SMT. V. RAJESHWARIversusT.C. SARAVANABAVA

                        SMT. V. RAJESHWARI                                 A
                                    v.
                       T.C. SARA VANABA VA

                         DECEMBER 16, 2003

               [R.C. LAHOTI AND ASHOK BHAN, JJ.]                           B
      Res judicata-Plea not taken by raising necessary pleadings at the
stage of trial-Plea taken for first time in Second Appeal before High
Court-High Court upholding plea and dismissing suit-Held, foundation
for plea of res judicata must be laid in pleadings and should be C
substantiated by producing copies of pleadings, issues and/or judgement
in previous case-Plea not properly raised at the stage of trial should not
 be permitted to be raised for first time at the stage of appeal-in the facts
 held, there is no res judicata.

       Adverse possession-Plea taken by defendant in suit for declaration D
of title and possession-Person taking plea already filing suit for partition
in respect of suit property claiming share as co-owner which was
dismissed-Person failing to plead and prove how and when he started
prescribing hostile title in respect of suit property-Held, plea of adverse
possession is without merit.                                                 E
      Appellant-plaintiff filed suit for declaration of title ~nd recovery
of possession in respect of suit property measuring 1817 sq. ft. against
the respondent-defendant after purchasing suit property. Defendant
flied written statement denying title of plaintiff and took the plea of F
adverse possession. An earlier suit for partition against one of pred-
ecessors-in-title of plaintiff filed by defendant claiming half share in
suit property as co-owner-in possession was dismissed. Trial Court and
First Appellate Court decreed suit of plaintiff. However, in the First
Appellate Court, plaintiff to support the findings of the Trial Court G
produced judgement and decree regarding title passed in favour of one
of his predecessors-in-title directing defendant to deliver possession
over upper portion of the building (240 sq. ft.) in the suit property to
the plaintiff therein. High Court allowed Second Appeal preferred by
defendant and dismissed suit of plaintiff holding that it was barred by
 principle of res judicata s.ince isst1~ as to title and possession over suit H
                                       927
    928               SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A property was already decided in the suit filed by predecessor-in title
    of the plaintiff. Review filed by plaintiff was also dismissed. Hence, the
    present appeals by the plaintiff.

          Allowing the appeals, the Court

B        HELD : 1. The rule of res judicata does not strike at the root of
    the jurisdiction of the court trying the subsequent suit. It is a rule of
    estoppel by judgement based on the public policy that there should be
    a finality to litigation and no one should be vexed twice for the same
    cause. [933-B-C]
c
         2. The foundation for the plea of res judicata must be laid in the
    pleadings and then an issue must be framed and tried. Not only the
    plea has to be taken, it has to be substantiated by producing the copies
    of the pleadings, issues and judgement in the previous case. Such pleas
D   cannot be left to be determined by mere speculation or inferring by
    a process of deduction what were the facts stated in the previous
    pleadings. A plea not properly raised in the pleadings or in issues at
    the stage of the trial, would not be permitted to be raised for the first
    time at the stage of appeal. (933-D-E, 934-D-E]

E        Gurbux Singh v. Bhooralal, (1964] 7 SCR 831; The State of Punjab
    v. Bua Das Kaushal, (1970) 3 SCC 636; Syed Mohd. Salie Labbai (Dead)
    By L.rs. & Ors. v. Mohd. Hanifa (Dead) by L.rs., & Ors., [1976] 4 SCC
    780; (Raja} Jagdish Chandra Dea Dhabal Deb v. Gour Hari Mahato &
    Ors., AIR (1936) Privy Council 258; Medapati Surayya & Ors. v.
F   Tondapu Bala Gangadhara Ramakrishna Reddi & Ors., AIR (1948) Privy
    Council 3 and Kali Krishna Tagore v. Seci·eta1y of State for India in
    Council & Anr., (1887-88) 15 Indian Appeal 186, relied on.

        Katragadda China Anjaneyulu & Anr. v. Kattragadda China Ramayya
G   & Ors., AIR (1965) AP 177 (Full Bench), referred to.

          3. ThP, plea, depending on the facts of a given case, is capable of
     being waived, if no.t properly raised at an appropriate stage and in an
     apprnpriate manner. The party adversely affected by the plea of res
    judicata may proceed on an assumption that his opponent had waived
H    the plea by his failure to raise the same. (934-F-G]
               RAJESHW ARI v. T.C. SARA VANABA VA                        929
     Sha Shivraj Gopalji v. Edappakath Ayissa Bi & Ors., AIR (1949) A
Privy Council 302, distinguished.

