SHIROMANI GURUDWARA PRABANDHAK COMMITIEE, AMRITSARversusMIHAN SINGH (DEAD) REP. BY BABA BANTA SINGH

   SHIROMANI GURUDWARA PRABANDHAK COMMITIEE,                                    A
                   AMRITSAR
                                     v.
      MIHAN SINGH (DEAD) REP. BY BABA BANTA SINGH

                              JULY 14, 1993
                                                                                B
     [MADAN MOHAN PUNCHHI AND K. RAMASWAMY, JJ.)

      Sikh Gurudwara Act, 1925:

       Section 16(2) (iii)-!nterpretation of-Religious institution-Declara-     C
tion as a Sikh Gurudwara-Conditions requisite for such declaration-
1-Vhether the institution in question a Sikh Gurudwara.

     On a petition Section 7(1) of the Sikh Gnrndwara Act, 1925, received
from more than 50 Sikh worshippers of a Gnrndwara, praying for the
Gnrudwara to be declared a Sikh Gurndwara, the petition and the list of         D
properties said to be belouglng to the Gurndwara were notified by the State
Government and notices were sent to the persons ill possession o~ the
properties.

       The respondent, who bad succeeded to the institution as the disciple
of the builder of the institution, moved a petition before the State Govern-    E
ment under Section 8 of the Act, claiming that the said Gul'.!ldwara was
not a Sikh Gurndwara, and that he was a hereditary office li!>!der of the
institntion. The Sikh Gurndwara Tribunal to wbi<;b. the 1objection was
referred declared, after conducting a civil trial, that the institution was a
Sikh Gurndwara and dismissed the objection-petition. On reappreciation          F
of evidence, in appeal, the High Court allowed the objection and rejected
the claim set up for declaring the institution to be a Sikh Gurndwara.

      In the appeal before this Court, on behalf of the appellant.SGPC it
was contended that Section 16(2)(iii) bad neither been properly construed
nor the evidence appreciated within the parameters or Section 16(2)(iii) of     G
the Act.

      Dismissing the appeal, this Court

     HELD: 1.1. Before a Gurndwara or an institution could be declared
a Sikh Gurudwara, it must be established that it was founded at its             H
                               141
    142                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A inception by the Sikhs for public worship. The mere fact that it was
    actually being used for public worship before and at the presentation of
    the petition under Section 7(1) is of no help singularly. Evidence as to the
    founding or establishing of the institution for public worship by the Sikhs
    is the sine quo non before the Tribunal or the Court, as the case may be,
B   can sustain the claim of the SGPC for declaring an institution to be a Sikh
    Gurudwara. (147-BCJ

        Gurmukh Singh v. Risa/dar Deva Singh & Ors., AIR (1937) Lahore
  577; Atma Das v. Takhat Singh & Ors., AIR (1935) Lahore 809; Lachhman
  Das & Ors. v.Atma Singh & Ors., AIR (1935) Lahore 666; Hamam Dass v.
C Rur Singh & Ors., (1935) 157 Indian Cases 142; Ram Piare v. Sardar Singh
  & Ors., AIR (1937) Lahore 786; Sundar Singh and Ors. v. Mahant Narain
  Das and Ors., AIR (1934) Lahore 920 and Mahant Budh Das and Ors., v.
  SGPC, AIR (1978) Punjab & Haryana 39, referred to.

          New Collins Concise Dictionary, (1983) Edn.; Webster's Comprehen-
D sive Dictionary, International Edn., referred to.

         1.2. The High Court had a correct perception of the requirement of
  Section 16(2)(iii) of the Act and was alive to the interpretation of the
  provision in the era before and after independence. Even otherwise, a peep
E into the statement of the respondent in defence reveals that his immediate
  predecessor had founded the institution in question by purchasing land
  from his own pocket and had constructed the building some 55 years ago
  with some contribution of material made by two Sardars of a different
  village. This does not speak of the founding of the institution at its
  inception for use by Sikhs for public worship. Its subsequent use may have
F some relevance to unearth the past but the past cannot be obviated to be
  unearthed when staking a claim. (147-F-H; 148-A)

