Holding

A party must raise any objection to the arbitrator's jurisdiction, including arbitrability, before the arbitrator, and an arbitral tribunal cannot award interest for the pre‑award period if the contract expressly prohibits it.

Summary

The appellant, a contractor, entered into a contract with the Union of India for railway works and later issued a 'No Claims Certificate' after abandoning the work. Disputes arose and the appellant sought arbitration under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, leading to an arbitral award that included interest. The respondent challenged the award, arguing that the 'No Claims Certificate' barred any claim and that the award of interest violated the contract's clause prohibiting interest. The Supreme Court held that the issue of arbitrability must be raised before the arbitrator and cannot be decided for the first time by a court, and that the contract’s clause bars any pre‑award interest, rendering the interest component of the award invalid. Consequently, the Court partially allowed the appeals, set aside the interest award, and directed the respondent not to recover the excess amount withdrawn by the appellant.

Issues considered

The arbitrability of the dispute and whether the issue could be raised for the first time by the court
Whether the party questioning the arbitrator's jurisdiction must raise the objection before the arbitrator
The permissibility of awarding pre‑award and pendente lite interest under Section 31(7)(a) when the contract bars interest
The effect of the 'No Claims Certificate' on the appellant's right to claim

Legislation cited

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996s. 11(6), s. 16, s. 31(7)(a), s. 34, s. 37

Subjects

arbitrabilityarbitration jurisdictionSection 31(7)(a)No Claims Certificatepre‑award interestpendente lite interestcourt intervention in arbitral awards

Judgment

[2017] I l S.C.R. 722

A. SRI CHITTARANJAN MAITY
v.
UNION OF INDIA
(Civil Appeal Nos. 15545-15546 of20l 7)
B OCTOBER 03, 2017
[J. CHELAMESWAR AND S. ABDUL NAZEER, JJ.]
Arbitration and Conciliatio11 Act, 1996 - Arbitrability of
dispute -Agreement e11tered i11to betwee11 the appe/la11t a11d
C respondent for executio11 of work - Disputes arose between the
parties - Appellant filed an application uls.11 (6) for appointme/1/
of Arbitrator - Arbitrator appointed - Award passed by Arbitral
Tribunal challenged by responde/1/ which was dismissed by Single
Judge of High Cu11rl - 01Yler of Single Judge challenged by
rejpondent before Division Bench contending that the dispute could
o. not be adjudicated by Arbitral Tribunal as the appellant had issued
a 'No Claims Certificate' lo the respondent. thereby he foifeited his
right for any claim from the respondent - Order of Single Judge
and the award set aside with a directio11 for holding fresh reference
by Arbitral Tribunal- On appeal, held: Issue relating to arbitrability
of the dispute was 11either raised in the proceeding uls. 11 (6) before
E
the Chief J11stice of High Court 11or before the Arbitral Tribunal or
before the Single Judge in the proceedings uls.34 - Party
questioning the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator has an obligation to
raise the said questio11 before the Arbitrator - Thus, Division Bench
was not justified in considering the arbitrability of the disputes for
F the .first time.
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 - s.31 (7)(a) - Payment
of illlerest -Arbitral Tribunal awarded interest on delayed payments
i11 favour of appellant - Held: This section provides that if the
agreement prohibits award of interest for the pre-award period (i.e.
G · pre-reference and pendente lite period), the Arbitrator can11ot award
interest for the said period - Admittedly, in the instant case, the
General Conditions of Contract (GCC) goveming the contract
between the parties, contained a clause which barred the p"yment
of interest - Thus, appellant is not entitled for any interest on the
amount <1warded by Arbitra/ Tribunal.
H
722
· SRI CHITTARANJAN MAITY v. UNION OF INDIA 723

Pracrice and Procedure - Pleadings - Held: Party questioning A
the jurisdiction ~/the Arbitrator has an obligation to raise the said
question before the Arbitrator - Arbitration and Conciliation Act,
1996.
Arhitration - Arbitration award - Grounds for inte1ference -
Held: The intervention of court in arbitral awards is in few B
circumstances like fraud or bias by the Arbitrators, violation of
natural justice - Court cannot correct the errors of the Arbitrators.
Partly allowing the appeals, the Court
HELD: 1.l The issue relating to arbitrability of the dispute
was not raised in the 11rocccding under Section 11(6) of the C
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. One of the issues which
can be considered by the Chief Justice under this provision is
whether the claim is a live claim. This issue can also be kept
open to be decided by the Arbitral Tribunal provided the said
pica is urged before the Chief Justice. The respondent had not o
raised the said plea either before the Chief Justice or Arbitral
Tribunal or before the learned Single Judge in the proceedings
under Section 34 of the 1996 Act. [Para ll] [728-F-H]
1.2 Party qnestioning the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator has
an obligation to raise the said question before the Arbitrator. [Para E
12) [729-A]
1.3 Intervention of the court is envisaged only in few
circumstances like fraud or bias by the Arbitrators, violation of
natural justice. The court cannot correct the errors of the
Arbitrators. [Para 13 J [729-D) F
1.4 Therefore, the Division Bench was not justified In
considering the arbitrability of the disputes for the first time,
particularly, when the respondent has not urged the issue relating
to 'No Claims Certificate' before the Chief Justice, Arbitral
Tribunal or before the learned Single Judge. [Para 14)(729-G-H)
G
2.1 Section 31(7)(a) of the 1996 Act provides for payment
of interest. In this Section, a specific provision has been created,
whereby if the agreement prohibits award of interest for the prc-
award period (i.e. pre-reference and pe11de11te lite period), the
Arbitrator cannot award Interest for the said period. Admittedly,
H
724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R.

