's agent in all matters with reference
to the shipment and furnished the blank forms of bills of
 lading to the shipper's agent. Shaw Wallace also received
the mate's receipt and duly filled forms of bills of lading        D
from Asian Agency on 17 .12.1978 without any protest.
 Ultimately, the Shaw Wallace did issue the bills of lading.
Therefore, it is too late in the day for Shaw Wallace to
contend that it was not liable to issue the bills of lading.
 It is also significant that Shaw Wallace never informed           E
 NFC or Asian Agency before the vessel left Calcutta on
4.12.1978 or even thereafter, that it did not have the
authority to issue the bills of lading or that it would not
 issue bills of lading in view of any default on the part of
 NFC. On the other hand, it held out till the ship left the port   F
that it was the carrier's agent and it will issue the bills of
 lading in lieu of the mate's receipt. It did not express any
 reservation or objection when it issued the blank forms
of bills of lading to Asian Agency for being filled or even
when the mate's receipts and filled forms of bills of lading
were delivered to it on 17.12.1978. Even in the letter dated       G
 28.12.1978 addressed to the Asian Agency, it merely stated
 that readiness of the ship to receive goods would
 commence from 9.11.1978 and not 26.12.1978. More than
 15 days after receiving the mate's receipts and filled form
  of bills of lading, on 3.1.1979, for the first time, Shaw        H
    1190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A Wallace raised the issue of furnishing a bank guarantee
   for payment of demurrage amount before releasing the
   bills of lading. Even in this letter, it did not mention the
   amount of demurrage for which the bank guarantee was
  to be issued. The demurrage amount was mentioned for
B the first time by letter dated 15.1.1979. Therefore, even if
   NFC wanted to give a bank guarantee, it could not have
  given a bank guarantee before 15.1.1979 as the amount
  for which bank guarantee was required, was not notified.
  On 15.1.1979, the letter of credit expired. Therefore, it is
  clear that the Shaw Wallace alongwith the ship-owner was
C jointly and severally responsible for the loss caused to
  the NFC. The liability of Shaw Wallace arises by reason of
  breach of a statutory duty and by reason of its negligence
  in performing its legal duty to release the bills of lading
  when demanded. Whether the delay on the part of the
D Shaw Wallace in issuing the bills of lading was on account
  of negligence or on account of mala tides, makes no
  difference, in so far as its liability is concerned. [Para 18]
  (1206-H; 1207-A-H; 1208-A-E]
        1.4. Once a mate's receipt is issued to the shipper on
E delivery of the goods to the ship, issue of bill of lading in
   respect of such goods cannot be postponed on any
  ground except where the person claiming the bill of lading
  is not the shipper. Once the mate's receipt is issued to the
  shipper {or its agent) and the demand for issue of a bill of
F lading in terms of the mate's receipts is made by the
  shipper (or its agent), the owner of the vessel is bound to
  issue the bill of lading and cannot deny or delay the issue
  of the bill of lading. If the arrangement was that the agent
  of the owner of the vessel will issue the bill of lading, or
G if the owners' agent had held out that it will issue the bill
  of lading, the agent cannot withhold the bills of lading
  once the mate's receipt is issued, irrespective of any
  instructions to the contrary, issued by the owner of the
  vessel subsequent to the issue of mate's ·receipt and
  departure of the vessel with the goods from the port. If
H the issue of bill of lading is denied or delayed as a
 SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1191
         LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.

consequence of which the shipper suffers loss, the owner       A
of the vessel and its agent will jointly and severally be
liable to make good the loss by way of damages. [Para
19] [1208-F-H; 1209-A]
     1.5. The decision of the High Court that the appellant
is jointly and severally liable along with the owner of the    B
vessel does not call for any interference. [Para 21] [121 O-
B]
     Ha/sbury's Laws of England (4th Edition, Vol. 43(2)
Shipping & Navigation : Pages 1042 and 1043); Scrutton
on Charterparties and Bills of Lading (Twentyfirst (2008)      C
Edition] and CARVER's Carriage by Sea (Thirteenth
Edition, vol. 1, Page 41 Para 54) - referred to.
Civil Appeal No.7099/2001
     2.1. In the instant case, the goods were loaded D
between 5.12.1978 and 29.12.1978. The vessels sailed on
30.12.1978. The letter of credit expired on 15.1.1979. The
goods were cleared at Penang between 16.1.1979 to
19.1.1979.lt was only on 19.1.1979, after the expiry of letter
of credit and after the goods were delivered to NHH, that E
the NFC tendered the mate's receipts and requested for
issue of bills of lading from Shaw Wallace. Even if Shaw
Wallace had delivered the bills of lading on the day of
demand namely on 19.1.1979 itself, NFC could not have
realized the amount against the letter of credit. Shaw F
Wallace could be made liable only if it had committed
breach of statutory duty or breach of any other legal duty
amounting to negligence causing loss to the NFC. In this
case, having regard to the fact, that the letter of credit had
expired on 15.1.1979 long prior to the tendering of mate's
receipt and demand for bills of lading, the delay of nine G
days in issuing the bills of lading had no relevance. Even
if the bills of lading had been issued forthwith on
19.1.1979, it would not have been of any assistance. [Para
35] [1215-D-F]
     2.2. The High Court inferred that it would be highly      H
     1192'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


 A improbable that the holder of the mate's receipts would
    'delay the making of a demand for blank bills of lading
     forms. The Single Judge recorded a finding that Asian
     Agency was demanding the blank bills of lading forms
     from Shaw Wallace from 30.12.1978 and that Shaw
 8   Wallace   did not supply the blank forms to Asian Agency
     until 17.1.1979. Consequently the single Judge reasoned
     that the demand for bills of lading was being prior to
     15.1.1979 and therefore, Shaw Wallace was liable to pay
     damages equal to the value of the goods. The division
     bench affirmed the said findings. However, there is no
 C reference in the plaint, to the demand for the blank forms
     of lading on and from 30.12.1978 by Asian Agency. Asian
     Agency did not send either any letter or telex to Shaw
    Wallace demanding the issue of bills of lading or the blank
    forms of bill of lading for purposes of filling up at any time
D prior to 17.1.1979. Asian Agency did nottender the mate's
    receipts prior to 17.1.1979. The first communication in
    writing from Asian Agency to Shaw Wallace after the ship
    left on 30.12.1978 was when it sent the mate's receipts
    and the filled forms of bill of lading to Shaw Wallace for
E issuing bills of lading, under cover of letter dated
    19.1.1979. On the same day, that is on 19.1.1979, Asian
    Agency also sent a notice through counsel to Shaw
   Wallace demanding that immediate steps be taken for
    release of bills of lading and for extension of validity of
F the letters of credit from the buyers so as to enable NFC
   to negotiate the same and realise the proceeds.
   Significantly, the above notice refers to forwarding of the
   duly filled forms of bill of lading in regard to Eastern Grand
   on 18.1.1979 (the date should be 19.1.1979). It does not
   refer to any earlier demand by Asian Agency for issue of
G blank forms of bills of lading from 30.12.1978 or any other
   date. It does not refer to any earlier demand for Issue of
   bills of lading. Similarly in the notice dated 10.12.1979
   issued by NFC through counsel to Shaw Wallace, there la
   no reference to any demand earlier to 19.1.1979. If really
H NFC and Asian Agency were seriously pursuing the
  SHAW WALLACE &,co. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1193
          LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN.

