SMT. JASBIR KAUR SEHGALversusTHE DISTRICT JUDGE DEHRADUN AND ORS.

                 SMT. JASBIR KAUR SEHGAL                                      A
                             v.
          THE DISTRICT JUDGE DEHRADUN AND ORS.

                           AUGUST 27, 1997

         [SUJATA V. MANOHAR AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.]                             B

      Hindu Maniage Act, 1955

       Section 24--Wife claiming maintenance pendente lite-During the pen-
dency of the divorce proceedings filed by husband-Held, right to claim C
maintenance include her own maintenance and that of her children--lncome
of husband is relevant-Grant of mai11te11ance depends upon the status of the
parties, capacity of the husband to pa;r-Amount of maintenance should be
such that she can live in reasonable comfort conside1i11g her status and the
mode of life she was used to when she lived with her husband-However, the
amount so fu:ed should not be excessive or extortionate.                     D
       Maintenance pendente lite-Date on which Wife is entitled to claim
maintenance-Held, right to claim mainte11ance fructifies on the date of the
filing of the petition of divorce-Howeve1; court has discretion in the mat-
te~ircwnscances explained.
                                                                              E
      Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956:

      Section 26-Scope of maintenance-Held, if wife has no income it is
the obligation of the husband to maintain her and also the -children out of
the maniage.
                                                                              F
      Practice and Procedure :

      lmpleading trial and appellate courts as profonna respondents-Not
proper or justified.

      The respondent-husband retired from the Army and joined an Oil          G
company. Apart from the income from the above, he was also earning rent
from his house. Two sons and a daughter were living with the husband and
one daughter was living with the wife. On an application filed by the
appellant-wife in the trial court under Section 24 of the Hindu Marriage
Act in proceedings for divorce initiated by her husband, she was awarded      H
                                    529
    530"                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Rs. 2500 as expenses oflitigation and maintenance pendente lite at the rate
    of Rs. 1000 per month. The revision filed before the District Judge was
    dismissed. Thereafter the appellant filed a writ petition under Article 227
    of the Constitution and the maintenance was enhanced to Rs. 1500. Hence
    this appeal.

B          Allowing the appeal, the Court

          HELD : 1. The wife has no source of income and she is also main·
    taining her eldest unmarried daughter. Under the Hindu Adoptions &
    Maintenance Act, 1956 it is the obligation of a person to maintain his
C   unmarried daughter, if she is unable to maintain herself. In this case since
    the wife has no income of her own, it is the obligation of the husband to
    maintain her and her two unmarried daughters one of whom is living with
    his wife and one with him. Section 24 of the Hindu Marriage Act no doubt
    talks of maintenance of wife during the pendency of the proceedings but
    this section can not be read in isolation and cannot be given restricted
D   meaning to hold that it is the maintenance of the wife alone and noone
    else. In the instant case, the wife is maintaining the eldest unmarried
    daughter, her right to claim maintenance would include her own main·
    tenance and that of her daughter. This fact has to be kept in view while
    fixing the maintenance pendente lite for the wife. Section 26 of the Act
E   provides for custody of minor children, their maintenance and education
    but that section operates in its oun field. [534-C-E]

        2.1. No set formula can be laid for fixing the amount of maintenance.·
  It has, in the very nature of things, to depend on the facts and circumstan-
  ces of each case. Some scope for leverage can, however, be always there.
F Court has to consider the status of the parties, their respective needs,
  capacity of the husband to pay having regard to his reasonable expenses
  for his own maintenance and those he is obliged under the law and
  statutory but involuntary payments or deductions. Amount ofmahitenance
  fixed for the wife should be such as she can live in reasonable comfort
G considering her status and tht> mode of life she was used to when she lived
  with her husband and also that she does not feel handicapped in the
  prosecution of her case. At the same time, the amount fixed cannot be
  excessive or extortionate. [536-B-D]

          2.2. It appears from the affidavit of the husband that it conceals more
H    than what it tells of his income and other assets. Considering the diverse
               J.K. SEHGAL v. DISTI. JUDGE DEHRADUN                     531

claims made by the parties one inflating the income and the other suppress- A
ing an element of conjecture and guess work does enter for arriving at the
income of the husband. It catot lie done by any mathematical precision.
From the .facts on record th annual income of the respondent-husband
even on modest estimate coo d be Rs. 2,40,000 annually which would come
to Rs. 20,000 per month. In the circumstances of the present case the B
maintenance pendente lite is fixed at the rate of Rs. 5,000 per month
payable by respondent-husband to the appellant-wife. [535-D-G]

