SMT. VANAMALAversusSHRI H.N. RANGANATHA BHATIA

A                               SMT. VANAMALA
                                         v.
                     SHRI H.N. RANGANATHA BHATIA.

                                  JULY 27, 1995                                    - ...
B                    [A.M. AHMADI, CT. AND S.C. SEN, J.)

           Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Section 125.

           Maintenanc~Wif~Divorce       by mutual consent~eld entitled to
C    maintenanc~Sub-section 4-Held inapplicable to the case of a woman who
     has obtained divorce by mutual consent.

           The appellant obtained divorce by mutual consent under section
     13(B) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Subsequently, she filed an applica-
     tion under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 seeking
D    maintenance from the respondent-husband which was dismissed by the
     Magistrate on the ground that a woman who has obtained divorce by
     mutual consent was not entitled to maintenance. The Sessions Judge held
     that the appellant was entitled to maintenance notwithstanding the divorce     I(




     by mutual consent. On revision the High Court set aside the order of the
E    Sessions judge and upheld the vi~w taken by the Magistrate. Against the
     decision ·or High Court an appeal was preferred before this Court.

          Allowing the appeal and setting aside the impugned order of the
     High Court, this Court

F           HELD : The High Court was clearly wroJlg in reversing the order
     passed by the Sessions Judge. On a plain reading of section ·us of the
     Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 it seems fairly clear that the expression
     'wife' in the sub-section (4) does not have the extended meaning of includ-
     ing a women who has been divorced. This is for the obvious reason that
     unless there is a relationship of husband and wife there can be no question
G    of a divorce woman living in adultery or without sufficient reason refusing
     to live with her husband. After divorce where is the occasion for the women
     to live with her husband? Similarly there would be no question of the
     husband and wife living separately by mutual cons~nt because after
     divorce. there is no need for consent to live separately. In the context,
.H    therefore, sub-section (4) of section 125 does not apply to the case of a
                                        380
            VANAMALA v. H.N.R. BHATIA(AHMADI, CJ,}                  381

woman who has been divorced or who has obtained a decree for divorce.     A
The order of the learned Sessions Judge is restored. [383-D; 382-F-H]

      Kongini Balan v. M. Visalakshy, [1986] 92 Crl. Law Journal 697
(Ker.); Klishan Kumar v. Kiran, [1991] 1 DMC 248 (MP) and M. Ramak-
rishana Reddy v. T. Jayamma and Anr., [1992] 98 Crl. Law Journal 1368,
approved.                                                                 B

     CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION                  Criminal Appeal
No.836 of 1995.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 19.8.1991 of the Karnataka         C
High Court in C.R. 448 of 1988.

     S.N. Bhat for the Appellant.

     K.R. Nagaraja for the Respondent.

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                           D

     AHMADI, CJ. Special leave granted.

      The facts in brief reveal t~at the appellant married the respondent
some time in 1970 and then gave birth to two issues from the said wedlock.
Unfortunately, her married life was not smooth and in 1980 divorce by E
mutual consent was obtained under Section 13-B of the Hindu Marriage
Act. While granting divorce by mutual consent, no order in regard to
maintenance or alimony was made. The decree is silent on that count. Few
years later the appellant filed on application under Section 125 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter called 'the Code') seeking main- F
tenance from the respondent. The learned Magistrate dismissed the ap-
plication holding that a divorcee woman was not entitled to maintenance
once it is found that the divorce was by mutual consent. Against that order
the appellant ftled a Revision Application to the Sessions Court. The
learned Sessions Judge came to the conclusion that the appellant was
entitled to maintenance notwithstanding the divorce by mutual consent and G
remanded the matter to the Trial Court for determining the quantum of
maintenance. Against this order of the learned Sessions judge, the respon-
dent preferred a Revision Application before the High Court and the High
Court by the impugned judgment and order dated 19.8.1991 set aside the
order of the learned Sessions Judge upholding the view taken by the H
    382                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995} SUPP. 2 S.C.R.               ~-


A learned Magistrate and dismissed the application. It is against that order
    that the present appeal has been prefer~ed.