matter, one fails to understand why no letter or telex was       A
sent either by NFC or by Asian Agency making a demand
for issue of blank bill of lading forms or insisting upon the
issue of bills of lading by tendering the mate's receipts.
[Paras 36, 37, 38, 39] [1215-G-H; 1216-A-D, F-G]
     2.3. Even assuming that there was any oral demand           B
for bill of lading forms on 30.12.1978 as found by the High
Court, it was evident NFC and its agent had taken the
matter in a casual manner presumably expecting a further
extension of letter of credit. In the circumstances, it cannot
be said that there was any default, negligence or delay on       c
the part of Shaw Wallace in issuing the bills of lading prior
to 17.1.1979.The Single Judge and division bench found
that there was a demand for blank forms of bill of lading
from 30.12.1978. Accepting the said finding will not help
NFC as there is no finding that the mate's receipts were
tendered or delivered with a demand for issue of bills of        D
lading prior to 19.1.1979. The High Court failed to consider
this important aspect and wrongly assumed that breach,
default, delay could be attributed to Shaw Wallace, in
issuing the bills of lading, even before the mate's receipts
were tendered on 19.1.1979. The decisions of the Single          E
Judge and division bench of the High Court cannot
therefore be sustained. [Para 38] [1217-G-H; 1218-A-C]
Conclusion
     3. CA No. 7099/2001 (Re: Eastern Grand) is allowed          F
and the judgment and decree of the High Court in so far
as it decrees the suit against the appellant is set aside.
The decree against the second respondent is not
disturbed. CA No. 7100/2001 (Re: Pichit Samut) is
dismissed and the judgment and decree of the High Co•.1rt        G
is affirmed. [Para 39] [1218-D-F]
    CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 7100
of 2001.
    From the Judgment & Order dated 14.9.2001 of the High
Court at Calcutta in Appeal No. 322 of 1988.                     H
     1194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A                                 WITH
    C.A. No. 7099 of 2001.
      Amar Dave, Radhika Gautam, Gaurav Goel, Mahesh
  Agarwal, Abhishek Gupta, Zafar lnayat, Anandh Kannan, E.C.
B Agrawala for the Appellant.
        Jaideep Gupta, Rajshekhar Roa, P.C. Sharma, N.P.
    Agarwalla, Richa Maken, Oebajyoti Basu for the Respondent.
         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
         R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.
c
    Civil Appeal No.7100/2001
        Shaw Wallace & Co. Ltd., the appellant herein, was the
  second defendant in suit No. 922/1979 filed by Nepal Food
  Corporation ('NFC' for short, plaintiff in the suit and first
D respondent herein) for recovery of Rs. 1,26,38,951/06. UPT
  Imports Exports Ltd., the second respondent herein, was the
  first defendant in the said suit. The appellant filed this appeal by
  special leave, aggrieved by the judgment dated 14.9.2001 of a
  division bench of the Calcutta High Court dismissing its appeal
E (Ap.No.323 of 1988) against judgment and decree dated
  9.9.1987 passed by a learned single Judge of that court
  decreeing the suit filed by the first respondent in part. For
  convenience we will also refer to the parties by their ranks in the
  suit.
F      2. NFC entered into a contract dated 7.12.1977 with Ngoh
  Hong Hang Pvt. Ltd., Singapore (for short 'NHH' or the 'buyer')
  for sale of 10000 MT of parboiled rice-1978 crop, (as also other
  quantities of rice). As per the contract, the payment was to be
  made by the buyer by establishing an irrecoverable confirmed
G and transferable letter of credit confirmed by Rashtriya Banijya
  Bank, Kathmandu in US dollars in favour of the seller allowing
  part payment. The contract provided that the payment 100%
  invoice value shall be made at sight at the seller's bank on
  presentation of 'on board Bills of Lading' (or charterparty Bills
  of Lading) supported by seller's commercial invoice. In
H p'ursuance of it, Bangkok Bank Ltd., Hong Kong who were the
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1195
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.)

buyer's bankers, issued an irrecoverable letter of credit dated             A
25.4.1978 (amended/extended on 25.5.1978 and· 31.8.1978)
for US$ 21,60,000, in regard to the price of 10000 MT of Nepal
paraboiled rice. The validity period of the said letter of credit
was originally upto 30.6.1978, the last date for shipment being
20.6.1978. This was extended from time to time and the validity             8
period of the letter of credit was extended from time to time,
finally up to 15.1.1979, with the last date for shipment being
extended to 31.12.1978.
      3. UPT Imports Exports Ltd. was the owner of the vessel -
'M. V. Pichit Samut'. Shaw Wallace represented itself to be the C
agent of the owner of the vessel. The said vessel 'Pichit Samuf
was chartered by NHH (buyer of rice from NFC) from the owner
 of the vessel under charterparty agreement dated 11.10.1978
 for carrying 5000 MT of rice to be shipped by NFC to NHH, from
 Calcutta to Penang, Malaysia. Mis Grand Fortune Singapore
 Private Ltd., (for short 'Grand Fortune') was the general agent D
 of the owner of the vessel. In accordance with Charterer's request
 to assign the said vessel under the agency of appellant for the
 said fixture, the said general agent acting on behalf of the owners,
 appointed Shaw Wallace (second defendant) as the 'Owner's
 Protective Agent' on 16.10.1978. Shaw Wallace was also acting E
 as the charterer's agent as per charterer's request dated
 3.1.1979. M/s Asian Agency was the agent of the seller (NFC)
 who was the shipper of the goods.
      4. Shaw Wallace addressed a letter dated 6.11.1978 to
Asian Agency (NFC's agent) informing that the vessel Pichit                 F
Samutwas due to arrive at Sandheads, Calcutta on 8.11.1978,
that there was insufficient cargo at the Port and that all expenses
for delays, if any, would be to the shipper's (seller's) account.
Shaw Wallace informed Asian Agency by letter dated 8.11.1978
that the vessel Pichit Samut had arrived at Sand heads, Calcutta            G
and served a notice of readiness (that the vessel was ready to
receive cargo). The said notice of readiness was accepted by
 Asian Agency on 28.11.1978 when the vessel arrived at berth
 (23 K P 0) after it was certified to be fit for loading by the surveyor.
 The loading of rice in the ship was commenced on 29.11.1978                H
     1196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R


 A and completed on 4.12.1978. Several mate's receipts were
   issued between 29.11.1978 to 4.12.1978 to Asian Agency on
   behalf of the master of the ship acknowledging the receipt of
   goods as and when received. The ship sailed from the Port of
   Calcutta to Penang on 4.12.1978.
 B         5. The general agent of the shipowner - Grand Fortune,
     advised Shaw Wallace by telex message dated 5.12.1978, not
     to issue Bills of Lading to NFC until advised, in view of the
     dispute between the charterer and the shipper in regard to the
     "lay days". At this juncture it is necessary to refer to the
 c background facts relating to the said dispute. When the vessel
     arrived at Garden Reach Anchorage on 9.11.1978, the vessel
     was passed as fit for loading, by the surveyors. On 9.11.1978,
     NFC did not have sufficient goods to load and therefore the
     vessel was birthed at 28 KPD. The vessel was programmed to
    shift from 28 KPD to 23 KPD on 16.11.1978, but could not be
D shifted on account of Port Workers strike. After the strike was
    called off, the vessel moved from 28 KPD to 23 KPD on
    28.11.1978. Asian Agency therefore accepted the notice of
    readiness dated 8.11.1978, only on 28.11.1978. According to
    Shaw Wallace, Asian Agency ought to have accepted the notice
E of readiness as soon as the ship berthed at the port on
    9.11.1978. According to Asian Agency, the vessel could be said
    to be ready only when it berthed at 23 KPD' which was on
    28.11.1978 and therefore there was no delay on its part. The
    dispute was as to whether the shipper should bear the
F demurrage charges if any for the lay days between 9.11.1978
   to 28.11.1978. It is in this background the said telex dated
   5.12.1978 was issued by Grand Fortune. This was followed by
   another telex dated 12.12.1978 from Grand Fortune, forwarding
   a telex communication from NHH requiring the ship-owner to
G advise its agent Shaw Wallace to obtain a bank guarantee from
   NFC regarding demurrage before issuing the Bills of Lading, to
   avoid disputes over payment of demurrage and stating that if it
  was not done, it (NHH) will not be responsible for any demurrage
   incurred. In view of it, Grand Fortune instructed Shaw Wallace
  to require NFC to furnish a bank guarantee for issuing and
H releasing the bills of lading. On 13.12.1978, Shaw Wallace sent
   SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1197
  LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

