Supreme Court of India
SMRUTI PAHARIYAversusSANJAY PAHARIYA
- Citation
- 2009 INSC 783
- Decided
- 11 May 2009
- Disposal
- Disposed off
- Bench
- K G BALAKRISHNAN
Holding
A decree under Section 138 can be passed only on the continued mutual consent of both parties; the Family Court’s ex‑parte decree, based on presumed consent, is void.
Summary
The wife filed a joint petition for divorce by mutual consent under Section 138 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. After the mandatory six‑month waiting period expired on 19‑Nov‑2007, the husband was absent on three successive dates (19‑Nov, 1‑Dec and 4‑Dec). The Family Court, without being satisfied that the husband was evading service, ordered substituted service under Order 5 Rule 20 of the CPC and, on an ex‑parte application by the wife, pre‑poned the hearing to 5‑Dec‑2007 and passed a decree presuming the husband’s consent. The Supreme Court held that mutual consent is a jurisdictional fact; the Court must actually ascertain consent and cannot infer it from absence. The Family Court’s direction for substituted service was procedurally irregular and contrary to the object of the Family Courts Act, 1984. Consequently, the decree was set aside and the parties were directed to appear again to confirm consent.
Issues considered
- Whether the decree of divorce passed by the Family Court is vitiated by procedural irregularity.
- Whether the Family Court acted contrary to the avowed object of the Family Courts Act, 1984.
- Whether the husband's absence on three dates can be inferred as consent for the decree.
- Whether Section 138(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act permits a decree in the absence of a party without ascertaining his consent.
Legislation cited
- Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order 5 Rule 20
- Family Courts Act, 1984
- Hindu Marriage Act, 1955s. 138(2), s. 13B(2)
Subjects
divorce by mutual consentSection 138 Hindu Marriage ActFamily Courts Actprocedural irregularitysubstituted serviceex‑parte decreemutual consent jurisdictional fact
Judgment
[2009] 8 S.C.R. 631
-J
SMRUTI PAHARIYA A
v.
SANJAY PAHARIYA
(Civil Appeal No. 3465 of 2009)
MAY 11, 2009
B
[K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI., P. SATHASIVAM AND
t ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.]
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955:
c
s. 138 (2) - Decree for divorce by mutual consent - Grant
of, by Family Court - Absence of husband on three dates -
Held: Family Court acted contrary to the avowed object of the
Act - It granted divorce on presumption of continuing consent
---'<f
of husband - It was passed within three weeks from expiry of D
the mandatory period of six months without actually
ascertaining consent of husband - More so, decree of divorce
was vitiated by procedural irregularity - Court directed
substituted service u/o_ 5 r. 20 in absence of its own satisfaction
that husband is evading service - On application of wife, it E
pre-paned the date of final hearing and passed ex-parte
decree on that day itself by treating the matter on the board
•
~
- Family Court did not discharge its statutory obligation u/
s. 138 (2) of hearing the parties - Court's proceeding must
i.yve sanctity and fairness - It cannot be conducted for the F
convenience of one party alone - This is flagrant abuse of
judicial process - Thus, decree for divorce set aside - Family
Courts Act, 1984 - Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - 0. 5 r.
20 - Judicial process.
G
s.138 (2) - Divorce by mutual consent - Construction of
- Held: In cases u/s. 138, mutual consent of the parties is a
jurisdictional fact - Decree for divorce uls. 138 can be passed
only on the continued mutual consent of the parties - If petition
631 H
632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009] 8 S.C.R.
';..
A for divorce is not formally withdrawn and is pending then on
the date when Court grants the decree, it has a statutory
obligation to hear parties to ascertain their consent - From
the absence of one of the parties for two to three dates, Court
cannot presume his/her consent - Court while passing its
B decree u/s. 138 would be slow and circumspect before it can
infer the existence of such jurisdictional fact - It has to be
satisfied about the existence of mutual consent between the
parties on some tangible materials.
The questions which arose for consideration in this
c appeal are:
(i) whether impugned decree of divorce passed by
the Family Court is vitiated by procedural irregularity;
y-
D (ii) whether the Family Court acted contrary to the
avowed object of the Family Courts Act, 1984 while
conducting the proceeding;
(iii) whether from the absence of the husband before
the Family Court on three dates it could J>e inferred
E
that his consent for grant of divorce on a petition on
mutual consent subsists, even though he has not
withdrawn the petition for divorce on mutual
consent;
•
-\.
F (iv) whether on a proper construction of section 138
(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act, this Court can hold that
the Family Court can dissolve a marriage and grant
a decree of divorce in the absence of one of the
parties and without actually ascertaining the consent
G of that party who filed the petition for divorce on
mutual consent jointly with the other party?