     Pritam Kaur wlo S. Mukand Singh v. State of Pepsu and Ors., AIR
(1963) Punjab 9 (Full Bench) and Rajani Kumar Mitra & Ors. v.
Ajmaddin Bhuiya, AIR (1929) Calcutta 163, approved.
                                                                               B
       4. Admittedly the plea as to res judicata was not taken in the Trial
 Court and the First Appellate Court by raising necessary pleadings. The
 respondent in the First Appellate Court, apprised of the documents, did
 not choose to raise the plea of res judicata. The High Court should not
 have entered into the misadventure of speculating what was the matter C
 in issue and what was heard and decided in the previous suit. The fact
 remains that the earlier suit was confined to a small portion of the entire
 property now in suit and a decision as to a specified part of the property
could not have necessarily constituted res judicata for the entire property,
which was now the subject matter of litigation. If at all the plea of res D
judicata was to be availed and applied then that should have been for the
 benefit of the plaintiff in as much as his predecessor-in-title had succeeded
 in proving his title to part of the property in the earlier suit. There is no
res judicata. The issue as to title was rightly determined by the Courts
 below on the basis of evidence adduced in this case. That finding has to
 be restored. (935-B-G]                                                        E
     5. Earlier the defendant, claiming himself to be an adopted so, of
one of the predecessors-in-title of the plaintiff, had filed a suit for partition
claiming half a share therein. Thus, he was canvassing his claim as a co-
owner in possession. How and at what point of time he started prescribing F
hostile title, was for him to plead and prove, which he has utterly failed
in doing. The plea of adverse possession raised by the defendant is devoid
of any merit and cannot be countenanced. (935-G-H; 936-A-B]

     6. To the extent to which the plaintiff's predecessors-in-title have
s•1cceeded in securing decree for declaration of title and recovery of G
possession over 240 square feet area of the upper floor of the building,
the plaintiff should secure possession by executing that decree. As to
the remaining property, the plaintiff must be held entitled to a decree
in th~ present suit. The plaintiff is declared to be the title owner of the
said property. The defendant shall deliver vacant and peaceful posses- H
    930               SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.
A sion over the same to the plaintiff. The plaintiff is also held entitled to
    a decree for enquiry into mesne profits in terms of Order XX Rule
    12(l)(c) of the C.P.C., for the period between the date Qf the suit and
    the date of delivery of possessio~ to the decree-holder pursuant to the
    decree. (936-B-E)
B        CIVIL APPE~LATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 7653 of
    1999.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 24.2.1997 of the Madras High
    Court in Review C.M. Petition No. 119 of 1996 in S.A. No. 37 of 1989.
c        S. Blakrishnan, Ms. Pranchi Bajpai, S.N. Jha and Subramonium
    Prasad for the Appellant.

          A.K. Ganguli, V. Balachandran and K. Govindan for the Respondent.

D         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

         R.C. LAHOTI, J. : The property in suit consists of a piece of land
    together with building, super-structure and other construction including
    wells and fencing of the property bearing house and ground No. 9,
    Padavattamman Koil St., Kondithope, Madras- I, and O.S. No. 6008 - R.S.
E   No. 20 and R.S. No. 2011 C.C. No. 8 patta No. 461/1954-55 and
    admeasuring 1817 sft. more particularly described in the Schedule to the
    plaint dated 19th August, 1984.

        The facts, which at this stage are no longer in dispute and stand
F concluded by the findings of fact by the courts below, may briefly be
  noticed. The property originally belonged to one Chakrapani who pur-
  chased the same on 13.6.1921. He executed a sale deed in favour of one
  Damodaran on 8.5.1923 Damodaran in tum executed.a sale deed in favour
  of Thiruneelakanda Nainar on 17.10.23. Thiruneelakanda executed a
G settlement deed on 1.5.1950 in favour of his wife Lakshmi and son Loga
  Ganapathi. They executed a sale deed on 3.3.1966 in favour ofMahadevn
  and his wife Saroja. The Plaintiff, apellant herein, purchased the property
  from them as per sale deed dated 10.3.1980.