 a statement of facts pertaining to the arrival and loading of Pichit   A
 Samut. As per the standard practice, Shaw Wallace supplied
 the blank forms of bills of lading to NFC for being filled and
 returned. NFC's agent delivered the mate's receipts and the
 duly filled forms of bills of lading to Shaw Wallace on 17.12.1978
 with a request to sign and issue the bills of ladings as the agent     8
 of the owner of the vessel. Shaw Wallace's statement of facts
 was returned by NFC's agents with remarks on 19.12.1978.
       6. Pichit Samut arrived at Penang on 18.12.1978. NHH
  took delivery of the goods from the vessel at Penang on
  22.12.1978 without possessing any document of title and               c
  apparently without the knowledge of the NFC. Asian Agency -
  NFC's agent, addressed a telex message dated 1.1.1979 to
  Shaw Wallace regretting that bills of lading had not been
  delivered to them, despite delivering the mate's receipts and
  that therefore, Shaw Wallace would be responsible for all delays      D
  and damages, as NFC was unable to negotiate the letter of credit
  in the absence of bills of lading. NHH sent the following telex
. dated 3.1.1979 to Shaw Wallace:
      "As you are aware, we wish to counter claim demurrage
      from shipper ...... Since the owner requires charterers/          E
      shippers to provide first class international prime bank
      guarantee to pay freight, dead freight and demurrage
      before issuing bills of lading, it is proper for us to request
      shipper to submit first class international prime Bank
      Guarantee to pay the demurrage prior to releasing of bills
      of lading and subject to our telex confirmation before. Kindly    F
      act as an agent on our behalf to do the needful and possible
      and we will be responsible for all possible legal action."
 It should be noted that by then NHH had taken delivery of the
 cargo from Pichit Samut. Shaw Wallace sent a telex message
 dated 3.1.1979 informing Asian Agency that the Carrier had G
 advised not to issue the bills of lading until NFC furnished a
 bank guarantee towards demurrage and that the ship-owner
 would not be responsible for the delay in issuing bills of lading,
 in view of delay on the part of NFC in furnishing a bank guarantee
                                                                    H
     1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011) 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A for the demurrage. The validity period of the letter of credit issued
   at the instance of NHH expired on 15.1.1979. Shaw Wallace by
   communication dated 15.1.1979 informed NFC's agent that the
   demurrage due in respect of M. V. Pichit Samutwas US$ 30,000
   and a bank guarantee for the said amount should be furnished
8 by the NFC or its agents so that the bills of lading could be
   issued. On 19.1.1979, NFC issued a notice to Shaw Wallace
  calling upon them to issue bills of lading and take steps to see
  that NHH extends the validity of the letters of credit to enable
   NFC to negotiate the same and realize the value of goods failing
  whfch Shaw Wallace would be held liable for all consequences.
C On 25.1.1979, three signed bills of lading dated 4.12.1978 were
  delivered by Shaw Wallace to NFC's agent (Asian Agency) in
  regard to 1522.727 MT, 1022.860 MT and 1901.207 MT of rice
  entrusted to the master of the vessel 'Pichit Samu!' for
  transshipment to Penang. NFC issued its final invoice in regard
D to the consignments on 1.2.1979 and 2.2.1979.
        7. NHH issued a notice dated 3.2.1979 to NFC alleging
  that NFC was liable in damages in a sum of US$ 13,41,242.38
  for several breaches, that is short-supply of 1521.52 MT of
  parboiled rice and non-supply 11573 MT of white rice and
E demurrage in regard to delaying three vessels. NFC issued a
  notice dated 25.9.1979 to NHH claiming US$ 59, 12, 191.07
  towards the value of rice supplied. NFC also issued a legal
  notice dated 29.11.1979 to UPT Imports Exports and Shaw
  Wallace claiming the value of the goods as damages, by reason
F of the delay in issuing the bills of lading and the wrongful delivery
  of the cargo to NHH without the production of bills of lading.
  NFC filed Suit No.922/1979 in the Calcutta High Court against
  the owner of the vessel (first defendant) and its agent Shaw
  Wallace (second defendant) for recovery of ' 1,26,38,951/06
G made up of the following amounts :
         (a) Damages equivalent to the value of
          Rs. 1,05,32,459/22
      4446.794 MT of rice covered by the three Bills of Lading
H (1522. 727 MT + 1022.860 MT + 1901.207 MT) loaded on the
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1199
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

Vessel Pichit Samut.                                                   A
    (b) Interest thereon at the rate of 20% per annum R s
21,06,491/84
      from 4.12.1978 (date of Bills of Lading) to
      3.12.1979 (date of suit).                                        B
     8. During the pendency of the said suit, NFC also filed a
suit against NHH in the High Court of Singapore for recovery of
US$ 28,57,009.75 being the value of the goods supplied,
(including the rice shipped through M. V.Pichit Samut and
M. V.Eastern Grand). NHH raised a counter claim for US C
$13,41,242/38. The said suit (Suit No.5809/1983) was decreed
(by the High Court of Singapore on 22.8.1984) on admission
for US$11,54,575/37 for which there was no defence or dispute.
NFC filed Civil Appeal No.56/1984 before the appellate court
at Singapore regarding non-grant of decree on admission for D
the balance. However, NHH was wound up by the Singapore
High Court in the year 1985, on an application by a Malaysian
creditor and consequently, NFC could not recover any amount
from its buyer NHH.
      9. In the suit filed by NFC against the owner of the vessel      E
and the agent (appellant), it was contended that as the bills of
lading were not issued in time, the valuable security was not
available for negotiation and, in the meanwhile, the validity period
of the letter of credit having expired on 15.1.1979, loss was
caused to NFC in respect of the value of the goods. The basis          F
of the claim was two-fold. The first was wrongful delivery by the
ship-owner (first defendant) to NHH without production of the
necessary documents (bills of lading). The second was wrongful
failure on the part of the ship-owner and Shaw Wallace to furnish
the bills of lading within the validity period of letter of credit,    G
thereby preventing the NFC from negotiating and recovering the
 amount due. While the first was a cause of action against the
 ship-owner, the second was a cause of action against both the
 ship-owner and Shaw Wallace.