       2.3. If the wife has no income, it is the obligation of the husband to
maintain her and also the children out of the marriage on the basis of the
provisions contained in the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956. C
Her right to claim maintenance fructifies on the date of the filing of the
petition for divorce under the Act. Having thus fixed the date as the filing
of the petition for divorce it is not always that the Court has to grant the
maintenance from that date. The court has discretion in the matter as to
from which date maintenance under Section 24 of the Act should be
granted. The discretion of the court would depend upon multiple .cir· D
cumstances which are to be kept in view. These could be the time taken to
serve on the respondent the petition; the date of filing of the application
under Section 24 of the Act; conduct of the parties in the proceedings;
averments made in the application and the reply thereto; the tendency of
the wife to inflate the income out of all proportion and that of the husband E
to suppress the same; and the like. There has to be honesty of purpose for
both the parties which is unfortunately lacking in this case. Therefore the
ends of justice would be met if this Court directs that maintenance pen-
dente lite to be payable from the date of the impugned order of the High
Court. [536-E-H]
                                                                               F
      3. Respondents 1 and 2 in this appeal are respectively the District
Judge and the Additional Civil Judge (II), who are described as proforma
respondents. It is not proper or even justified on the part of the appellant
to implead the courts as respondents and respondents 1 and 2 are,
therefore struck off from the records of this appeal. [532-F]
                                                                               G
        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5803 of
1997.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 14.10.96 of the Allahabad High
Court in C.W.P. No. 27575 of 1995.                                    H
    532                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A        Ms. Shalu Sha.rma, Rajesh K. Sharma and Rakesh K. Sharma.for the
    Aiwellant.

         P.P. Tripathi, Arvind Verma for K.L. Mehta & Co. for the
    Respondents.

B         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          D.P. WADHWA, J. Leaved granted.

           This is wife's appeal against the judgment dated October 14, 1996 of
C   the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. She is aggrieved by the im-
    pugned judgment under which she was a warded maintenance pendente
    lite under Section 24 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (for short 'the Act')
    at the rate of Rs. 1500 per month. On an application filed by tac wife in
    the trial court in proceeding for divorce initiated by her husband, respon-
    dent No. 3 herein, she was awarded Rs. 2,500 (Rupees two thousand and
D   five hundred only) as expenses of litigation and maintenance pendente lite
    at the rate of Rs. 1000 per month. Her revision before the District Judge
    Dehradun against this order was dismissed. She further filed writ petition
    under Article 227 of the Constitution of India in the High Court. By the
    impugned judgment the High Court enhanced the maintenance to Rs. 1500
E   p.:r month.

          Respondents 1 and 2 in this appeal arc respectively the District
    Judge, Dehradun and the Additional Civil Judge (Ilnd), Dehradun who are
    described as proforma respondents. It is not proper or even justified on
    the part of the appellant to implead the courts as respondents and respon-
F   dents 1 and 2 are, therefore, struck off from the ·record of this appeal.

         Parties were married on October 2, 1963. The husband at that time
  was an army officer. He retired as Lt. Colonel on August 10, 1986. On
  September 28, 1989 he filed the petition for divorce against his wife under
  Section 13 of the Act on the alleged grounds of cruelty and desertion. He
G stated that within two years of the marriage the wife started creating
  problems for him amd she persisted in her behaviour right till the year 1989.
  In this span of 26 ~rears in their married life, they have become the parents ·
  of four children, t.wo sons and two daughters. Eldest daughter who is 34
  years old and unmarried is living with her mother who maintains her.
H Second child is son who is working with Mukul Overseas Pvt. Ltd. on a
     J.KSEHGALv. DISIT.JUDGEDEHRADUN [D.P. WADHWA,J.]                  533

monthly salary of Rs. 7500 per month and is living in a house in Safdarjung   A
Enclave in New Delhi. Third child is a daughter aged 26 years. She is also
unmarried and unemployed and is living with the father. Fourth child is a
son of 20 years of age, he is unemployed and had studied upto 11th class.
Husband says that being head of the family he is to maintain two sons and
a daughter as they are dependent on him. His claim is that he is presently    B
having a meagre salary of Rs. 5000 per month and is employed as consult-
ant/adviser with M/s. Mukul International Private Limited. Both Mukul
Overseas (P) Ltd. and Mukul International (P) Ltd. belong to same group.