          The defendant was in occupation of the entire suit property on the
H date of the present suit.
       RAJESHWARI v. T.C. SARAVANABAVA [LAHOTI, J.]                      931

      Prior to the commencement of the present suit, there had been two A
other rounds of litigation which are very relevant and need to be noted.
In the year 1957, the defendant-respondent herein filed Original Suit No.
2512 of 1957 claiming a share in the suit property, alleging himself to be
the adopted son ofThiruneelakanda. The suit was dismissed. That litigation
achieved a finality on 8.1.1964 when an appeal preferred by the defendant B
was dismissed by the High Court of Madras.

      In the year 1965, one of the predecessors-in-title of the plaintiff
(appellant herein) filed a suit for declaration of title and for possession over
240 sft. area (situated on the upper floor of the building standing over the
suit property) against the respondent. The suit was numbered as O.S. 1907 C
of 1965 and after trial decreed on 30.1.1968. The decree was put into
execution. Execution Petition No. 2458 of 1975 was pending when the
defendant produced before the Executing Court an injunction issued by one
of the civil courts restraining execution of the decree. The Executing Court
naturally closed the execution proceedings. The order of injunction and D
details thereof are not available on record. In what terms the Execution
Petition was closed and what happened thereafter to such execution
proceedings is also not ascertainable from the record. The search for such
information need not detain us in deciding the present appeals as it would
be taken care of in such independent proceedings as would be indicated E
during the course of this judgment and also looking at the manner in which
these appeals are being disposed of.

       On 19.8.1984, the appellant filed the present suit for declaration of
title and recovery of possession over the suit property from the defendant.
On 7.8.1985, the defendant filed the written statement. Suffice it to note F
here itself that though the defendant denied the title of the plaintiff over
the suit property, there is no plea as to the suit being barred by the principle
of res judicata taken in the written statement. The only other plea taken
in the written statement is one of adverse possession which is in the
following words :                                                                G
              "This defendant has been in continuous, uninterrupted, open
         possession and enjoyment of the suit property for more than the
         prescriptive period and had thus perfected his title to the suit
         property by adverse possession.                                  H
    932                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A                 This defendant is in occupation of the suit property in his
             own right. This defendant had been paying the Corporation tax,
             Water and Sewage tax and Urban Land tax for the suit property
             for all three years for more than the prescriptive period."

B         The Trial Court and the First Appellate Court decreed the suit.

          It appears that during the pendency of the First Appeal, the plaintiff
    {appellant herein), moved an application under Order XL! Rule 27 of the
    CPC proposing to place on record the judgment and decree in O.S. No.
    1907 of 1965 wherein, as stated hereinabove, a decree was passed in favour
C   of one of the predecessors-in-title of the plaintiff upholding his title and
    directing the defendant-respondent to deliver possession over the upper
    floor of the building (240 sft. area) which was then in the possession of
    the defendant, to the plaintiff therein (i.e. predecessor-in-title of the present
    plaintiff). It appears that those judgment and decree have been brought on
D   record by the plaintiff to provide additional support to his claim for .
    entitlement to possession, and as a piece of evidence supporting the finding
    of the Trial Court which was already in his favour. The First Appellant
    court allowed the plaintiffs application, took the judgment and decree on
    record and then dismissed the appeal filed by the defendant. The defendant
E   preferred a Second Appeal in the High Court. In the High Court, the
    plaintiff once again appears to have relied on the said judgment and decree
    to sustain the judgments and decrees of the two courts below in his favour
    and here, his step of placing reliance over the said judgment and decree
    boomeranged against him. The High Court formed an opinion that the issue
    as to title and possession over the suit property was already decided in the
F   suit filed by the predecessor-in-title of the plaintiff (O.S. No. 1907of1965)
    and therefore the present suit was barred by principle of res judicata. Solely
    on this reasoning, the High Court has, vide its judgment dated 25.4.1996,
    allowed the appeal preferred by the defendant and directed the suit filed
    by the plaintiff to be dismissed.
G
          The plaintiff, respondent in the High Court, sought for a review of
    the judgment. Vide its order dated 24.2.1997, the High Court has directed
    the review petition to be dismissed. Two appeals have been preferred : one
    against the main judgment, and the other against the 0rder dismissing the
H   review petition.
       RAJESHWARI v. T.C. SARAVANABAVA [LAHOTI, J.]                    933

      We _have heard Shri S. Balakrishnan, the learned senior counsel for A
the appellant and Shri A.K. Ganguli, the learned senior counsel for the
respondent. The learned counsel for the parties have taken us through all
the .relevant material available on record. We are satisfied that the High
Court has clearly erred in allowing the defendant's appeal and setting aside
the judgments and decrees of the courts below and this we say for more B
reasons than one.