                                                                       H
     1200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A       10. The first defendant (owner of the vessel) did not defend
   the suit claim. The second defendant (Shaw Wallace) in its written
   statement claimed that it had merely acted as the agent of the
   ship-owner in regard to that particular voyage undertaken by
  M.V. Pichit Samut; and that it could issue the bills of lading only
B on the instructions of and under the authority of the first defendant.
  Shaw Wallace contended that as it merely acted on the
  instructions of the ship-owner (first defendant), as its agent, it
  could not be held liable for the acts or omissions of the ship-
  owner. On the said pleadings, the following issues were framed:
c         "1.   Is the suit not maintainable as against the defendant
                No.2 on the grounds as stated in written statement?
          2.    Has there been any breach of contract on the part
                of defendant No.2?
          3.    Was there any negligence or breach of obligation
D               on the part of defendant No.2, as alleged in
                paragraphs 15 and 16 of the plaint?
         4.     To what relief, if any, is the plaintiff entitled as against
                defendant No.2? "
        Both parties (plaintiff and second defendant) led oral and
-   documentary evidence.
        11. After considering the evidence, a learned Single Judge,
  by order dated 9.9.1987, decreed the suit for Rs. 1,05,32,459.22
  with interest at 9% per annum from the date of suit. He rejected
F the claim for interest from 4.12.1978 (date of bill of lading) to
  3.12.1979 (date of suit). The learned Single Judge held that the
  suit was maintainable. He also held that Shaw Wallace was liable
  to pay damages to NFC on three counts:
        (i) Breach of statutory duty : The act of withholding the bills
G       of lading by Shaw Wallace was wrongful and in violation of
        the statutory duty imposed by Article Ill, Rule 3 of the
        Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925.
        (ii) Breach of legal duty amounting to a wrongful act and
        negligence : The second defendant wrongfully refused to
H       make over to NFC, the bills of lading (which were
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1201
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. (R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

    documents of title to goods), though NFC was entitled to it A
    on demand, in an attempt to assist the charterer (NHH) in
    realizing its purported claim. As a result of this wrongful act
    of Shaw Wallace, NFC suffered loss and damages to the
    extent of the value of the said goods.
    (iii) Conversion : Both ship-owner as well as Shaw Wallace         B
    acted inconsistently with the rights of NFC, in respect of
    the said bills of lading and such wrongful acts amounted to
    conversion of the said bills of lading which were documents
    of title to the goods, and thereby caused damages and injury
    to the plaintiff to the extent of the value of the said goods.     c
     12. Feeling aggrieved, Shaw Wallace filed an intra-court
appeal. A Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court by
impugned judgment dated 14.9.2001 dismissed the said appeal.
The division bench affirmed the finding that the appellant was
guilty of breach of a statutory duty and breach of a legal duty D
which amounted to negligence. It however clarified that Shaw
Wallace was guilty of conversion of bills of lading which·
constituted title to the goods and not conversion of goods. The
division bench rejected the contention of the appellant that it
was the duty of the master of the ship who took charge of the
goods to issue the bill of lading and not that of the agent. It held E
that Shaw Wallace had an obligation to issue the bills of lading
within the validity period of the letter of credit. It also held that by
the appellant's failure to issue the bills of lading, NFC was unable
to negotiate the letter of credit and consequently lost the value
of the goods.                                                            F
      13. The said judgment and decree of the appellate bench.
of the High Court is challenged in this appeal. At the outset, it
should be noticed that in this appeal, we are neither concerned
with the liability of the buyer/charterer (NHH) nor with the liability G
of the owner of the vessel (UPT Imports Exports). The decree
against the owner of the vessel who remained ex parte is not
under challenge. We are only concerned with the role played by
Shaw Wallace as the carrier's agent and the question whether
it was liable for the suit claim. The High Court has not made
                                                                       H
    1202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A Shaw Wallace liable as an agent, for any acts of omission or
  commission by its principal (the ship owner). Nor has the High
  Court made the agent (Shaw Wallace) liable by binding it to any
  contract made by the principal (ship owner). The High Court has
  made Shaw Wallace liable in view of its breach of a statutory
8 duty and negligence to perform its legal duty in common law.
  Therefore, the limited question that arises for our consideration
  in this appeal is whether there is any ground for interference, in
  regard to the concurrent finding of the learned Single Judge and
  the division bench holding that the appellant- Shaw Wallace
C committed breach of its statutory duty and also breach of its
  legal duty amounting to negligence and wrongful act and
  consequently liable to pay to NFC the value of the goods by way
  of damages.
        14. Section 2 of the Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act,
   1925 ('Act' for short) provides that subject to the provisions of
0 the said Act, the rules set out in the schedule shall have effect
  in relation to and in connection with the carriage of goods by
  sea, in ships carrying goods from any port in India to any other
  port whether in or outside India. Section 4 provides that every
  bill of lading issued in India shall contain an express statement
E that it is to have effect subject to the provisions of the rules
  contained in the schedule to the Act. The schedule to the said
  Act contains the rules relating to bills of lading. Clause (a) of
  Article I of the Schedule defines the term 'carrier' as including
  the owner of charterer who enters into a contract of carriage
F with a shipper. "Contract of carriage" is defined in clause (b) of
  Article I th us :
        "(b) "Contract of carriage" applies only to contracts of
        carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document
        of title, in so far such document relates to the carriage of
G       goods by sea including any bill of lading or any similar
        document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter
        party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar
        document of title regulates the relations between a carrier
        and a holder of the same :"
H
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1203
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

     Article Ill deals with the Responsibilities and Liabilities of A
Carriers by Sea. Rule 3 thereof which is relevant for our purpose,
is extracted below :
    "3. After receiving the goods into his charge, the carrier or
    the master or agent of the carrier, shall, on demand of the
    shipper issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among        B
    other things-
     {a) The leading marks necessary for identification of the
     goods as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper
     before the loading of such goods starts, provided such
     marks are stamped or otherwise shown clearly upon the             C
     goods if uncovered, or on the cases or coverings in which
     such goods are contained, in such a manner as should
     ordinarily remain legible until the end of the voyage;
     {b) Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity,
     or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by D
     the shipper;
     {c) The apparent order and condition of the goods:
     Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier, shall
     be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, E
     number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground
     for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually
     received, or which he has had no reasonable means of
     checking."
     15. Ha/sbury's Laws of England (4th Edition, Vol. 43(2)           F
Shipping & Navigation: Pages 1042 and 1043) deals with the
'Right to receive bill of lading' and 'effect of mate's receipt'. We
extract below the relevant portion therefrom :
     "1544. Right to receive bill of lading. The person who at
     the time of shipment is the owner of the goods is entitled G
     to receive a bill of lading and to have it made out in
     accordance with his instructions. If he is refused a bill of
     lading, or if the terms of the bill of lading offered differ from
      those which he is entitled to require, or if his instructions
      are not complied with, he may demand the redelivery of his H
    1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 {ADDL.) S.C.R.


A        goods, and a refusal to redeliver them, when so demanded,
         amounts to a conversion of them by the shipowner. The
         shipowner is not discharged from his responsibility to the
         owner of the goods merely on the ground that a bill of lading
         has already been signed and handed over to a third person
B        who was believed in good faith to be the owner.·
         "1545. Effect of mate's receipt. Possession of the mate's
         receipt prima facie entitles the holder to receive a bill of
         lading. Therefore, on its production, in the absence of notice
         that the holder is not the owner, the master or other agent
c        of the shipowner is justified in signing a bill of lading and
         delivering it to the holder in exchange for the mate's receipt."
    The following observations relating to mate's receipt in Scrutton
    on Charterparties and Bills of Lading (Twentyfirst (2008)
    Edition] are relevant:
D       "On delivery of goods by a shipper to the shipowner or his
        agent, the shipper will, unless there is a custoin of the port
        to the contrary, obtain a document known as a "mate's
        receipt" .... As a general rule, the person in possession of
        the mate's receipt, where one exists, is the person entitled
E       to bills of lading, which should be given in exchange for that
        receipt and he an sue for wrongful dealing with the goods.·
        [page 162]
               After the shipment of goods under a contract of
        affreightment, the bill of lading is signed by the carrier or
F       his agent and delivered to the shipper, in exchange for the
        mate's receipt." [page 62)
  The standard method of preparing bills of lading is stated in
  CARVER's Carriage by Sea (Thirteenth Edition, vol. 1, Page
G 41 Para 54) thus : ·
        "The bills of lading are usually procured by the shipper, and
        filled by him with statements of the kinds and quantities of
        the goods, and the marks upon them. These are checked
        on behalf of the ship, and documents are signed on behalf
        of the master, by the ship's agent, and delivered to the
H
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1205
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.)