           Section 125 of the Code makes provision for the grant of main-           . --I


    tenance to wives, children and parents. Sub-section (1) of Section 125 inter
    alia says that if any person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to
B   maintain his wife unable to maintain herself, a Magistrate of the first class
    may, upon proof of such neglect or refusal, order such person to make a
    monthly allowance for the maintenance of his wife not exceeding Rs. 500
    in .the whole,· as such magistrate thinks fit, and to pay the same to such
    person as the Magistrate may from time to time direct. Clause (b) of the
c   explanation to the sub-section defines the expression 'wife' to include a
    women who has been divorced by, or has obtained a divorce from; her
    husband and has not remarried. In the instant case it is not contended by
    the respondent that the appellant has remarried after the decree of divorce
    was obtained under Section 13-B of the Hindu Marriage Act. It is also not
D   in dispute that the appellant was the legally wedded wife of the respondent
    prior to the _passing of the decree of divorce. By virtue of the definition
    referred to above she would, therefore, be entitled to maintenance if she
    could show that the respondent had neglected or refused to maintain her.
    Counsel for the respondent, however, invited our attention to sub-section
    (4) of Section 125, which reads as under :-
E
          (4) No wife shall be entitled to receive an allowance from her
              husband under this Section if she is living in adultery, or if,          ,.
              without any sufficient reason, she refuses to live with her hus-
              band, or if they are living separately by mutual consent.
F
  On a plain reading of this Section it seems fairly clear that the expression
  'wife' in the said sub-section does not have the extended meaning of
                                                                                      .....,..
  including a woman who has been divorced. This is for the obvious reason
  that unless there is a relationship of husband and wife there can be no
  question of a divorcee woman living in adultery or without sufficient reason
G refusing to live with her husband. After divorce where is the occasion for
  the women to live with her husband? Similarly there would be no q~estion
  of the qusband and wife living separately by mutual consent because after
  divorce there is no need for consent to live separately. In the context,
  therefore, sub-section (4) of Section 125 does not apply to the case of a
H woman who has been divorced or who has obtained a decree for divorce.
             VANAMALA v. H.N.R. BHATIA[AHMADI, CJ,]                    383

.In our view, therefore, this contention is not well founded.                A
      Counsel for the appellant also pointed out that some of the High
Courts had taken a similar view. Reference was made to the case of Kongini
Balan v. M. visalakslzy, (1986) 92 Criminal Law Journal 697 (Kerala),
wherein it was held that a wife who obtains a divorce by mutual consent
cannot be denied maintenance by virtue of Section 125(4) of the Code. B
Similar view was taken in Krishan Kumar v. K.i.ran, 1 [1991] DMC 248
(Madhya Pradesh) wherein it was held that the expression 'living separately
by mutual consent' does not cover cases of those living separately due to
divorce. The same view was expressed in M. Ramakrishana Reddy v. T.
Jayamma and Another, (1992] 98 Criminal Law Journal1368. In that case C
divorce was obtained by mutual consent on the ground of incompatibility
and thereafter the woman was living separately, it was held that this could
not be construed to be an agreement for living separately by mutual
consent and hence the woman was entitled to maintenance. We think these
decisions are in conformity with the plain language of sub-section (4) of
Section 125 which we have construed hereinbefore. The contention raised D
by the counsel for the husband is, therefore, unsustainable. The High Court
was, therefore, clearly wrong in reversing the order passed by the Sessions
Judge. In the result, this appeal succeeds. The impugned order of the High
Court dated 19th August, 1991 is set aside. The order of the learned
Sessions Judge dated 5th september, 1988 is restored. The respondent will E
pay Rs. 5,000 by way of cost.

T.N.A.                                                     Appeal allowed.