Disposing of the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1.1. The Family Courts Act, 1984 was enacted
H for adopting a human approach to the settlement of
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 633
...j
family disputes and achieving socially desirable results. A
Section 9 of the Act casts a duty upon the Family Court
Judge to assist and persuade the parties to come to a
settlement. The Family Court did not act in a manner
which was required of it having regard to the jurisdiction
vested on it under the Family Courts Act. It appears that B
the Family Court granted the decree of divorce by
-t proceeding on the presumption of continuing consent of
the husband. As regard the procedural irregularity in the
matter, the Family Court did not act properly even if it is
held that it was correct in presuming the continuing c
consent of the respondent-husband. [Paras 10, 11, 17, 18
and 19] [641-E; 643-C]
1.2. On 19.11.2007 when the matter came up before
~ . the Family Court, the first day after the mandatory period
of six months, the husband was absent. The Court D
dire~ted §ep1ice pf summons on the husband on the
request Qf the wif~, Ttie service was returned before the
Court on 1.12.2007, Looking at the service return, the
Court found that service was not a proper one and the
Court was also not satisfied with the endorsement of the E
courier. Under such circumstances, the Court's direction
on the prayer of the appellant-wife, for substituted service
j.
Jr
under Or. 5 r. 20 CPC is not a proper one. Direction for
... substituted service under Or. 5 r. 20 can be passed only
when Court is satisfied "that there is reason to believe that F
the defendant is keeping out of the way for the purpose
of evading service, or that for any other reason the
summons cannot be served in the ordinary way". [Para
12] [641-F-H; 642-A-B]
G
1.3. The Family Court did not and rather could not
~
have any such satisfaction as the Court found that the
service was not proper. If the service is not proper, the
Court should have directed another service in the normal
manner and should not have accepted the plea of th~
H
634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A appellant-wife for effecting substituted service. From
wife's affidavit asking for substituted service, it is clear
that the servant of the respondent-husband intimated her
advocate's clerk that respondent-husband was out of
Bombay and will be away for about two weeks. However,
B the appellant-wife asserted that the respondent-husband
was in town and was evading. But the Court on seeing
the service return did not come to the conclusion that the
husband was evading service. Therefore, the Court
cannot, in absence of its own satisfaction that the
C husband is evading service, direct substituted service
under Or. 5 r. 20. Apart from the irregularity, the Court,
after ordering substituted service and perusing service
return on 4.12.2007, fixed the matter for 10.12.2007. hen,
on the application of the wife on 5.12.2007, pre-poned the
proceeding to 5.12.2007 and on that very day granted the
0
decree of divorce even though the matter was not on the
list. (Paras 13 and 14) [642-B-F]
1.4. The manner in which the proceeding was
conducted in the instant case is strongly disapproved. A
E Court's proceeding must have a sanctity and fairness. It
cannot be conducted for the convenience of one party
alone. In any event, when the Court fixed the matter for
10.12.2007, it could not pre-pone the matter on an ex-
parte prayer made by the appellant-wife on 5.12.2007 and
F grant the decree of divorce on that da:· itself by treating
the matter on the board in the absence of the husband.
This, is a flagraht abuse of the judicial process and on
this ground alone, the decree dated 5.12.2007 has to be
set aside. The dissatisfaction expressed by High Court
G in the judgment under appeal about the manner in which
the date. of final hearing was pre-poned and an ex-pa rte
decree was passed is endorsed. [Paras 15 and 16) (642-
G-H; 643-A-B]
1.5. By responding to the illegal and unjust demand
H
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 635
of the wife of pre-poning the proceeding ex-parte and A
granting an ex-parte decree of divorce, the Family Court
did not discharge its statutory obligation u/s. 138 (2) of
the Act of hearing the parties. When a proceeding is pre-
poned in the absence of a party and a final order is
passed immediately, the statutory duty cast on the Court B
to hear the party, who is absent, is not discharged.
t Therefore, the Family Court has not at all shown a human
and a radically different approach which it is expected to
have while dealing with cases of divorce on mutual
consent. [Para 20] [644-B-D] c
1.6. It is only on the continued mutual consent of the
parties that decree for divorce under section 138 of the
Act can be passed by the Court. If petition for divorce is
not formally withdrawn and is kept pending then on the
date when the Court grants the decree, the Court has a D
statutory obligation to hear the parties to ascertain their
consent. From the absence of one of the parties for two
to three dates, the Court cannot presume his/her consent
as has been done by the Family Court Judge and
especially in its facts situation. [Para 49] [652-8-D] E
1.7. It is only the mutual consent of the parties which
gives the Court the jurisdiction to pass a decree for
divorce under section 138. So in cases under section
138, mutual consent of the parties is a jurisdictional fact. F
The Court while passing its decree under section 138 ·
would be slow and circumspect before it can infer the
existence of such jurisdictional fact. The Court has to be
satisfied about the existence of mutual consent between
the parties on some tangible materials which G
- demonstrably disclose such consent. In the facts of the
case, the impugned decree was passed within about
three weeks from the expiry of the mandatory period of
six months without actually ascertaining the consent of
H
636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
~·
A the husband, the respondent. It is nobody's case that a
long period has elapsed between the expiry of period of
six months and the date of final decree. Thus, the view
taken by High Court in the order under appeal is affirmed.