    shipper."                                                    A
    · 16. NFC did not engage the vessel Pichit Samut. It was
chartered by the buyer NHH to carry the goods purchased by it
from NFC. The contract of carriage was governed by the terms
of the charterparty agreement dated 11.10.1978. As per the said
charterparty agreement, if the ship was delayed, the Charterer B
(NHH) was responsible to pay the demurrage and the agreement
provided that the demurrage should be settled at Singapore,
twenty days after discharge of the cargo at Penang. Thus NFC
did not have any obligation towards the owner of the vessel to
pay either the freight or any demurrage charges. If there was c
any delay for which NFC was liable, that was a matter to be
sorted out by NHH making a claim against NFC. As per the sale
contract dated 7.12.1977 between NFC as seller/shipper and
NHH as the buyer, the seller (NFC) was entitled to payment of
the entire invoice value, at sight at the seller's bank, on . D
presentation of the "on board Bills of Lading" supported by its
commercial invoice. NFC had secured its interest by ensuring
that the buyer opens an irrevocable letter of credit and by making
the supply during the currency of the letter of credit. The shipper
(NFC) was certain of obtaining payment from the Bank under
the buyer's letter of credit, by merely producing before the bank, E
the bills of lading and the invoice. The shipper was entitled to
the bills of lading from the agent of the shipowner, immediately
on production of the mate's receipt. Therefore, the mere fact
that delivery was taken by the buyer (NHH) at Penang even
without the bills of lading would not have caused any loss to the F
seller, if it had been issued the bills of lading to which it was
entitled, without delay so that it could have realized the amount
against the letter of credit which was valid and in force till
15.1.1979. NFC lost the value of goods on account of Shaw
Wallace not releasing the bills of lading before 15.1.1979, even G
though it was liable to issue the bills of lading on 17.12.1978.
     17. The delivery of the goods on board the ship was
completed on 4.12.1978. On 17.12.1978, Asian Agency
presented the mate's receipt along with the filled forms of bills
of lading to Shaw Wallace and demanded the issue of signed H
     1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A bills of lading. Issue of mate's receipt on behalf of the master of
    the ship was the authority and instruction to the agent of the ship-
    owner to issue the bills of lading to the shipper. The likelihood
    of a dispute between the charterer/buyer and shipper/seller
    regarding demurrage for lay days was not sufficient to suspend
B the authorization given by issue of the mate's receipt. But Shaw
    Wallace did not issue the bills of lading inspite of Asian Agency
    furnishing the mate's receipts and duly filled forms of bills of
    lading. Thereafter, Asian Agency made a further demand by
    telex on 1.1.1979. Shaw Wallace replied that the ship-owner
    wanted a bank guarantee towards payment of demurrage before
C the release of bills of lading, without indicating the amount for
   which the bank guarantee was to be given. By this process, issue
   of the bills of lading which was legitimately due on 17.12.1978
   was postponed beyond 15.1.1979, on which date the letter of
   credit ceased to be operative. The bills of lading were ultimately
D issued on 25.1.1979. Having regard to Rule 3 of Article Ill of the
   Schedule to the Act, there was a statutory duty cast upon Shaw
   Wallace as agent of the carrier, to issue the bills of lading, without
   delay. Shaw Wallace was aware of the relevance and
   importance of bills of lading. By deliberately delaying the issue
E of the bills of lading from 17.12.1978 to 25.1.1979, Shaw
  Wallace committed a breach of statutory duty cast under Article
   Ill (3) of the Schedule to the Act. It also acted negligently in
  performance of its legal duty in common law to issue the bills of
  lading on delivery of the mate's receipt, as the agent of the ship-
  owner. Thus it became liable to pay damages to make good
F the loss, namely the value of the goods covered by the bills of
  lading. For this purpose it is immaterial whether Shaw Wallace
  was aware or unaware of the fact that the Letter of Credit was
  expiring on 15.1.1979. The contention of Shaw Wallace that it
  was acting merely on the instructions of the shipowner in refusing
G to issue the bills of lading till furnishing of a bank guarantee and
  therefore not liable, is rejected.
        18. The appellant made a belated attempt to avoid liability
  by contending that it was not responsible or liable for the issue
  of bills of lading, that only the master of the ship who received
H the goods, had to issue the bills of lading, and that NFC having
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1207
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

permitted the ship to leave the port without obtaining the bills of A
lading, could not require the agent to issue the bills of lading.
The well recognized practice relating to carriage of goods by
sea is that where a consignment is loaded/received on board
on different dates, the person in charge of the vessel issues
mate's receipts acknowledging the quantity received, as and 6
when the goods are received. On completion of delivery of goods
 by the shipper, on production .of the mate's receipts, the bills of
 lading would be issued to the shipper either by the master of the
 vessel or by the agent of the shipowner. In this case, at the
 relevant time, Shaw Wallace represented to NFC and its agent
 (Asian Agency) that it was the agent of the carrier and did all C
  acts expected to be carried out by the carrier's agents, that is
  informing the shipper's agents about the arrival of the ship by
  issuing notice of readiness and by calling upon the shipper's
  agent to load the cargo. It issued to the master of the vessel, the
  mate's receipt book, bearing printed caption of 'Shaw Wallace D
  & Co. Ltd.,' thereby making it clear that it was acting as an agent
  of the carrier. The mate's receipt forms issued by Shaw Wallace
  for use by the master of the ship clearly contained a printed
   provision that the bills of lading could be obtained at the agent's
   office. Shaw Wallace corresponded and dealt with the shipper's E
   agent in all matters with reference to the shipment and furnished
   the blank forms of bills of lading to the shipper's agent. Shaw
   Wallace also received the mate's receipt and duly filled forms
   of bills of lading from Asian Agency on 17.12.1978 without any
   protest. Ultimately, the Shaw Wallace did issue the bills of lading. F
   Therefore, it is too late in the day for Shaw Wallace to contend
   that it was not liable to issue the bills of lading. It is also significant
   that Shaw Wallace never informed NFC or Asian Agency before
   the vessel left Calcutta on 4.12.1978 or even thereafter, that it
                                                        '
   did not have the authority to issue the bills of lading or that it
   would not issue bills of lading in view of any default on the part G
    of NFC. On the other hand, it held out till the ship left the port that
    it was the carrier's agent and it will issue the bills of lading in lieu
    of the mate's receipt. It did not express any reservation or
    objection when it issued the blank forms of bills of lading to Asian
     Agency for being filled or even when the mate's receipts and H
      1208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