      The rule of res judicata does not strike at the root of the jurisdiction
of the court trying the subsequent suit. It is a rule of estoppel by judgment
based on the public policy that there should be a finality to litigation and C
no one should be vexed twice for the same cause.

      The plea res judicata is founded on proof of certain facts and then
by applying the law to the facts so found. It is, therefore, necessary that
the foundation for the plea must be laid in the pleadings and then an issue ·
must be framed and tried. A plea not properly raised in the pleadings or D
in issues at the stage of the trial, would not be permitted to be raised for
the first time at the stage of appeal (See: (Raja) Jagadish Chandra Deo
Dhabal Deb v. Gour Hari Mahato & Ors., AIR (1936) Privy Council 258;
Medapati Surayya & Ors. v. Tondapu Bala Gangadhara Ramakrishna
Reddi & Ors., AIR (l-948) Privy Council 3 and Katragadda China E
Anjaneyulu & Anr. v. Kattragadda China Ranuvva & Ors., AIR (1965)
A.P. 177 Full Bench) The view taken by the Privy Council was cited with
approval before this Court in The State of Punjab v. Bua Das Kaushal,
[1970] 3 SCC 656. However, an exception was carved out by this Court
and the plea was permitted to be raised, though not taken in the pleadings F
nor covered by any issue, because the necessary facts were present to the
mind of the parties and were gone into by the Trial Court. The opposite
party had ample opportunity of leading the evidence in rebuttal of the plea.
The Court concluded that the point of res judicata had throughout been
in consideration and discussion and so the want of pleadings or plea of
waiver of res judicata cannot be allowed to be urged.                         G
      Not only the plea has to be taken, it has to be substantiated by
producing the copies of the pleadings, issues and judgment in the previous
case. May be in a given case only copy of judgment in previous suit is filed
in proof of plea of res judicata and the judgment contains exhaustive or H
    934                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.
A   in requisite details the statement of pleadings and the issues which may
    be taken as enough proof. But as pointed out in Syed Modh. Salie Labbai
    (Dead) by Lrs. & Ors. v. Mohd Hanifa (Dead) by Lrs. & Ors., [1976] 4
    sec 780, the basic method to decide the question of res judicata is first
    to determine the case of the parties as put forward in their respective
B   pleadings of their previous suit and then to find out as to what had been
    decided by the judgment which operates as res judicata. It is risky to
    speculate about the pleadings merely by a summary of recitals of the
    allegations made in the pleadings mentioned in the judgment. The Con-
    stitution Bench in Gurbux Singh v. Bhooralal, [1964] 7 SCR 831, placing
    on a par the plea of res judicdfa and the plea of estoppel under Order II
C   Rule 2 pf the Code of Civil Procedure, held that proofof the plaint in the
    previous suit which is set to create the bar, ought to be brought on record.
    The plea is basically founded on the identity of the cause of action in the
    two suits and, therefore, it is necessary for the defence which raises the
    bar to establish the cause of action in the previous suit. Such pleas cannot
D   be left to be determined by mere speculation or inferring by a process of
    deduction what were the facts stated in the previous pleadings. Their
    Lordships of the Privy Council in Kali Krishna Tagore v. Secretary ofState
    for India in Council & Anr., (1887-88) 15 Indian Appeals 186, pointed out
    that the plea of res judicata cannot be determined without ascertaining
E   what were the matters in issues in the previous suit and what was heard
    and decided. Needless to say these can be found out only by looking· into
    the pleadings, the issues and the judgment in the previous suit.