[Paras 50, 51 and 52) [652-D-H]
B
1.9. On issuance of notice by Family Court, the
parties are directed to inform the Family Court as to
whether they have consent to the passing of the decree
under section 138 of the Act. If both the parties give their
consent for passing of the decree under section 138, the
c Court may pass appropriate orders. If any of the parties
makes a representation that he/she does not have
consent to the passing of the decree, the Court may
dispose of the proceedings in the light of the
observations made. [Para 53) (653-8-D] )r -
D
Smt. Sureshta Devi vs. Om Prakash (1991) 2 SCC 25,
relied on.
Jayashree Ramesh Londhe v. Ramesh Bhikaji Londhe
AIR 1982 Born 302; Chander Kanta v. Hans Kumar AIR 1989
E
Del 73 and Meena Dutta v. Anirudh Dutta (1984) 2 DMC 388
(MP), disapproved.
Ram Kali vs. Gopa/ Dass /LR (1971) 1 Delhi 6;
Aboobacker Haji vs. Mamu Koya 1971 K.L.T. 663; K.I.
..
~
_,
F Mohanan v. Jeejabai AIR 1988 Ker 28; Harcharan Kaur v.
Nachhattar Singh AIR 1988 P & H 27; Santosh Kumari v.
Virendra Kumar AIR 1986 Raj 128; Ashok Hurra vs. Rupa
Bipin Zaveri (1997) 4 SCC 226; Rupa Ashok Hurra vs. Ashok
Hurra and Anr. (2002) 4 SCC 388, referred to.
G
Ladder vs. Ladder 1921 New Zealand Law Reports
876; Blunt vs. Blunt (1943) 2 All ER 76, referred to.
..
-
The Philosophy of Law p. 110, W Hastie translation 1887;
H
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 637
Alymer's Field in Complete Works 191, 193 (1878); Foster, A
Divorce Law Reform; the choices before State p. 112, referred
to.
Case Law Reference :
1921 Newzealand Law Reports 876 referred to. B
Para 24
t (1943) 2 All ER 76 Referred to Para 26
ILR (1971) 1 Delhi 6 Referred to Para 27
1971 K.L.T. 663 - Referred to c
Para 29
(1991) 2 sec 25 Relied on Para 32
AIR 1982 Born 302 Disapproved Para 34
_,,, D
AIR 1989 Del 73 Disapproved Para 34
(1984) 2 DMC 388 (MP) Disapproved Para 34
AIR 1988 Ker 28 Referred to Para 34
AIR 1988 P & H 27 Referred to Para 34 E
AIR 1986 Raj 128 Referred to Para 34
~ (1997) 4 sec 226 Referred to Para 43
'- • (2002) 4 sec 388 Referred to Para 45
F
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.
3465 of 2009.
From the Judgment & Order dated 05.06.2008 of the High
Court of Judicature at Bombay in Family Court Appeal No. 39
G
of 2008.
.. j,
Ranjit Kumar, Manik Karanjawala, Ruby Singh Ahuja and
Pragya Ohri for the Appellant.
H
638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009] 8 S.C.R.
i
A C.U. Singh, Soma Singh, Rajeev Mishra, Sanand R. and
Parmanand Pandey for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
GANGULY, J. 1. Leave granted.
B
2. The wife, who is the appellant before this Court, filed
this appeal seeking to impugn the judgment and order dated
5.6.2008 passed by the High Court of judicature at Bombay,
which in a detailed judgment, was pleased to set aside the
c judgment and decree dated 5.12.2007 passed by the Family
Court, Mumbai, in which the Family Court, dissolved the
marriage between the appellant and the respondent by a
decree of divorce on mutual consent under Section 138 of the
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (hereinafter "the said Act").
D ,. -
3. Admittedly, the parties are Hindu and governed by the
provisions of the said Act and they were married on 5.3.1993
at Mumbai following the Hindu Vedic rites. Marriage was also
registered. After marriage, the parties resided together in Flat
No. 601, 2nd Floor, Dinath Court, Sir Pochkhanwala Road,
E Worli, Mumbai. Two sons were born to them, one on 1.2.1995
and the other one on 3.4.1997. A few years after that, serious
differences and incompatibility surfaced between them and all
attempts of settlement failed. The parties stopped living
together from January 2005 and decided to file a petition •• -~
F seeking divorce by mutual consent under Section 138 of the
said Act A joint petition to that effect was filed before the
Family Court at Sandra, Mumbai and the same was registered
on 19.5.2007. It was averred therein that incompatibility with
each other made it difficult for them to co-exist and they stopped
G cohabiting as husband and wife from January 2005 (para 6).
In paragraph 13, it was stated that there was no collusion ~
between the parties in filing the petition for divorce by mutual
consent and in paragraph 17 it was pointed out that there is
no force or coercion between the parties in filing the petition.