 A filled forms of bills of lading were delivered to it on 17.12.1978.
      Even in the letter dated 28.12.1978 addressed to the Asian
      Agency, it merely stated that readiness of the ship to receive
      goods would commence from 9.11.1978 and not 26.12.1978.
      More than 15 days after receiving the mate's receipts and filled
 8 form of bills of lading, on 3.1.1979, for the first time, Shaw
      Wallace raised the issue of furnishing a bank guarantee for
     payment of demurrage amount before releasing the bills of
     lading. Even in this letter, it did not mention the amount of
     demurrage for which the bank guarantee was to be issued. The
     demurrage amount was mentioned for the first time by letter
 C dated 15.1.1979. Therefore, even if NFC wanted to give a bank
     guarantee, it could not have given a bank guarantee before
     15.1.1979 as the amount for which bank guarantee was required,
     was not notified. On 15.1.1979, the letter of credit expired.
     Therefore, ii is clear that the Shaw Wallace alongwith the ship-
 D owner (first defendant) was jointly and severally responsible for
   .the loss caused to the NFC. The liability of Shaw Wallace arises
     by reason of breach of a statutory duty and by reason of its
     negligence in performing its legal duty to release the bills of lading
    when demanded. Whether the delay on the part of the Shaw
E Wallace in issuing the bills of lading was on account of
    negligence or on account of mala tides, makes no difference,
    in so far as its liability is concerned.
          19. Once a mate's receipt is issued to the shipper on delivery
    of the goods to the ship, issue of bill of lading in respect of such
F goods cannot be postponed on any ground except where the
    person claiming the bill of lading is not the shipper. Once the
    mate's receipt is issued to the shipper (or its agent) and the
    demand for issue of a bill of lading in terms of the mate's receipts
   is made by the shipper (or its agent), the owner of the vessel is
   bound to issue the bill of lading and cannot deny or delay the
G issue of the bill of lading. If the arrangement was that the agent
   of the owner of the vessel will issue the bill of lading, or if the
   owners' agent had held out that it will issue the bill of lading, the
   agent cannot withhold the bills of lading once the mate's receipt
   is issued, irrespective of any instructions to the contrary, issued
H by the owner of the vessel $Ubsequent to the issue of mate's
  SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1209
 LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

receipt and departure of the vessel with the goods from the port. A
If the issue of bill of lading is denied or delayed as a consequence
of which the shipper suffers loss, the owner of the vessel and its
agent will jointly and severally be liable to make good the loss
by way of damages.
       20. The appellant next contended that even if it is held liable B
in damages, the amount claimed was erroneous. It is pointed
that NFC has claimed in the plaint (Annexure D to the plaint)
that the value of 4446.794 MT of parboiled rice was Rs.
1,05,32,459/22. The appellant further pointed out that as per.
the contract rate of US$ 216 per MT, the value of 4446.794 MT c
would be US$ 960,507. It is pointed out that in the plaint in its
 suit filed against NHH in the High Court of Singapore, NFC had
 shown the value of 4446.794 MT as US$ 960,507. According
 to the appellant, as per the prevailing exchange rate when the
 loss occurred, the rupee equivalent of US$ 960,507 was 'Rs.
 77,80, 110/- (atthe rate of Rs. 8.10 per US Dollar) and therefore, D
 the claim of Rs. 1,05,32,459/22 was excessive, erroneous and
 even if the plaintiff should succeed, the decree should be only
 for Rs. 77,80,110/-. We have carefully considered the said
 contention. It is seen that the appellant in its written statement
 did not raise the contention that the exchange rate was Rs. 8.10 E
 per US Dollars at the relevant time and the Indian rupee
 equivalent of the value of the rice in US Dollar would be only Rs.
 77,80,110/-. Significantly, even when the learned Single Judge
 decreed the suit for Rs. 1,05,32,459.22, the appellant did not
  raise this contention in the memorandum of appeal in the intra- F
  court appeal. Again, when the appeal by the appellant was
  dismissed by a division bench of the High Court and the special
  leave petition was filed before this Court, the appellant did not
  raise this contention in the special leave petition. Apart from the
  absence of pleadings, there is no material on record to show G
  the date with reference to which the exchange rate was
  calculated, (that is, whether it was 4.12.1978 or 15.1.1979 or
  25.1.1979 or 3.12.1979) or to show the exchange rate on. the
   relevant rate. In the absence of any plea in the written statement
   and in the absence of any ground in the memorandum of appeal
                                                                       H
     1210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011) 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


 A or special leave petition, and the absence of any material, the
     appellant cannot during arguments, raise this issue which
     involves examination of disputed questions of fact. The said
     contention is therefore liable to be rejected.
         21. In the view we have taken, it is wholly unnecessary to
 B consider the several decisions on unrelated issues relied upon
   by both sides. The decision of the High Court thatthe appellant
   is jointly and severally liable along with the owner of the vessel
   does not call for any interference. The appeal is therefore, liable
   to be dismissed.
 C Civil Appeal No.7099/2001
         22. Shaw Wallace, the appellant was the third defendant in
   a suit (Suit No.1010of1979) filed by Nepal Food Corporation
  (plaintiff in the suit and first respondent herein) for recovery of
  Rs. 95,67,537/31. Thye Shipping Parma SA, the second
D respondent herein, was the first defendant in the said suit.
  Eastern Steamship & Enterprises (S) Ltd., and Khemka & Co.
  (Agencies) Pvt. Ltd., respondents 3 and 4 herein were the second
  and fourth defendants respectively in the suit. The appellant has
  filed this appeal aggrieved by the judgment dated 14.9.2001 of
E a division bench of the Calcutta High Court dismissing its appeal
  (Appeal No.322 of 1988) against judgment and decree dated
  9.9.1987 passed by a learned single Judge of that court
  decreeing the suit filed by the first respondent.
        23. The plaintiff entered into a contract dated 7.12.1977
F with Ngoh Hong Hang Pvt. Ltd., Singapore (for short 'NHH' or
  the 'buyer') for sale of certain quantities of Nepal parboiled rice.
  As per the contract, the payment was to be made by the buyer
  by establishing an irrecoverable confirmed and transferable
  letter of credit confirmed by Rashtriya Banijya Bank, Kathmandu
G in US dollars in favour of the seller allowing part payment. The
  contract provided that the payment 100% invoice value shall be
  made at sight at the seller's bank on presentation of 'on board
  Bills of Lading' (or charter party Bills of Lading) supported by ·
  seller's commercial invoice. In pursuance of it, Bangkok Bank
H Ltd., Hong Kong who were the buyer's bankers, issued an
   SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1211
  LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

irrecoverable letter of credit dated 25.4.1978 for US$ 21,60,000,     A
in regard to the price of 10000 MT of Nepal parboiled rice. The
validity period of the said letter of credit was originally upto
30.6.1978, the date of shipment latest by 20.6.1978. This was
extended from time to time and the validity of the letter of credit
was extended up lo 15.1.1979 and the date of shipment was
                                                                      8
extended to 31.12.1978. (vide communication dated 26.10.1978
of Rashtriya Banijya Bank).
      24. Thye Shipping Parma SA, the first defendant was the
 disponent owner (main charterer) of the vessel - 'M. V. Eastern
 Grand under a charter arrangement with the owner of the vessel C
- Mis Eastern Steamship & Enterprises (S) Ltd., the second
defendant. The said vessel 'Eastern Grand' was sub-chartered
 by NHH (buyer of the rice) from Thye Shipping under a
charterparty agreement dated 14.11.1978 for carrying 4500 MT
of rice supplied by NFC, from Calcutta to Penang, Malaysia.
Khemka & Co. (Agencies) Pvt. Ltd., the fourth defendant was D
the Owner's Protective Agent. Shaw Wallace was the agent of
the owner of the vessel, at Calcutta. M/s Asian Agency was the
agent of the seller (NFC) who was the shipper of the goods.
     25. Shaw Wallace addressed a letter dated 18.11.1978 to
Asian Agency (NFC's agent) informing that the vessel Eastern E
Grand was due to arrive at Calcutta on 22.11.1978, and NFC
should be ready to load the rice on that date. Shaw Wallace
informed NFC's agent by letter dated 22.11.1978 that the vessel
Eastern Grand had arrived at the port at Calcutta on 21.11.1978
and served a notice of readiness. The said notice of readiness F
was accepted by NFC's Agent on 4.12.1978. The loading of
goods was commenced on 5.12.1978 and continued upto
12.12.1978. As loading could not be completed for want of entire
quantity of rice, the ship was shifted from its berth on 12.12.1978.
The ship was again re-berthed on 27.12.1978 and loading was G
resumed and completed between 27.12.1978 to 29.12.1978.
Several mate's receipts were issued between 5.12.1978 to
29.12.1978 to Asian Agency on behalf of the ship acknowledging
the receipt of goods (in all 3434.291 MT) as and when received.
The ship sailed from the Port of Calcutta to Penang on H
    1212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011) 15 (ADDL.) S.C.R.


