SMT. DAYAMATHI BAIversusSRI K.M. SHAFFI

A                           SMT. DAYAMATHI BAI
                                     v.
                              SRI K.M. SHAFFI

                                AUGUST 4, 2004

B                 (ASHOK BHAN AND S.H. KAPADIA, JJ.]

         Code of Civil Procedure, 1908-0rder XIJJ Rule 3 :

         Evidence Act, 1872-Section 65 :
c        Civil suit-Production of secondary evidence-No objection raised
    against the evidence at trial stage-Objection to mode ofproofat appellate
    stage-Permissibility of such objection-Held: Mode ofprooffalls within
    procedural law-Such objection can be taken before the document is
    marked as rm exhibit and admitted to the record and not at appellate stage.
D
       Respondent-plaintiff filed a suit for declaration that the suit plot
  was his and his brother's absolute property and sought injunction
  restraining the appellant-defendant from entering the suit property.
  According to the respondent the title came t!l him through the sons of
E 'G' vide a registered sale deed dated 14.11.1944 Exhibit P-1 and later
  on under Exbt. P-2 a gift deed. Appellant claimed title of only a portion
  of the suit property claiming to have title of the same through wife of
  'G'. Appellant did not challenge Exbts. P-1 (the certified copy' of sale
  deed) and P-2. Trial Court decreed the suit inter a/ia holding that Exbt.
F P-1 was admissible as the document was 30 years old and hence
  presumption under Section 90 of Evidence Act applied to the same and
  that Exbt. P-2 stood proved. Lower appellate Court, dismissed the suit
  holding that Exbts. P-1 and P-2 were not proved as original sale deed
  (Exbt. P-1) was not produced, that plaintiff had not laid foundation for
  admissibility of secondary evidence under Section 65(a) and (t). In
G second appeal High Court upheld the order of trial Court.
         In appeal to this Court appellant contended that the certified copy
    of the sale deed being secondary evidence was not admissible as no
    steps were taken to produce the original sale deed nor any step was
H   taken to prove the loss of the same.
                                        336



                                                                                  11
         DAYAMATHI BAI v. K.M. SHAFFI [KAPADIA, J.]               337

    Dismissing the appeal, the Court                                    A
      HELD : 1.1. In th.e present case, the objection was not that the
certified copy of Ex. Pl is in itself inadmissible but that the mode of
proof was irregular and insufficient. Objection as to the mode of proof
falls within procedural law. Therefore, such objections could be B
waived. They have to be taken before the document is marked as an
exhibit and admitted to the record. [341-C-DI

    R. V.E. Venkatachala Gounder v. Arulmigu Viswesaraswami and V.P.
Temple and Anr., (20031 8 SCC 752 and Gopal Das and Anr. v. Sri
Thakurji and Ors., AIR (1943) PC 83, relied on.                      C
     Evidence by Sarkar 15th Edition, page 1084, referred to.

      1.2. In the present case, when the plaintiff submitted a certified
copy of the sale deed (Ex.Pl) in evidence and when the sale deed was
taken on record and marked as an exhibit, the appellant did not raise D
any objection. Even execution of Ex. P2 was not challenged. In the
i:ircumstances, it was not open to the appellant to object to the mode
of proof before the lower appellate Court. If the objection had been
taken at the trial stage, the plaintiff could have met it by calling for
the original sale deed which was on record in collateral proceedings. E
                                                              1343-C-D)

     CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2434 of
2000.

    From the Judgment and Order dated 18.12.1998 of the Karnataka F
High Court in R.S.A. No. 802/1995.

     Kiran Suri for the Appellant.

    S.K. Kulkarni, M. Gireesh Kumar and Ankur S. Kulkarni for
Khwairakpam, Nobin Singh for the Respondents.                 G
     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

     KAPADIA, J. : This appeal by special leave is filed by the original
defendant against the judgment and order dated 18th December, 1998
passed by the High Court of Karnataka in R.S.A. No. 802 of 1995.         H
    338                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         Briefly, the facts giving rise to this appeal are as follows:-

         K.M. Shaffi, respondent herein instituted a suit bearing O.S. No. 451/
    84 in the Court of Principal Munsiff, Bellary (hereinafter for the sake of
    brevity referred to as "the trial Court") for a declaration that a portion of
B T.S. No. 272-A and T.S. No. 273-B admeasuring 80'xl20' (hereinafter for
    the sake of brevity referred to as "the suit plot") was his and his brother's
    absolute property. In the said suit, the plaintiff also sought an injunction
    restraining the appellant herein (defendant) from entering the suit plot.