H Along with the said petition, certain consent terms were also
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 639
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
filed but with those terms we are not concerned in this A
proceeding.
4. Under the provisions of Section 13B (2) of the said Act,
a minimum period of six month has to elapse before such
petition can be taken up for hearing. In the instant case, the said B
period expired on or about 19.11.2007. In between, two dates
were given, namely, 14.6.2007 and 23.8.2007 when the parties
were given a chance for counselling but on both the days parties
were absent and no counselling took place.
5. On 19.11.2007, after the mandatory period of six C
months, the matter came up before the Family Court. It appears
from the affidavit filed by the wife in this proceeding before the
Bombay High Court that on 3.11.2007, advocate of the parties
informed the husband that the matter will be listed on
19.11.2007 and a draft affidavit of deposition was sent to him D
through E-mail. It is not in dispute that both the parties had the
same advocate. It also appears from the affidavit of the wife that
on 18.11.2007 the advocate received a text SMS in his mobile
from the respondent-husband that he is unable to attend the
court on 19.11.2007. Therefore, on 19.11.2007, when the matter E
appeared for the first time before the Court, the husband was
absent and the Family Court asked the advocate to inform the
husband of the next date of hearing of the matter, which was /
fixed on 1.12.2007.
6. On 19.11. 2007 itself, an application was made by the F
wife to summon the husband directing him to be present in the
Family court on the next date. Accordingly, summons were sent
by the Court on 23.11.2007 by courier and the courier returned
with the remark "not accepting". In this connection, the order
which was passed by the Family Court, on 1.12.2007, on G
... perusal of the service report is of some importance. The
following order was passed on the service return:
"Perused the first summons and subsequent orders thereto.
·" I have seen service affidavit also, states that servant was H
640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A present. Hence I am not able to accept it as a proper one.
The courier endorsement is also vague. Considering the
contents in affidavit, I allow petitioner No.1 to serve the
notice by pasting on the address given in cause title to
petitioner No.2. EPSB allowed. It is made returnable on
B 4.12.2007." .
7. The petition was thus made returnable on 4.12.2007. It
appears that the bailiff pasted the summons on 3.12.2007
outside the door of the husband's residence and the matter
came up before the Family Court on 4.12.2007 and on that day
C the husband was absent. The Family Court adjourned the matter
to 10.12.2007. But on 5.12.2007, the wife, filed a petition
before the Family Court with a prayer that the hearing of the
matter may be pre-poned and be taken up on the very same
day i.e. 5.12.2007. On the aforesaid prayer of the wife, though
D the matter was not on the board, it was taken on the board by
the Family Court on 5.12.2007 and the decree of divorce was
passed ex-parte on that date itself.
'
8. It may be mentioned in this connection that the Family
E Court pre-poned the hearing on wife's application and in the
absence of the husband. Admittedly, the pre-ponement was
done ex-parte.
9. In the background of these facts, basically four questions
fall for our consideration:
F
I. Whether impugned decree of divorce passed by
the Family Court on 5.12.2007 is vitiated by
procedural irregularity?
G II. Whether by conducting the proceeding, in the
manner it did, the Family Court acted contrary to the
avowed object of the Family Courts Act, 1984?
Ill. Whether from the absence of the husband before
the Family Court on 19.11.2007, 1.12.2007 and
H 4.12.2007 it can be inferred that his consent for
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 641
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
grant of divorce on a petition on mutual consent A
subsists, even though he has not withdrawn the
petition for divorce on mutual consent?
IV. Whether on a proper construction of Section 138
(2) of the said Act, which speaks of 'the motion of 8
both the parties', this Court can hold that the Family
Court can dissolve a marriage and grant a decree
of divorce in the absence of one of the parties and
without actually ascertaining the consent of that party
who filed the petition for divorce on mutual consent C
jointly with the other party?
10. This fourth question assumes general importance since
it turns on the interpretation of the section. Apart from that, this
question is relevant here in view of various recitals in the
judgment and decree of the learned Judge of the Family Court. D
It appears that the Family Court granted the decree of divorce
by proceeding on the presumption of continuing consent of the
husband.
11. While dealing with the first question about procedural E
irregularity in the matter, this Court finds that the Family Court
did not act properly even if it is held that it was correct in
•- presuming the continuing consent of the respondent-husband.
12. From the sequence of events, it appears that on
19.11.2007 when the matter came up before the Court, the first F
day after the mandatory period of six months, the husband was
absent. The Court directed service of summons on the husband
on the request of the wife. The service return was before the
Court on 1.12.2007. Looking at the service return, the Court
found that service was not a proper one and the Court was also G
~ not satisfied with the endorsement of the courier. Under such
circumstances, the Court's direction on the prayer of the
appellant-wife, for substituted service under Order 5 Rule 20 of
the Civil Procedure Code is not a proper one. Direction for
substituted service under Order 5 Rule 20 can be passed only H
642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A when Court is satisfied "that there is reason to believe that the
defendant is keeping out of the way for the purpose of evading
service, or that for any other reason the summons cannot be
served in the ordinary way".