A 30.12.1978.
       26. The disponent owner of the vessel (Thye Shipping)
  advised Shaw Wallace by telex on 1.1.1979, not to issue bills
  of lading to NFC until a bank guarantee was furnished by NFC
  in regard to demurrage charges and dead freight charges (for
B the period of delay between 12.12.1978 and 27 .12.1978). On
  1.1.1979, Khemka & Co. sent a statement of facts-cum-lay time
  sheet relating to Eastern Grand to Asian Agency for signature
  and return. On 2.1.1979, Shaw Wallace informed Asian Agency
  that as per the instructions of its Principal (owner of the vessel),
C through the protective agents, the bills of lading could not be
  released until receipt of confirmation that charterer/shipper had
  provided a bank guarantee acceptable to the ship owner to pay
  the freight, dead freight and demurrage due to the ship owners.

D       27. Eastern Grand arrived at Penang on 16.1.1979 and
  NHH took delivery of the goods from the vessel at Penang
  between 16.1.1979 and 19.1.1979 without having the authority
  of the bills of lading. In the meanwhile, the validity period of the
  letter of credit issued by the buyer expired on 15.1.1979. Shaw
  Wallace by communication dated 15.1.1979 informed Asian
E Agency that the total demurrage and dead freight due in respect
  of M.V. Eastern Grand was US $77,000 and a bank guarantee
  for the said amount should be furnished by the NFC or its agents
  so that the bills of lading could be issued.
F      28. As per the standard practice, Shaw Wallace supplied
  the blank forms of bills of lading to Asian Agency for being filled
  and returned. Asian Agency delivered the mate's receipts and
  the duly filled bills of lading to Shaw Wallace on 18.1.1979 with
  a request to sign and issue the bills of ladings as owner's agent.
  Asian Agency sent a notice dated 19.1.1979 to Shaw Wallace
G demanding the immediate release of the bills of lading and
  requiring it to ensure extension of the letter of credit to enable
  NFC to negotiate the same, failing which Shaw Wallace would
  be held liable for all consequences. Shaw Wallace received a
  telex dated 24.1.1979 from the ship owner, giving clearance to
H
    SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1213
   LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

 release the bills of lading. On 29.1.1979, Shaw Wallace A
 delivered three signed bills of lading dated 28.12.1978 and
 29.12.1978 to NFC's agent (Asian Agency) in regard to
 3366.170 MT of rice entrusted to the master of the vessel
 'Eastern Grand' for transshipment from Calcutta to Penang. NFC
 issued its final invoice in regard to the consignments on
                                                                8
 2.2.1979.
      29. NHH issued a notice dated 3.2.1979 to NFC alleging
 that NFC was liable in damages for short-supply of 1521.52 MT
 of parboiled rice and non-supply 11573 MT of white rice, apart
from being liable to demurrage for three vessels, in all US$ C
 13,41,242.38. NFC issued a notice dated 24.9.1979 to NHH
claiming US$ 59,12,191.07 in regard to the supplies made
(including quantities shipped in M. V. Eastern Grand and M. V.
Pichit Samut). As there was no response, NFC also issued a
legal notice dated 10.12.1979 to Shaw Wallace and Khemka
& Co. claiming Rs. 95,67,537/31 being the value of the goods D
covered by the three bills of lading as damages, for the wrongful
delivery of the cargo to NHH.
      30. NFC filed Suit No.1010/1979, in the Calcutta High Court
 against the disponent owner of the vessel (charterer), the owner E
 of the vessel, Shaw Wallace and Owner's Protective Agent
 Khemka & Co. (Agencies) Pvt. Ltd., (fourth defendant) for
 recovery of Rs. 95,67,537/31 as damages for the loss and
 damage suffered by it. In the suit filed by NFC, it was contended
that as the bills of lading were withheld, the valuable security
 was not available for negotiation and, in the meanwhile, the F
validity period of the Letter of Credit having expired on
15.1.1979, loss was caused in respect of the value of the goods.
The basis of the claim was two-fold. The first was wrongful
delivery by the first defendant to the buyers. Second was wrongful
failure to furnish the bills of lading thereby preventing the NFC G
from negotiating and recovering the amount due. While the first
was the cause of action against the Thye Shipping (first
defendant) the second was a cause of action against both Thye
Shipping and Shaw Wallace.
    31. Defendants 1, 2 and 4 did not contest the suit. Shaw H
     1214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (ADDL.) $.C.R.


A Wallace (third defendant) in its written statement contended as
  follows : (a) it did not issue the bills of lading to NFC because
  it was bound by the instructions of its principal; (b) a suit against
  an agent of a disclosed principal was not maintainable; (c) it
  was in no way concerned with the delivery of the cargo since its
  role was limited to that of an agent with the responsibility of
8
  getting the goods loaded; (d) it had no knowledge of the opening
  of the letter of credit or the expiry date thereof; and (e) it was in
  no way concerned with the main contract of sale of rice between
   NFC and NHH. Issues were framed similar to those in the case
  of Pichit Samut. Both parties (plaintiffs and second defendant)
C led evidence - both oral and documentary.
       32. As already mentioned (vide para 8 above),during the
  pendency of the said suit, NFC also filed a suit against NHH in
  the High Court of Singapore for the value of the goods supplied,
  but could not recover any amount as NHH was ordered to be
D wound up in the year 1985.
       33. After considering the evidence, a learned Single Judge,
  by judgment dated 9.9.1987, decreed the suitfor Rs. 95,67,537/
  31 against Thye Shipping (second respondent) and Shaw
  Wallace (appellant) with interest at 9% per annum from the date
E of suit(24.12.1979). The learned Single Judge held thatthe suit
  was maintainable. He also held that Shaw Wallace was liable
  to pay damages to NFC as claimed. Feeling aggrieved, Shaw
  Wallace filed an intra court appeal. The division bench of the
  Calcutta High Court, by impugned order dated 14.9.2001
F dismissed the said appeal. The reasonings of the learned Single
  Judge and the Division Bench are broadly the same as the
  reasoning in the case of 'Pichit Samut'. The said judgment and
  decree of the High Court is challenged in this appeal by special
  leave.
 G       34. We have already noticed that the appeal is limited to
    the role of Shaw Wallace as the carrier's agent and its liability.
    The legal position has been discussed while dealing with the
    case 'of Pichit Samut. The decision of the High Court was upheld
    in the case of Pichit Samut solely on the ground that in view of
 H. the delay on the part of Shaw Wallace in releasing the bills of
   SHAW WALLACE & CO. LTD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1215
  LTD.) v. NEPAL FOOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]
lading, NFC could not present the bills-Of ladings and invoices A
and receive payment against the letter of credit before its expiry
on 15.1.1979. In the case of Pichit Samut', the mate's receipts
were delivered and the demand for bills of lading was made on
17.12.1978, the cargo were delivered toµie NHH on 22.12.1978
and bills of lading were issued on 25.1.1979, after the expiry of
                                                                    8
the letter of credit on 15.1.1979. We therefore held that if Shaw
Wallace had delivered the bills of lading when demanded, NFC
could have realized the value of the goods long prior to 15.1.1979
when the letter of credit expired and that on account ofits failure
to release the bills of lading before 15.1.1979, NFC was
prevented from realizing the value of the rice supplied.            C
       35. But the facts are completely different here ..P!.s noticed
 above, the goods were loaded between 5.12.1978 and
 29.12.1978. The vessels sailed on 30.12.1978. The letter of
 credit expired on 15.1.1979. The goods were cleared at Penang D
 between 16.1.1979 to 19.1.1979.ltwas only on 19.1.1979, after
the expiry of letter of credit and after the goods were delivered
to NHH, that the NFC tendered the mate's receipts and
requested for issue of bills of lading from Shaw Wallace. Even
if Shaw Wallace had delivered the bills of lading on the day of
demand namely on 19.1.1979 itself, NFC could not have realized E
the amount against the letter of credit. Shaw Wallace could be
made liable only if it had committed breach of statutory duty or
breach of any other legal duty amounting to negligence causing
lo~i> to the NFC. In this case, having regard to the fact, that the
letter of credit had expired on 15.1.1979 long prior to the F.
tendering of mate's receipt and demand for bills of lading, the
delay of nine days in issuing the bills of lading had no relevance.
As noticed above, even if the bills of lading had been issued
forthwith on 19.1.1979, it would not have been of any assistance.
      36. After referring to the oral evidence, the High Court G
inferred that it would be highly improbable that the holder of the
mate's receipts would delay the making of a demand for blank
bills of lading forms. The learned Single Judge recorded a finding
that Asian Agency was demanding the blank bills of lading forms
from Shaw Wallace .from 30.12.1978 and that Shaw Wallace H
    1216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2011) 15 {ADDL.) S.C.R.