       After retirement from the army, respondent-husband joined the Oil
 and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) as a Director and was posted at C
 Dehradun. He retired from that post on August 21, 1995. Thereafter from
January 1, 1996 husband is working with M/s. Mukul International Pvt. Ltd.
 as aforesaid. After deduction of income-tax at source, husband says he is
 getting an amount of Rs. 4700 per month. Husband admits that he has·a
 house in NOIDA which was on rent with the army and lease was ter- D
 minated by letter dated January 29, 1996 from the Ministry of Defence. He
 says repairs are being carried on in the house and presently he is living
 with her eldest son in his house. He further says he is not getting any
pension as on his permanent absorption in ONGC, he had opted to receive
lumpsum amount in lieu of pension and prorata gratuity amounting to Rs.
2,60,456. In addition the husband also received an amount of Rs. 55,775 on E
account of D.C.R. Gty. Husband has also filed his computation of taxation
income for the assessment years 1992-93, 1995-96 and 1996-97. He has
though not filed any assessment order. Since he retired from ONGC in
August, 1995 it would be appropriate to see his computation of taxable
income for the year ending March 31, 1995. His gross salary income is Rs. F
1,88,281 and after deduction of House Rent Allowance it comes to Rs.
1,78,614. Income from house property he says is Rs. 22716, interest income
is Rs. 3179. Total of these three items would be Rs. 2,04,509. Then there
are claims of standard deductions, repairs in the house and tax rebate on
savings amounting to Rs. 68,922 which include payment on account of LIC,
PF, PPF, MEP, MSC and general insurance. The amount of tax payable G
comes to Rs. 35716 on a taxable income of Rs. 1,81,790. For the assessment
year 1996-97 (year ending on March 31, 1996) the salary income shown is
1,18,151, income from house property is Rs. 18,930 and after standard
deduction, and other deduction and the rebate the income tax payable is
Rs. 18,464 on the net income of Rs. 1,31,200.                              H
    534                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A       Wife says that the husband has not given true account of his assets
  and incom.e and has rather suppressed the same. Though the wife has not
  been able to give any specific evidence to support her contention but
  circumstances show that the husband has not given true state of affairs of
  his income. He has pleaded that both his wife and his eldest daughter are
B earning Rs. 10,000 per month but there is no basis for such an allegation.
  The fact remains ·that the wife has no source of income and she is also
  maintaining her eldest unmarried daughter. Under the Hindu Adoptions
  & Maintenance Act, 1956 it is the obligation of a person to maintain his
  unmarried daughter if she is unable to maintain herself.ln this case since
C the wife has no income of her own, it is the obligation ·of the husband to
  maintain her and her two unmarried daughters one of whom is living with
  wife and one with him. Section 24 of the Act no doubt talks of maintenance
  of wife during the pendency of the proceedings but this Section, in our
  view, cannot be read in isolation and cannot be given restricted meaning
  to hold that it is the maintenance of the wife alone and no one else. Since
D wife is maintaining the eldest unmarried daughter, her right to claim
  maintenance would include her own maintenance and that of her daughter.
  This fact has to be kept in view while fixing the maintenance pendente lite
  for the wife. We are aware of the provisions of Section 26 of the Act
  providing for custody of minor children, their maintenance and education
E but that section operates in its own field.


        Hus band has filed his counter affidavit in the appeal before us and
  on our direction both the parties have filed additional affidavits. On one
  date when this appeal came up for hearing we were told that the husband
F had left that morning itself for Canada for further treatment after his
  bypass surgery in India and that his expenses visiting the Canada and as
  well as the expenses for treatment there were being met by his friend. In
  his affidavit husband has stated that his friend Santokh Singh who is
  resident of Canada paid his fare. He is, however, silent about the expenses
G if any met by Santokh Singh for his treatment in Canada. A copy of the
  statutory declaration of Santokh Singh which is dated March 21, 1997 has
  also been filed. In this Santokh Singh does say that he has undertaken to
  bear the cost or passage and maintenance of respondent during his stay in
  Canada and North America. It is a matter of common knowledge that
H medical treatment in Canada is high and an ordinary person cannot afford
     J.K. SEHGAL v. DISTI. JUDGE DEHRADUN [D.P. WAD HWA, J.]              535