          T.G. Sreenivasa Pillai, T.G. Vivekananda Pillai and T.G.
C Sathyanarayana Pillai sons of Gurunatham Pillai were the owners of suit
    land bearing S. No. 635R (which was revised to T.S. 272) admeasuring
    90 cents and S. No. 635T (revised to T.S. 273) admeasuring 5 acres 38
    cents. The sons of Gurunatharn Pillai sold the above lands to Khan Saheb
    Abdul Hye vide sale deed dated 14.11.1944 (Ex.P.l) for Rs. 300. Khan
D   Saheb Abdul died in 1947 leaving behind him his two sons, Basheer and
    Muneer who in tum gifted the said lands to one Sattar (father of the
    plaintiff) and Rahiman (plaintiffs uncle) under gift deed dated 20.6.1966
    (Ex.P2). Sattar and Rahiman got the above lands sub-divided. In the
    partition suit No. 381172 on the file of Principal Munsiff, Bellary the
E   plaintiff herein and his brother got the sub-divided plot Nos.T.S. 272A and
    T.S. 273B which included the suit plot admeasuring 80'xl20'. The present
    title suit was filed when the appellant herein tried to enter upon the suit
    plot.

F       In the written statement, the appellant herein pleaded that the suit plot
  admeasuring 80'x 120' was a separate plot and that it was not a part of T.S.
  272A and T.S. 273B as alleged. It was pleaded that the suit plot was
  separately assessed by the municipality. It was pleaded that on 19.7.1967,
  the husband of the appellant had bought the suit plot fi'om one Rajarathnarn.
  That the husband of the appellant had later on executed a deed of settlement
G in favour of the appellant on 12.1.1973 and th~t the appellant had been in
  possession and in enjoyment of the suit plot. That Rajarathnam had
  purchased the suit plot in 1965 from the wife of Gurunatharn Pillai. In
  the written statement, the appellant herein denied that the sons of Gurunatharn
  had sold the lands to Khan Saheb Abdul as alleged. It was contended that
H sons had no right to sell the said lands. That the wife of Gurunatham was
          DAYAMATHI BAI v. K.M. SHAFFI [KAPADIA, J.]                    339

the owner. That she had not executed any conveyance in favour of Khan A
Saheb. In the written statement, appellant denied the gift by sons of Khan
Saheb to Sattar and Rahiman.

      Two main points arose for determination before the trial Court.
Firstly, whether the plaintiff is the owner of the suit plot. Secondly, B
whether the suit plot formed part of T.S.272A and T.S.2738. According
to PW! the title came to him through the sons of Gurunatham vide Ex;Pl
which was a registered sale deed dated 14.11.1944 and later on under Ex.P2
which is gift deed executed by sons of Khan Saheb in favour of Sattar and
Rahiman.
                                                                               c
      On the other hand, the appellant (defendant) claimed title only to the
suit plot admeasuring 80'xl20'. She claimed it to be a separate property.
She traced her title to the wife of Gurunatham. She contended that the sons
of Gurunatham had no right to sell.
                                                                               D
      The trial Court found that when on 14.11.1944 the sons of Gurunatham
Pillai had sold the above lands vide sale deed Ex.Pl to Khan Saheb Abdul
for Rs. 300, the wife of Gurunatham had no right to sell the suit plot in
1965 through her constituted attorney to Rajarathnam from whom the
husband of the appellant claims to have purchased the suit plot. The trial
Court further observed that before it there was no plea that the wife of E
Gurunatham was the absolute owner. The trial Court found from Ex.Pl
that the sons of Gurunatham had sold the lands for family necessity. In
the circumstances, the trial Cou1t held that no title had vested in Rajarathnam.
The trial Court further found that Ex.Pl was more than 30 years old
document and the presumption under Section 90 of the Evidence Act F
applied to the said documents. Before the trial Court Ex.P2 stood proved
by the plaintiff who examined the constituted attorney of Basheer and
Muneer as PW2. Further, execution of Ex.P2 was not challenged.