A did not supply the blank forms to Asian Agency until 17.1.1979.
  Consequently the learned single Judge reasoned that the
  demand for bills of lading was being prior to 15.1.1979 and
  therefore, for the reasons stated in the case of Pichit Samut,
  Shaw Wallace was liable to pay damages equal to the value of
  the goods. The division bench affirmed the said findings.
8
       37. There is no reference in the plaint, to the demand for
  the blank forms of lading on and from 30.12.1978 by Asian
  Agency. Asian Agency did not send either any letter or telex to
  Shaw Wallace demanding the issue of bills of lading or the blank
c forms of bill of lading for purposes of filling up at any time prior
  to 17.1.1979. Asian Agency did not tender the mate's receipts
  prior to 17 .1 .1979. The first communication in writing from Asian
  Agency to Shaw Wallace after the ship left on 30.12.1978 was
  when it sent the mate's receipts and the filled forms of bill of
  lading to Shaw Wallace for issuing bills of lading, under cover
0 of letter dated 19.1.1979, which is extracted below:
          "We enclose under notes MR's & Bil's with 3 original copy
          for issuing 8/L. MIR No.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14,
          15, 16,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29,
          30,31,32,33,34,35, 37,38,39,40, 41,42,43,44,45, 46 for
E
          26680 bags Nepal Parboiled medium rice for Malayasa.
          M~i No. 38,47,48,49,50,51,52, 53,54,55,59 for 25 409
          bags LPN Malayasia Nepal Parboiled Medium rice.
          M.R.No. 1,2,3,56,57,58 for 15,791 bags Nepal Parboiled
          Medium rice 1978 for Port Penanag."
F         38. On the same day, that is on 19.1.1979, Asian Agency
    also sent a notice through counsel to Shaw Wallace demanding
    that immediate steps be taken for release of bills of lading relating
    to Pichit Samut and Eastern Grand and for extension of validity
    of the letters of credit from the buyers so as to enable NFC to
G   negotiate the same and realise the proceeds. We extract below
    the relevant portions of the said notice :
                 "We have been instructed that the above m. v. Pichit
          Samut was loaded with 4539 gross tones Nepal Rice and
          the loading was completed on the 4th December, 1978.
H         The other vessel m.v. Eastern Grand was also loaded by
   SHAW WALLACE & CO. I.TD. (NOW UNITED SPIRITS 1217
  LTD.) v. NEPALJ=OOD CORPN. [RV. RAVEENDRAN, J.]
     our clients with 3434 gross tones of Nepal Ribel and such A
     loading was completed on the 29th December, 1978. on
     completion of the loading the Mate Receipts were duly
     issued by the respective Steamers to our said clients.
            Our clients in their turn forwarded to you the forms of
     the Bills of Lading duly filled in together with the Original B
     Mate Receiepts and such documents were submitted for
     m.v. Pichit Samut on the 17th December, 1978 and for
     m.v. Eastern Grand on the 18th January 1979.
            You are aware that as per the normal practice the
     bills of lading are exchangeable against the original Mate c
     receipts which you as steamer agents were obliged to issue
     in favour of our clients.
            It is regretted that although the formalities as aforesaid
     were duly complied with by our clients you did not release
     the necessary Bills of Lading_·to our clients and although D
     you knew fully well that without such bills of lading and other
     documents our clients could not be negotiate the letter of
     credit in connection with the said shipments.•
Significantly, the above notice refers to forwarding of the duly
filled forms of bill of lading in regard to Eastern Grand on E
 18.1.1979 (the date should be 19.1.1979). It does not refer to
any earlier demand by Asian Agency for issue of blank forms
of bills of lading from 30.12.1978 or any other date. It does not
refer to any earlier demand for issue of bills of lading. Similarly
in the notice dated 10.12.1979 issued by NFC through counsel F
to Shaw Wallace, there is no reference to any demand earlier
to 19.1.1979. If really NFC and Asian Agency were seriously
pursuing the matter, we fail to understand why no letter or telex
was sent either by NFC or by Asian Agen.cy making a demand
for issue of blank bill of lading forms or insisting upon the issue
of bills.of lading by tendering the mate's receipts. Even assuming G
that there was any oral demand for bill of lading forms on
30.12.1978 as found by the High Court, it was evident NFC and
its agent had taken the matter in a casual manner presumably
expecting a further extension of letter of credit. In the
circumstances, it cannot be said that there was any default, H
    1218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2011] 15 (AOOL.) S.C.R.

A negligence or delay on the part of Shaw Wallace in issuing the·
  bills of lading prior to 17.1.1979.The learned Single Judge and
  division bench have found that there was a demand for blank
  forms of bill of lading from 30. 12. 1978. Accepting the said finding
  will not help NFC as there is no finding that the mate's receipts
B were tendered or delivered with a demand for issue of bills of
  lading prior to 19.1.1979. The High Court has failed to consider
  this important aspect and wrongly assumed that breach, default,
  delay could be attributed to Shaw Wallace, in issuing the bills
  of lading, even before the mate's receipts were tendered on
  19.1.1979. The decisions of the learned Single Judge and
C division bench of the High Court can not therefore be sustained.
    Conclusion
          39. In view the above, the appeals are disposed of as
    follows:
D         (i)CA No. 7099/2001 (Re: Eastern Grand) is allowed
             and the judgment and decree of the High Court in
             so far as it decrees the suit against the appellant is
             set aside. The decrae against the second
             respondent herein (first defendant in the $Uit) is not
E            disturbed.                              I
       (ii) CA No. 7100/2001 (Re: Pichit Samut) is dismissed
             and the judgment and decree of the High Court is
             affirmed.
       (iii) Parties to bear their respective costs.
F B.B.B.                                    Appeals <Jisposed of.