13. In the facts of this case, the Court did not, and rather
B
could not, have any such satisfaction as the Court found that
the service was not proper. If the service is not proper, the
Court should have directed another service in the normal t
manner and should not have accepted the plea of the appellant-
wife for effecting substituted service. From wife's affidavit
c asking for substituted service, it is clear that the servant of the
respondent-husband intimated her advocate's clerk that
respondent-husband was out of Bombay and will be away for
about two weeks. However, the appellant-wife asserted that the
0
respondent-husband was in town and was evading. But the
Court on seeing the service return did not come to the
,. -
conclusion that the husband was evading service. Therefore,
the Court cannot, in absence of its own satisfaction that the
husband is evading service, direct substituted service under
Order 5 Rule 20 of the Code.
E
14. Apart from the aforesaid irregularity, the Court, after
ordering substituted service and perusing service return on
4.12.2007, fixed the matter for 10.12.2007. Then, on the
application of the wife on 5.12.2007, pre-poned the proceeding . .l•
F to 5.12.2007 and on that very day granted the decree of divorce
even though the matter was not on the list.
15. This Court strongly disapproves of the aforesaid
manner in which the proceeding was conducted in this case.
A Court's proceeding must have a sanctity and fairness. It
G cannot be conducted for the convenience of one party alone.
In any event, when the Court fixed the matter for 10.12.2007, it
could not pre-pone the matter on an ex-parte prayer made by
the appellant-wife on 5.12.2007 and grant the decree of divorce
on that day itself by treating the matter on the board in the
H absence of the husband. This, in our opinion, is a flagrant abuse
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 643
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
of the judicial process and on this ground alone, the decree A
dated 5.12.2007 has to be set aside.
16. On this aspect, this Court endorses the dissatisfaction
expressed by the Bombay High Court in paragraph 34 of its
judgment under appeal about the manner in which the date of B
final hearing was pre-poned and an ex-parte decree was
passed.
17. While dealing with the second question it appears that
the Family Court has not acted in a manner which is required
of it having regard to the jurisdiction vested on it under the c
Family Courts Act.
18. The Family Courts Act, 1984 (hereinafter, Act 66 of
1984) was enacted for adopting a human approach to the
-"\..:'
settlement of family disputes and achieving socially desirable D
results. The need for such a law was felt as early as in 1974
and Chief Justice P.B. Gajendragadhkar, as the Chairman of
Law Commission, in the 59th report on Hindu Marriage Act,
1955 and Special Marriage Act, 1954, opined:-
"In our Report on the Code of Civil Procedure, we E
have had occasion to emphasis that in dealing with
.., disputes concerning the family, the court ought to adopt a
+ human approach - an approach radically different from that
adopted in ordinary civil proceedings, and that the court
should make reasonable efforts at settlement before F
commencement of the trial. In our view, it is essential that
such an approach should be adopted in dealing with
matrimonial disputes. We would suggest that in due course,
States should think of establishing family courts, with
presiding officers who will be well qualified in law, no doubt, G
but who will be trained to deal with such dispute in a human
way, and to such courts all disputes concerning the family
should be referred."
19. Almost 10 years thereafter when the said Act 66 of
H
644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009) 8 S.C.R.
A 1984 was enacted, the words of the Chief Justice were virtually
quoted in its statement of objects and reasons. Consistent with
the said human approach which is expected to be taken by a
Family Court Judge, Section 9 of the Act casts a duty upon the
Family Court Judge to assist and persuade the parties to come
B to a settlement.
20. In the instant case by responding to the illegal and
t
unjust demand of the wife of pre-poning the proceeding ex-parte
and granting an ex-parte decree of divorce, the Family Court
did not discharge its statutory obligation under Section 138 (2)
C of the said Act of hearing the parties. When a proceeding is
pre-poned in the absence of a party and a final order is passed
immediately, the statutory duty cast on the Court to hear the
party, who is absent, is not discharged. Therefore, the Family
Court has not at all shown a human and a radically different
D approach which it is expected to have while dealing with cases
of divorce on mutual consent.
21. Marriage is an institution of great social relevance and
with social changes, this institution has also changed
E correspondingly. However, the institution of marriage is subject
to human frailty and error. Marriage is certainly not a mere
"reciprocal possession" of the sexual organs as was
philosophized by I. Kant [The Philosophy of Law page 110, W.
Hastie translation 1887) nor can it be romanticized as a
F relationship which Tennyson fancied as "made in Heaven"
[Alymer's Field, in Complete Works 191, 193 (1878)).