        1.3. In the face of the admission made before the Tribunal on behalf
  of the appellant Committee that direct evidence to prove that the institu-
G lion established for public worship by the Sikhs was wanting and nothing
  further being available on this aspect in the statements of two witnesses
  exemined by it before the Tribunal, one being 30 years and the second being
  32 years of age, and the institution having been established almost 25 to
  30 years before their birth, the claim of the appellant Committee is not
  credible. It succeeded before the Tribunal only on drawing inferences from
H the statements of the objector and his witness, overlooking that the onus
 GURUDWARA PRABA~DHAK COMMITTEE "· MIHAN SINGHf PU~CHHl.J.f 143


or proof of the sole issue lay on it. That onus could not be discharged        A
merely on inferences dra\\-n from the evidence of the objector. Rather the
burden was on the appellant-SGPC itself to prove by cogent, reliable and
independent evidence that the institution, right from its inception was
meant for public worhip by the Sikhs. Its establishment as propounded by
the objector could have been rebutted, at least insofar as the purchase or     B
the land over which the institution stood built was concerned, by suitable
evidence. The SGPC failed in that regard. (148-B-E)

        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 652 of
1979.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 10.8.1978 of the Punjab and
                                                                               c
Haryana High Court in Repular First Appeal No.252/63.

        Ujagar Singh and Din Dayal Sharma for the Appellant

        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                             D
     PUNCHHI, J. This appeal has arisen from the judgment order dated
August 10, 1978 passed by a Division Bench of Punjab and Haryana High
Court at Chandigarh in Regular First Appeal No.252 of 1963.

       The appellant, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, Amrit-          E
sar, (hereinafter referred to as 'SGPC') is a product of the Sikh Gurdwara
Act, 1925, (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). The State Government of
Punjab received a petition under Section 7(1) of the Act from Sikh wor-
shippers of a Gurdwara, numbering more than 50, qualified residence-wise
to so apply, praying for the Gurdwara to be declared a Sikh Gurdwara. As       F
per requirement of sub-section (2) of Section 7 of the Act, the name of the
Gurdwara given was Gurdwara Sahib Bara situated in the revenue estate
of village Balian, Tehsil and District Sangrur. A list of properties said to
be belonging to the Gurdwara was also given, besides the names of the
persons who were in possession of those properties. As required, under
sub-section (3) of Section 7, publication of the petition under Section 7(1)   G
and the list of the properties provided under Section 7(2) were notified on
1.11.1960 and notices under Section 7( 4) were sent to the persons in
possession of the properties, said to belong to the Gurdwara.

        The respondent Mihan Sinh (now dead and represented) moved a H
    144                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 1 S:C.R.

A petition under Section 8 of the Act before the Slate Government claiming
     that the said Gurdwara was not a Sikh Gurdwara, and that he was a
     hereditary office holder of the institution. The objection under Section 8
     of the Act wa< forwarded to the Sikh Gurdwara Tribunal constituted under
     Section 12 of the Act for decision. The Tribunal, thereafter, conducted a
B    civil trial declaring on 7.4.63 that the institution was a Sikh Gurdwara,
    ·dismissing the objection-petition preferred by Mihan Singh. On reapprecia-
     tion of evidence in appeal, the High Court allowed the objection of Mihan
     Singh rejecting the claim set up for declaring the institution to be a Sikh
     Gurdwara. The effort in this appeal is to have the order of the Tribunal
     restored.
c
          D.S. Tewatia, J., who spoke for the High Court Bench, in the
    judgment under appeal, painstakingly took into account each and every
    piece of evidence: the evidence predominatly being oral, and drawing
    proper inferences therefrom and went on to reverse the judgment and
D   order of the Sikh Gurdwara Tribunal. On going through the High Court
    judgment we were inclined to dismiss the appeal, disinclined as we were
    to disturb finding of fact. Sarder Ujjagar Singh, learned senior advocate,
    appearing for the appellant SGPC, however, goaded us to proceed with
    the appeal as, according to him, Section 16{2){iii) had neither been proper-
    ly construed nor had the evidence been appreciated within. the parameters
E   of Section 16{2)(iii) of the Act. Having understopd the submission by his
    arguments and having pondered over the matter, we ·proceed to express
    our views.

          The scheme of the Act was so designed, firstly to put certain places
F of Sikh worship, about which no substantial doubt existed, straightaway in
  Schedule I. The procedure to achieve that objective was available in
  Section 3 of the Act and by a public declaration, as conceived therein, the
  scheduled Gurdwara stood proved conclusively to be a Sikh Gurdwara
  whereafter the management and control of it was to vest in the bodies
  referred to under Part III of the Act. Whether any institution not included
G in Schedule I should or should not be placed for management under the
  provisions of Part III was left to be determined upon a petition duly made
  by 50 or more worshippers within a prescribed period attracting objections
  and those being determined by the Sikh Gurdwara Tribunal. It is on the
  finding on essential facts that the Tribunal could make a positive declara-
H tion whereafter the objective of applying provisions of Part III of the Act
GVRVDWARAPRABANDHAKCOMMl1TEE "· MIHANS!NGH[PVNCHH!,J.J l45


could be achieved.. The case in hand is of the latter category and that is   A
why 50 or mare worshippers laid such claim, which claim whe~ objected
                            .'             '
to was adoptedly fought by the ~GPC before the Tribunal.