 the expenses which are met by taking medical insurance. As to what              A
 expenses husband .incurred for his bypass surgery in India has not been
 disclosed. On our query as to how much foreign exchange husband
 obtained while going to Canada, it was stated that Dollar U.S. 1,350 were
 obtained at a cost of about Rs. 50,000. From where all these monies came
 from we are left in dark. Husband has not filed any certificate of his salary   B
from his present employer though the wife has contended that both the
 firms Mukul Overseas Pvt. Ltd. and Mukul International Pvt. Ltd. are
 owned by the husband himself which fact husband has denied. Though we
are not concerned with the income of his son which is stated to be Rs.
7,500 per month, it would have been better if the husband had given              C
 complete details as to the perquisites enjoyed by his son, the rent he is
paying for his rented accommodation at Safdarjung Enclave and the like.
Claim of the husband that though his house in NOIDA fell vacant in
January, 1996, it has neither been further let nor the husband himself living
 there because of certain repairs and on that account he is residing with his    D
 son does not appeal to us. It does appear to us from the affidavit of the
husband that it conceals more than what it tell~ of his income and other
 assets. Attempt has been made to conceal his true income and that leads
 us to draw an adverse interference against the husband about his income
 that it is much more than what is being disclosed to us. The claim of the
husband that from an income of Rs. 4,750 per month which is getting from         E
Mukul International Pvt. Ltd. he has to maintain himself, his two sons and
daughter is absurd particularly when the eldest son is earning more than
the husband and it is husband who is living with him. Husband has also
not disclosed retiral benefits if any from the ONGC and the amount of
provident fund he obtained from there. Husband has interest income               F
from Unit Trust of India and also from the fixed deposit receipt but
again he has not disclosed the number of units he is holding and the
amount of the fixed deposits in his name. From all these we have to hold
that the annual income of the respondent-husband is even on modest
estimate to be Rs. 2,40,000 annually which would come to Rs. 20,000              G
per month. Considering the diverse claims made by the parties one
inflating the income and the other suppressing an element of conjecture
and guess work does enter for arriving at the income of the husband. It
cannot be done by any mathematical precision.
                                                                                 H
    536                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A          Wife has no fixed abode of residence. She says she is living in
    Gurudwara with her eldest daughter for safety. On the other hand husband
    has sufficient income and a house to him. Wife has not claimed any
    litigation expenses in this appeal. She is aggrieved only because of the
    paltry amount of maintenance fixed by the courts. Not set formula can be
B   laid for fixing the amount of maintenance. It has, in very nature of things,
    to depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. Some scope for
    liverage can, however, be always there. Court has to consider the status of
    the parties, their respective needs, capacity of the husband to pay having
    regard to his reasonable expenses for his own maintenance and those he
    is obliged under the law and statutory but involuntary payments or deduc-
e   tions. Amount of maintenance fixed for the wife should be such as she can
    live in reasonable comfort considering her status and the mode of life she
    was used to when she lived with her husband and also that she does not
    feel handicapped in the prosecution of her case. At the same time, the
     amount so fixed cannot be excessive or extortionate. In the circumstances
D    of the present case we fix maintenance pendente lite at the rate of Rs. 5,000
     per month payable by respondent-husband to the appellant-wife.

         The question then arises as to from which ·date the wife would be
  entitled to claim to enhanced amount of maintenance pendente lite. If wife
  has no source of income it is the obligation of the husband to maintain her
E and also children of the marriage on the basis of the provisions contained
  in the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956. Her right to claim
  maintenance fructifies on the date of the filing of the petition for divorce
  under the Act. Having thus fixed the date as the filing of the petition for
  divorce it is not always that the court has to grant the maintenance from
F that date. The court has discretion in the matter as to form which date
  maintenance under Section 24 of the Act should be granted. The discretion
  of the court would depend upon multiple circumstances which are to be
  kept in view. These could be the time taken to serve the respondent in the
  petition; the date of filing of the application under Section 24 of the Act;
   conduct of the parties in the proceedings; averments made in the applica-
G tion and the reply thereto; the tendency of the wife to inflate the income
   out of all proportion and that of the husband to suppress the same; and
   the like. There has to be honesty of purpose for both the parties which
   unfortunately we find lacking in this case .. We are therefore of the opinion
   that ends of justice would be met if we direct that maintenance pendente
H lite as fixed by this judgment to be payable from the date of impugned
    J.K. SEHGAL v. msrr: JUDGE DEHRADUN [D.P. WADHWA, J.]            537

order of the High Court which is October 16, 1996. We order accordingly.   A
The impugned judgment of the High Court shall stand modified to that
extent. All arrears of maintenance shall be paid within a period of two
months from today and 'tlien regularly every month.

     The appeal is allowed with costs. Counsel fee Rs. 2,500,.
                                                                           B
R.K.S.                                                   Appeal allowed.