22. In many cases, marriages simply fail for no fault of the
parties but as a result of discord and disharmony between
them. In such situations, putting an end to this relationship is
G the only way out of this social bondage. But unfortunately, initially
the marriage laws in every country were 'fault oriented'. Under
such laws marriage can be dissolved only by a Court's decree
within certain limited grounds which are to be proved in an
adversarial proceeding. Such 'fault' oriented divorce laws have
H been criticized as 'obsolete, unrealistic, discriminatory and
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 645
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
4
sometimes immoral' (Foster, Divorce Law Reform; the choices A
before State page 112).
23. As early as in 1920 possibly for the first time in New
Zealand, Section 4 of the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
Amendment Act, 1920 gave the Court the discretion to grant a
8
decree of divorce to parties when they had separated for three
years under a decree of judicial separation or separation order
by the Magistrate or under a deed of separation or "even by
mutual consenf'. Till such amendment, divorce after separation
by parties on "mutual con~ent" was unknown.
c
24. Considering the said amendment of 1920 and
exercising the discretion the amended law conferred on the
Judge, Justice Salmond in Lodder vs. Lodder, [1921, New
Zealand Law Reports, 876], came to the conclusion that it is
-" not necessary to enquire into the merits of the disputes between D
the parties since the man and the wife had put an end to their
relationship 13 years ago and the learned Judge found that their
alienation is "permanent and irredeemable". The learned Judge
also felt that in the circumstances of the case "no public or
private interest is to be served by the further continuance of the E
marriage bond" and a decree for its dissolution was passed.
(See page 881) .
.
.
25. This seems to be the first decision of a Court granting
+
divorce on a 'no-fault' basis and because of the fact that a
marriage had broken down for all practical purposes as parties
F
were staying separately for a very long time.
26. The British society was very conservative as not to
accept divorce on such a ground but in 1943, Viscount Simon,
Lord Chancellor, in the case of Blunt vs. Blunt, [1943, 2 All ER G
76], speaking for the House of Lords, while categorizing the
heads of discretion which should weigh with the courts in
granting the decree of divorce, summed up four categories but
at page 78 of the Report, the Lord Chancellor added a fifth one
and the views of His Lordship were expressed in such H
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A matchless words as they deserve to be extracted herein below:-
"To these four considerations I would add a fifth of a
more general character, which must indeed be regarded
as of primary importance, viz., the interest of the
community at large, to be judged by maintaining a true
B
balance between respect for the binding sanctity of
marriage and the social considerations which make it
contrary to public policy to insist on the maintenance of a t
union which has utterly broken down. It is noteworthy that
in recent years this last consideration has operated to
c induce the court to exercise a favourable discretion in
many instances where in an earlier time a decree would
certainly have been refused".
27. In India also, prior to the amendment in our laws by
D insertion of Section 13B in the said Act, the Courts felt the " -
necessity for an amendment in the divorce law. The Full Bench
of the Delhi High Court in the judgment of Ram Kali vs. Gopal
Dass- ILR (1971) 1 Delhi 6, felt the inadequacy of the existing
divorce law. Chief Justice Khanna (as His Lordship then was)
E speaking for the Full Bench came to the following conclusion:-
"... It would not be a practical and realistic approach, indeed
it would be unreasonable and inhuman, to compel the
parties to keep up the fa9ade of marriage even though the
F rift between them is complete and there are no prospects
of their ever living together as husband and wife." [See
page 12].
28. In coming to the aforesaid conclusion, the learned Chief
G Justice relied on the observation of the Viscount Simon, Lord
Chancellor, in the case of Blunt vs. Blunt (Supra).
29. Within a year thereafter, Hon'ble Justice Krishna Iyer,
in the case of Aboobacker Haji vs. Mamu Koya - 1971 K.L.T.
H 663, while dealing with Mohammedan Law relating to divorce
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 647
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
correctly traced the modern trend in legal system on the A
principle of breakdown of marriage in the following words:-
"When an intolerable situation has been reached, the
partners living separate and apart for a substantial time,
an inference may be drawn that the marriage has broken
B
down in fact and so should be ended by law. This trend in
the field of matrimonial law is manifesting itself in the
Commonwealth countries these days."(See page 668)
30. In coming to the said finding the learned Judge relied
on the principles laid down by Justice Salmond in Ladder vs. c
Ladder (supra).
31. After the said amendment in 1976 by way of insertion
of Section 138 in the said Act in the 74th Report of the Law
·'-' Commission of India (April, 1978), Justice H.R. Khanna, as D
its Chairman, expressed the following views on the newly
amended Section 138:
"Marriage is viewed in a number of countries as a
contractual relationship between freely consen,ting
individuals. E
A modified version of the basis of consent is to be
..
~
found in the theory of divorce by mutual consent.
The basis in this case is also consent, but the
F
revocation of the relationship itself must be consensual,
as was the original formation of the relationship. The
Hindu Marriage Act, as amended in 1976, recognizes this
theory in section 138."