      The Tribunal, it appers, struck only one issue, namely~ wh~ther the
Gurdwara in dispute is a Sikh Gurdwara, placing the onu; of proof thereof
on the SGPC. Mihan Singh's locus standi to move the objeCtion petition       B
under Section 8 of the Act was not questioned, as the intitution had been
put up and built by one Guiab Singh and on whose death Mihan Singh had
succeeded to the institution as his 'Chcla' or disciple .
               •
       Section 16(1) says that notwithstanding anything contained in any C
other law in force if .in any proceeding before the tribuna'I it is disputed
that a Gurdwara, should or should not he declared a Sikh Gurdwara the
tribunal shall, before enquiring into any other matter in dispute relating to
the said Gurdwara, decide whether it should or should not be declared a
Sikh Gurdwara in accordance with the provisions of sub-section{,2). Fur- D
ther sub-section(2) clause (iii) says that if the tribunal finds that the
Gurdwara was established for use by Sikh for the purpose of public wo'rship
and was used for such worship by Sikhs, before and at the. time of the
presentation of the petition under sub-section (1) of Section 7, the tribunal
shall decide that it should be declared a Sikh Gurdwara and record an
order accordingly. Thus the fact determinable is whether the Gurdwara, as E
claimed by its 50 or more worshippers is a Sikh Gurdwara and that
essentially would depend on the nature of evidence, oral as well as
documentary, lad by the parties. No two decisions in such cases can be
alike, no set' pattern can be evolved towards appreciation of evidence.
Essentially the matter has to rest on the views of the final court of fact, F
subject of course to exceptions well known in law.

       The Lahore High Court in undivided India had numerous occasions
to settle controversies under Section 16(2)(iii) of the Act and had the
opportunity to express in terms the requirements of the said provision. The
views synchronized by that court arc expressed hereafter but without the G.
case titles. In order to bring an institution within the definition of clause
(iii) of sub-section (2) of Section 16 of the Act, it is necessary to prove not
only that the institution has been used for public Sikh worship but also
independently that it was founded for such worship. (See AIR (1937)
Lahore 577). The existence for a long period of the worship of the Guru H
    146                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993J SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Granth. Sahib does not raise the presumptioh that the same mode of
    worship prevailed at the origin of the shrine. (See AIR (1935) Lahore 809).
    Proof of two separate matters in necessary in order that Section 16(2)(iii)
    should be applied, the first being that the institution was established for
    use by Sikhs for the purpose of public worship, and this is not a necessary
B inference, when the second proposition concerning user of the institution
  only has been established (See AIR (1935) Lahore 666). The question
  whether the institution was established for use by Sikhs for the purpose of
  public worship and whethe, it was used for such worship by Sikhs are two
  distinct questions. In order to establish that an institution is a Sikh
  Gurdwara, it is not sufficient to produce satisfactory e~idence on the
C second question unly and ask the Court to infer that the institution was
  established for tne purpose of public worship. ((1935) 157 Indian Cases
  142.) The circumstance that an institution is an old one does not absolv.e
  the claimant from giving suitable and sufficient proof, though it is a fact
  which has to be taken into account in estimating the evidence. (See AIR
D (1937) Lahore 577). The point of distinction between a public and a private
  worship is that the public can resort to the former as a matter of right while
  this cannot be done in the case of a private place of worship. (See AIR
  (1937) Lahore 786). It is open to a petitioner under Section 8 to dispute
  the existence of a Gurdwara. The term Gurdwara may be interpreted as
  meeting place of worship. It can only be claimed that it is not a Sikh
E Gurdwara. A petition under Section 7 can only be presented by 50 or more
  worshippers and that petition along with a list of all rights, title or interests,
  etc., is published by the Government by notification under Section 7(3).
  When such a notification is published, a hereditary office holder can
  petition under Section 8 within 90 days that it should be declared not to
F be a Sikh Gurdwara. (See AlR (1934) Lahore 920).