     At this stage, it may be mentioned that the appellant did not object G
to the registered sale deed Ex.Pl dated 14.11.1944 being marked and
admitted in evidence. The appellant also did not challenge the execution
of Ex.P2. Hence the trial Court decreed the suit.

     Being aggrieved by the decree passed by the trial Court, the appellant
herein preferred Regular Appeal no. 36of1988 in the Court of Civil Judge, H
    340                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Bellary (hereinafter for the sake of brevity referred to as "the lower
  appellate Court"), who took the view inter a/ia that the plaintiff had failed
  to prove Ex.PI and Ex.P2 as neither the executant nor the donor had been
  examined. That Ex.Pl and Ex.P2 could not be acted upon as the original
  deed dated 14.11.1944 (Ex.Pl) had not been produced. The lower
B appellate Court found that the plaintiff had not laid the foundation for
  admissibility of secondary evidence under Section 65(a) and (f) and in the
  circumstances the sale was not proved. The lower appellate Court observed
  that although the original deed was available in the collateral proceedings
  the plaintiff took no steps to produce it before the trial Court in the present
C suit. The lower appellate Court further found that the power of·attomey
  in favour of PW2 was duly registered. That the plaintiff could have
  summoned it from the office of the sub-registrar. This was not done. In
  the circumstances, the lower appellate Court came to the conclusion that
  both the Exhibits Pl and P2 were not proved. Consequently, the lower
  appellate Court allowed the appeal and dismissed the suit filed by the
D plaintiff.
         Aggrieved by the decision of the lower appellate Court, K.M. Shafli,
    the original plaintiff preferred Second Appeal under section 100 of CPC
    before the High Court. At the time of admission of the second appeal,
E   following substantial question of law was formulated by the High Court:-

             " As to whether the lower appellate Court has erred in holding that
             the certified copies of the sale deed and the gift deed being Exs.Pl
             and P2 respectively are not admissible in evidence and as such
             the plaintiff had failed to substantiate his title over the suit
F            schedule property?"

         The High Court on consideration of various authorities came to the
    conclusion that since the copy of Ex.Pl was a certified copy and since it
    is more than 30 years old document, the trial Court was right in invoking
G   the presumption under Section 90 of the Evidence Act. Consequently, the
    appeal was allowed. Hence, this civil appeal.

          Ms. Kiran Suri, learnec; counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant
    submitted that once the document becomes incapable of being proved for
    want of primary evidence, the foundation of secondary evidence must be
H   laid, without which, such secondary evidence was inadmissible. That in
          DAYAMATHI BAI v. K.M. SHAFF!' [KAPADIA, J.]                   341

the present case, no steps were taken by the plaintiff to produce the original A
sale deed. That no steps were taken to prove the loss of the original sale
deed. That no steps were taken to establish the source from which certified
copy was obtained. She submitted that if the foundation is laid under
section 65 and if the plaintiff was able to prove that the.o~iginal sale deed
was lost then the secondary evidence was admissible but in the absence B
of such a foundation, the High Court erred in holding that the registered
certified copy of the sale deed was admissible in evidence as the document
produced was more than 30 years old.

      We do not find merit in this civil appeal. In the present case the
objection was not that the certified copy of Ex.Pl is in itself inadmissible C
but that the mode of proof was irregular and insufficient. Objection as to
the mode of proof falls within procedural law. Therefore, such objections
could be waived. They have to be taken before the document is marked
as an exhibit and admitted to the record (See: Order XIII Rule 3 of Code
of Civil Procedure). This aspect has been brought out succinctly in the D
judgment of this Court in R. V.E. Venkatachala Gounder v. Arulmigu
Viswesaraswami & V.P. Temple & Another, reported in (2003) 8 SCC 752
to which one of us, Bhan, J., was a party vide para 20:

        "20. The learned counsel for the defendant-respondent has relied E
        on Roman Catholic Mission v. State of Madras, AIR (1966) SC
         1457 in support of his submission that a document not admissible
        in evidence, though brought on record, has to be excluded ~rom
        consideration. We do not have any dispute with the proposition
        of law so laid down in the abovesaid case. However, the present
        one is a case which calls for the correct position oflaw being made F
        precise. Ordinarily, an objection to the admissibility of evidence
        should be taken when it is tendered and not subsequently. The
        objections as to admissibility of documents in evidence may be
        classified into two classes: (i) an objection that the document
        which is sought to be proved is itself inadmissible in evidence; G
        and (ii) where the objection does not dispute the admissibility of
        the document in evidence but is directed· towards the mode of
        proof alleging the same to be irregular or insufficient. In the first
        case, merely because a document has been marked as "an exhibit",
        an objection as to its admissibility is not excluded and is available H
    342                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A           to be raised even at a later stage or even in appeal or revision.
            In the latter case, the objection should be taken when the evidence
            is tendered and once the document has been admitti-d in evidence
            and marked as an exhibit, the objection that it should not have
            been admitted in evidence or that the mode adopted for proving
B           the document is irregular cannot be allowed to be raised at any
            stage subsequent to the marking of the document as an exhibit.
            The latter proposition is a rule of fair play. The crucial test is
            whether an objection, if taken at the appropriate point of time,
            would have enabled the party tendering the evidence to cure the
            defect and resort to such mode of proof as would be regular. The
c           omission to object becomes fatal because by his failure the party
            entitled to object allows the party tendering the evidence to act
            on an assumption that the opposite party is not serious about the
            mode of proof. On the. other hand, a prompt objection does not
            prejudice the party tendering the evidence, for two reasons: firstly,
D           it enables the court to apply its mind and pronounce its decision
            on the question of admissibility then and there; and secondly, in
            the event of finding of the court on the mode of proof sought to
            be adopted going against the party tendering the evidence, the
             opportunity of seeking indulgence of the court for permitting a
E           regular mode or method of proof and thereby removing the
             objection raised by the opposite party, is available to the party
             leading the evidence. Such practice and procedure is fair to both
             the parties. Out of the two types of objections, referred to
             hereinabove, in the latter case, failure to raise a prompt and timely
                                                                                     •
             objection amounts to waiver of the necessity for insisting on
F            formal proof of a document, the document itself which is sought
             to be proved being admissible in evidence. In the first case,
             acquiescence would be no bar to raising the objection in a superior
             court."

G         To the same effect is the judgment of the Privy Council in the case



                                                                                     ..
    of Gopal Das & Anr. v. Sri Thakurji & Ors. reported in AIR (1943) PC
    83, in which it has been held that when the objection to the mode of proof
    is not taken, the party cannot lie by until the case comes before a Court
    of appeal and then complain for the first time of the mode of proof. That
H   when the objection to be taken is not that the document is in itself
          DAYAMATHI BAI v. K.M. SHAFF! [KAPADJA, J.]                     343

inadmissible but that the mode of proof was irregular, it is essential that A
the objection should be taken at the trial before the document is marked
as an exhibit and admitted to the record. Similarly, in Sarkar on Evidence,
15th Edition, page I 084, it has been stated that where copies of the
documents are admitted without objection in the trial Court, no objection
to their admissibility can be taken afterwards in the court of appeal. When B
a party gives in evidence a certified copy, without proving the circumstances
entitling him to give secondary evidence, objection must be taken at the
time of admission and such objection will not be allowed at a later stage.

      ln the present case, when the plaintiff submitted a certified copy of
the sale deed (Ex.PI) in evidence and when the sale deed was taken on C
record and marked as an exhibit, the appellant did not raise any objection.
Even execution of Ex.P2 was not challenged. In the circumstances, it was
not open to the appellant to object to the mode of proof before the lower
appellate Court. If the objection had been taken at the trial stage, the
plaintiff could have met it by calling for the original sale deed which was D
on record in collateral proceedings. But as there was no objection from
the appellant, the sale deed dated 14.11.1944 was marked as Ex.PI and
it was admitted to the record without objection.

     For the foregoing reasons, we do not find any merit in this civil appeal   E
and the same is accordingly dismissed, with no order as to costs.

K.K.T.                                                    Appeal dismissed.