32. On the question of how to ascertain continuing consent G
in a proceeding under Section 138 of the said Act, the decision
in the case of Smt. Sureshta Devi vs. Om Prakash - (1991)
2 sec 25, gives considerable guidance.
33. In Paragraph 8 of the said judgment, this Court H
,,...
648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A summed up the requirement of Section 138 (1) as follows:
"8. There are three other requirements in sub-section (1).
They are:-
(i) They have been living separately for a period of one
B year.
(ii) They have not been able to live together, and
(iii) They have mutually agreed that marriage should be
dissolved."
c
34. In paragraph 10, the learned Judges dealt with sub-
section (2) of Section 13B. In paragraphs 11 and 12, the /
learned Judges recorded the divergent views of the Bombay
High Court [Jayashree Ramesh Londhe v. Ramesh Bhikaji
>I - -
D Londhe - AIR 1982 Born 302: 86 Born LR 184], Delhi High
Court [Chander Kanta v. Hans Kumar - AIR 1989 Del 73),
Madhya Pradesh High Court [Meena. Dutta v. Anirudh Dutta
- (1984) 2 DMC 388 (MP)], and the views of the Kerala High
Court [K./. Mohanan v. Jeejabai-AIR 1988 Ker 28: (1986) 2 H
E R 467: 1986 KLT 990], Punjab and Haryana High Court [Harchara
Kaurv. Nachhattar Singh-AIR 1988 P &H 27: (1987) 2HLR184: (
987) 92 Punj LR 321] and Rajasthan High Court [Santosh
Kumari v. Virendra Kumar - Al R 1986 Raj 128: (1986) 1 HLR
620: 1986 Raj LR 441] respectively on Section 13B.
F 35. In paragraphs 13 and 14 of the Sureshta Devi (supra),
the learned Judges gave an interpretation to Section 13B (2)
and in doing so the learned Judges made it clear that the
reasons given by the High Court of Bombay and Delhi are
untenable inasmuch as both the High Courts held that once the
G consent is given by the parties at the time of filing the petition,
it is impossible for them to withdraw the same to nullify the
petition.
36. We also find that the interpretation given by Delhi and
H Bombay High Courts is contrary to the very wording of Section
\_ SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 649
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
\,
138 (2) which recognizes the possibility of withdrawing the A
-~
petition filed on consent during the time when such petition has
to be kept pending.
37. In paragraph 13 of Sureshta Devi (supra), the learned
Judges made the position clear by holding as follows: 8
"At the time of the petition by mutual consent, the
parties are not unaware that their petition does not by itself
snap marital ties. They know that they have to take a further
'It step to snap marital ties. Sub-Section (2) of Section 13-8
is clear on this point. It provides that "on the motion of both c
the parties, .... if the petition is not withdrawn in the
meantime, the court shall .... pass a decree of divorce... ".
What is significant in this provision is that there should also
be mutual consent when they move the court with a
---- request to pass a decree of divorce. Secondly, the court D
shall be satisfied about the bona fides and the consent of
the parties. If there is no mutual consent at the time of the
enquiry, the court gets no jurisdiction to make a decree for
divorce. If the view is otherwise, the court could make an
enquiry and pass a divorce decree even at the instance E
of one of the parties and against the consent of the other.
Such a decree cannot be regarded as decree by mutual
consent."
* 38. Therefore, it was made clear in Sureshta Devi (supra)
F
that under Section 138 (2), the requirement is the 'motion of
both the parties' and interpreting the same, the learned Judges
made it clear that there should be mutual consent when they
move the Court with a request to pass a decree of divorce and
there should be consent also at the time when the Court is called
upon to make an enquiry, if the petition is not withdrawn and G
~ then pass the final decree.
39. Interpreting the said Section, it was held in _Sureshta
Devi (supra) that if the petition is not withdrawn in the meantime,
the Court, at the time of making the enquiry, does not have any H
650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
A jurisdiction to pass a decree, unless there is mutual consent. '
40. Learned Judges made it further clear that if the Court
makes an enquiry and passes a divorce decree even at the
instance of one of the parties and against the consent of the
other, such a decree cannot be regarded as a decree by mutual
B
consent.
41. In paragraph 14 of the said judgment, learned Judges
made it further clear as follows:-
•
...
c "If the Court is held to have the power to make a decree
solely based on the initial petition, it negates the whole l.c
idea of mutuality and consent for divorce. Mutual consent
to the divorce is a sine qua non for passing a decree for
divorce under Section 13-B. Mutual consent should
D continue till the divorce decree is passed. It is a positive
requirement for the court to pass a decree of divorce. "The
consent must continue to decree nisi and must be valid
subsisting consent when the case is heard." {See (i)
Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th edn. Vol. 13 para 645;
(ii) Rayden on Divorce, 12th edn., Vol. 1, P. 291; and (iii)
E
Beales V. Beales}."
42. In paragraph 15 of the judgment, this Court held that
the decisions of the High Courts of Bombay, Delhi and Madhya ~
Pradesh cannot be said to have laid down the law correctly and
F those judgments were overruled. We also hold accordingly.