          In post independent era, a Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana in
    Mahant Budh Das and Others v. SGPC; AIR (1978) Punjab & Haryana 39,
    apparently reiterated the Lahore view and has ruled that before an institu-
    tion could be declared a Sikh Gurdwara, it must be established that the
G   Gurdwara was established for use by Sikhs for public worship; that it was
    being actually used for worship by Sikhs; and it was used by Sikhs for public
    worship both before and at the time of the presentation of the petition
    under Section 7.

H         Even English diction does not advance the case of the SGPC. The
GURUDWARAPRABANDHAKCOMMITTEE v. MIHANSINGH[PUNCHHI • .T.J 147

meaning of the word 'establish' as given in the New Collins Concise A
Dictionary, 1983 Edition, is: 1. to make secure or permanent in a cerain
place, condition, job etc. 2. to create or set up (up organisation etc.) as on
a permanent basis. According to Webster's Conzprehensive Dictionary (In-
ternational Edition), the word 'esteblish' means : 1. to settle or fix firmly:
make stable or permanent. 2. to set up; found, as an institution or business.
                                                                               B
3. to set up install (oneself or someone else) in business, a position, etc.

       Thus in our view, on precept and otherwise, the law is firmly in-
grained and placed on a firm footing that before a Gurdwara or an
instituti0n could be declared a Sikh Gurdwara, it must be established that
it was founded at its inception by the Sikhs for public worship. The mere C
fact that it was actually being used for public worship before and at the
presentation of the petition under Section 7(1) is of no help singularly.
Evidence as to the founding or establishing of the institution for public
worship by the Sikhs is the sine quo non before the Tribunal or the court,
as the case may be, can sustain the claim of the SGPC for declaring an D
institution to be a Sikh Gurdwara. The High Court on this aspect expressed
its opinion as follows:

        "In our opinion even the best interpretation on the testimony uf
        Mihan Singh would not show that he admitted that the institution,
        when it was established, was dedicated by Guiab Singh for public      E
        worship by Sikhs. His admission that Guiab Singh was a strict Sikh;
        that Guru Granth Sahib was kept therein and worshipped as the
        only object of worship or that Guiab Singh performed all 'Rahats'
        of a Sikh would not go to show that Guiab Singh had dedicated at
        the inception the·said institution for public worship by Sikhs."      F

      We are not persuaded to upset or to go behind the above finding of
the High Court. The High Court, as it seems to us, had a correct perception
of the requirement of Section 16(2)(iii) of the Act and was alive to the
interpetation of the provision in the era before and after independence.
Even otherwise a peep into the statement of Mihan Singh in defence G
reveals that his immediate predecessor Guiab Singh, who had retired from
the Army, had founded the institution in question by purchasing land from
his own pocket and had constructed the building some 55 years ago with
some contribution of material made by t\VO Sardars of a different village,
Channa. This does not speak of the founding of the institution at its H
    148.                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A inception for use by Sikhs for public worship. Its subsequent use may have
    some relevance to unearth the past. but the past cannot be obviated lo be
    unearthed when staking a claim: The Tribunal, it seems, was also aI'ive to
    the .'luestion for it observed as follows:

             "Shri. Harcha_ran si~gh, the. learned counsel for the respondent,
B            frankly concedes that direct evidence to prove that ihe institution
             was established for public worship by the S.ikhs is wanting in the
                 11
             case.

        In face of the above admission of the counsel for the SGPC. and
  nothing further being available on this aspect in the statements of two
C witnesses examined by.it before the Tribunal, one being 30 years and the
  second being 32 years' of age, and the institution having been established
  almost 25 to 30 years before their birth, the claim of the SGPC is not
  credible. It succeeded before the Tribunal only on drawing inferences from
  the statements of the objector and his witness, overlooking that the onus
D of proof of the sole issue lay on it. That onus could not be discharged
  merely on inferences drawn from the evidence of the objector. Rather the·
  burden was on the SGPC itself to prove by cogent, reliable and inde-
  pendent evidence that the institution, right from its inception was meant
  for public worship by the Sikhs. Its establishment as propounded by the
  objector could have been rebutted, at least in so far as the purchase of the
E land over which the institution stood built was concerned, by suitable
  evidence. The SGPC failed in that regard.                                  ·

          For the afore view of the matter, it is clear to us that the SGPC, the
    appellant, had no case to have the judgment and order of the High Court
F   reversed. We have thus no hesitation in affirming that judgment ahd order.
    Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal, but do not make any order as to costs.

    N.P.V.                                                   Appeal dismissed.