        That apart the plea, depending on the facts of a given case, is capable
  of being waived, if not properly raised at an appropriate stage and in an
F appropriate manner. The party adversely affected by the plea of res
  judicata may proceed on an assumption that his opponent had waived the
   plea by his failure to raise the same. Reference may be had to Pritam Kaur
   w/o S. Mukand Singh v. State ofPepsu and Ors., AIR (1963) Punjab 9 (Full
   Bench) and Rajani Kumar Mitra & Ors. v. Ajmaddin Bhuiya, AIR 1929
G Calcutta 163, and we find ourselves in agreement with the view taken
  therein on this point). The Privy Council decision in Sha Shivraj Copalji ·
  v. Edappakath Ayissa Bi & Ors., AIR (1949) Privy Council 302, appears
  to have taken a different view but that .is not so. The plea of res judicata
  was raised in the Trial Court, however, it was not pressed but it was sought
H to be reiterated at the stage of second appeal. Their Lordships held that
       RAJESHWARI v. T.C. SARAVANABAVA [LAHOTI, J.]                     935

being a pure plea in law it was available to the appellant for being raised. A
Their Lordships were also of the opinion that in the facts of that case, apart
from the principle of res judicata, it was unfair to renew the same plaint
in fresh proceedings. The Privy Council decision is distinguishable.

      Reverting back to the facts of the present case, admittedly the plea B
as to res judicata was not taken in the Trial Court and the First Appellant
Court by raising necessary pleadings, in the First Appellate Court the
plaintiff sought to bring on record the judgment and decree in the previous
suit, wherein his predecessor-in-title was a party, as a piece of evidence.
He wanted to urge that only he had succeeded in proving his title to the
suit property by the series of documents but the previous judgment which C
related to a part of this very suit property had also upheld his predecessor's
title which emboldened his case. The respondent thereat, apprised of the
documents, did not still choose to raise the plea of res judicata. The High
Court should not have entered into the misadventure of speculating what
was the matter in issue and what was heard and decided in the previous D
suit. The fact remains that the earlier suit was confined to a small portion
of the entire property now in suit and a decision as to a specified part of
the property could not have necessarily constituted res judicata for the
entire property, which ~as now the subject matter of litigation.
                                                                              E
       We cannot resist observing that if at all the plea of res judicata was
to be availed and applied then that should have been for the.benefit of the
plaintiff inasmuch as his predecessor-in-title had succeeded in proving his
title to part of the property in the earlier suit. We fail to understand how
the judgment in the previous suit can in any way help the defendant-
resp0ndent in the present proceedings. We are clearly of the opinion that F
the plea of res judicata has neither been raised nor proved. There is no
res judicata. The issue as to title was rightly determined by the Courts
below on the basis of evidence adduced in this case. That finding has to
be restored.
                                                                              G
      So is the case with the plea as to adverse possession over the suit
property taken by the defendant in his written statement. The plea has been
held not substantiated and rightly so. The plea is too vague. Earlier the
defendant, claiming himself to be an adopted son of one of the predeces-
sors-in-title of the plaintiff, had filed a suit for partition claiming half a H
    936                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A share therein. Thus, he was canvassing his claim as a co-owner in
    possession. How and at what point of time he started prescribing hostile
    title, was for him to plead and prove, which he has utterly failed in doing.
    The plea of adverse possession raised by the defendant is devoid of any
    merit and cannot be countenanced.
B        The correct position of law, which should apply to the facts of the
   case, may now be stated. To the extent to which the plaintiffs predeces-
   sors-in-title have succeeded in securing decree for declaration of title and
   recovery of possession over 240 square feet area of the upper floor of the
   building, the plaintiff should secure possession by executing that decree.
C As to the remaining property, the plaintiff must be held entitled to a decree
   in the present suit. Accordingly, both the appeals are allowed. The
 ·judgment and decree of the High Court are set aside and that of the Courts
   below restored partly. The suit filed by the plaintiff shall stand decreed in
   respect of the suit property as described in the plaint excluding therefrom
D the 240 square feet area of the upper floor of the building forming the
   subject-matter _of decree in Original Suit No. 1907 of 1965. The plaintiff
   is declared to be the title owners of the said property. The defendant shall
   deliver vacant and peaceful possession over the same ~o the plaintiff. The
   plaintiff is also held entitled to a decree for enquiry into mesne profits in
E terms of Order XX Rule 12(l)(c) of the C.P.C., for the period between the
   date of the suit and the date of delivery of possession to the decree-holder
   pursuant to this decree. Consistently with the directions, as aforesaid, a
   decree shall be drawn ·up by the trial Court. The costs throughout shall be
   borne by the defendant-respondent.

    A.K.T.                                                    Appeals allowed.