43. The decision in Sureshta Devi (supra) was rendered
by a Bench of two learned Judges of this Court. In a
subsequent decision of two learned Judges of this Court in the
G case of Ashok Hurra vs. Rupa Bipin Zaveri - (1997) 4 SCC
226, the judgment in Sureshta Devi (supra) was doubted as
according to the learned Judges some of the observations in "' ,
Sureshta Devi (supra) appear to be too wide and require
reconsideration in an appropriate case.
H 44. Learned Judges in Ashok Hurra (supra) made it clear
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 651
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
\
that they were passing the order in that case on the peculiar A
.. fact situation. This Court also held that in exercise of its
jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution, a decree of
divorce by mutual consent under Section 13B of the Act was
granted between the parties. (See paragraph 16 and 22 of the
report). B
45. It appears that those observations were made by the
'* learned Judges without considering the provisions of the Family
Courts Act. In any event, the decision in Ashok Hurra (supra)
was considered by a larger Bench of this Court in Rupa Ashok
Hurra vs. Ashok Hurra and Anr. - (2002) 4 SCC 388. No doubt c
was expressed by the larger Bench on the principles laid down
in Sureshta Devi (supra). It appears that a petition for review
was filed against the two judge decision in Ashok Hurra (supra)
and the same was dismissed. Thereafter, the question before
the Constitution Bench in Rupa Ashok Hurra (supra) was as D
~-
follows:-
"Whether the judgment of this Court dated 10.3.1997 in
Civil Appeal No.1843of1997 [1997 (4) sec 226] can be
regarded as a nullity and whether a writ petition under E
Article 32 of the Constitution can be maintained to
' question the validity of a judgment of this Court after the
.. petition for review of the said judgment has been
~ dismissed are, in our opinion, questions which need to be
considered by a Constitution Bench of this Court." F
46. In the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Rupa
Ashok Hurra (supra), this Court did not express any view
contrary to the views of this Court in Sureshta Devi (supra).
47. We endorse the views taken by this Court in Sureshta G
-4 Devi (supra) as we find that on a proper construction of the
0#
provision in Section 13B (1) and 13B (2), there is no scope of
doubting the views taken in Shreshta Devi (supra). In fact the
decision which was rendered by the two learned Judges of this
Court in Ashok Hurra (supra) has to be treated to be one H
652 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 8 S.C.R.
J
A rendered in the facts of that case and it is also clear by the
observations of the learned Judges in that case.
48. None of the counsel for the parties argued for
reconsideration of the ratio in Sureshta Devi (supra).
B 49. We are of the view that it is only on the continued
mutual consent of the parties that decree for divorce under
Section 138 of the said Act can be passed by the Court. If
petition for divorce is not formally withdrawn and is kept pending
then on the date when the Court grants the decree, the Court
C has a statutory obligation to hear the parties to ascertain their
consent. From the absence of one of the parties for two to three
days, the Court cannot presume his/her consent as has been
done by the learned Family Court Judge in the instant case and
especially in its facts situation, discussed above.
D
50. In our view it is only the mutual consent of the parties
which gives the Court the jurisdiction to pass a decree for
divorce under Section 138. So in cases under Section 138,
mutual consent of the parties is a jurii>dictional fact. The Court
E while passing its decree under Section 138 would be slow and
circumspect before it can infer the existence of such
jurisdictional fact. The Court has to be satisfied about the
existence of mutual consent between the parties on some
tangible materials which demonstrably disclose such consent.
In the facts of the case, the impugned decree was passed
F within about three weeks from the expiry of the mandatory
period of six months without actually ascertaining the consent
of the husband, the respondent herein.
51. It is nobody's case that a long period has elapsed
G between the expiry of period of six months and the date of final
decree.
...
52. For the reasons aforesaid, we affirm the view taken
by the learned Judges of the Bombay High Court in the order
H under appeal.
SMRUTI PAHARIYA v. SANJAY PAHARIYA 653
[ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, J.]
~
53. The appeal is disposed of as follows:- A
(i) On receipt of the copy of this judgment, the Family
Court is directed to issue notice to both the parties
to appear in the Court on a particular day for taking
further steps in the case. B
(ii) On that day, the parties are at liberty to engage
·"'.< their own counsel and they may be personally
present before the Court and inform the Court as
to whether they have consent to the pas~ing of the
decree under Section 138 of the Act. If both the c
parties give their consent for passing of the decree
under Section 138, the Court may pass appropriate
orders.
~ ~·
(iii) If any of the parties makes a representation that he/ D
she does not have consent to the passing of the
decree, the Court may dispose of the proceedings
in the light of the observations made by us.
There shall be no order as to costs.
E
N.J. Appeal disposed of.
..s
Search Indian case law
Ask in plain English, not just keywords. 25,000 AI words free, no card.
Try "divorce by mutual consent"Sign in to search