A the GCC, governing the contract between the parties, contains a
clause which barred the payment of interest. It is held that the
appellant is not entitled for any interest. Further, in Section
31(7)(a) the difference between pre-reference period and the
pendente lite interest has disappeared insofar as award of interest
by the Arbitrator is concerned. It recognizes only two periods,
B
i.e. pre-award a'1d post-award period. [Paras 15, 16 and 19) [730-
B, D-E; 731-C-EJ
2.2 The Arbitral Tribunal had determined the amount
payable to the appellant in a. sum of Rs.11,13,136/- and interest
C of Rs.12,44,546/-. A sum of Rs.38,82,150/- was deposill'd by the
respondent which included the award amount, interest for the
pre-reference period, pendenle lite and post-award interest. The
appellant had already withdrawn 50% of the amount deposited
by the respondent, which was in excess of the award amount
exclusive of interest. In the facts and circumstances of the case,
D the respondent is directed not to recover the excess amount
withdrawn by the appellant. [Para 22] [732-E-FJ
Mk Ambica Constn1ction v. Union of India (2017) SCC
OnLine SC 678 - held inapplicable.
Sayeed Ahmed and Company v. State of Uttar Pradesh
E and Others (2009) 12 SCC 26 : [2009] 10 SCR 841;
Sree Kamqtchi Amman Constructions v. Divisional
Railway Manager (Works), Pa/ghat and Others (2010)
8 SCC 767 : (2010] 10 SCR 487; Union of India v.
Bright Power Projects (India) Private Limited (2015) 9
F SCC 695 : (2015] 6 SCR 488; Mcdermott International
Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd. and Others (2006) 11
SCC 181 : [2006[ 2 Suppl. SCR 409 - relied on.
National Insurance Company Limited v. Boghara
Poly/ab Private Limited (2009) 1 SCC 267 : [2008]
G 13 SCR 638; Secretary, Irrigation Department,
Government of Orissa and Othe1:" v. GC. Roy (1992) 1
SCC 508 : (1991] 3 Suppl. SCR 417 - referred to.
Case Law Reference
(2008] 13 SCR 638 referred to Para 11
H
SRI CHITTARANJAN MAITY v. UNION OF INDIA 725

[2006) 2 Suppl. SCR 409 relied on Para 12 A
[1991) 3 Suppl. SCR417 referred to Para 17
[2009) 10 SCR 841 relied on Para 19
(2010] 10 SCR 487 relied on Para 20
(2015] 6 SCR 488 relied on Para 21 B

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos.15545-
15546 of20! 7
From the final Order and Judgment dated 29.09.2011 passed by
the High Court at Calcutta inA.P.O. No.213 of2009 andA.P. No.35 of C
2006.
Sanjiv Sen, Sr. Adv., Dev J. Roy, P. Parmcswaran, Advs. for the
Appellant
Maninder Singh, ASG, Ms. Manita Verma, Raj Bahadur Yadav,
ShadmanAli, Prabhas Bajaj, Akshay Amritanshu, Shreekant N. Terdal, D
Advs. for the Respondent
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
S. ABDUL NAZEER, J. I. Leave granted.
2. The appellant, in these appeals, has challenged the legality and E
con-ectncss of the judgment and order dated 29.9.2011 inA.P.O. No.213/
2009 in A.P. No.35/2006 whereby the Division Bench of the High Court
of Calcutta has set aside the judgment and order of the learned Single
Judge in A.P. No.35/2006 dated 27.1.2009.
3. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of these appeals are as
F
follows:
4. On 20.3.1991, respondent invited tender for the execution of
balance of earth for formation of banks for laying railway line. roads,
platforms and miscellaneous work in connection with new goods teminal
yard of South-Eastern Railway at Sankrail in Howrah District. The G
appellant's tender dated 23.3.1991 for Rs.61,24.] 59/- was accepted by
issuance of Letter of Acceptance dated 17.6.1991. In this connection,
an agreement was entered into between the appellant and the respondent
on 22.8.1991. In the said agreement, General Conditions of the Contract
(for short 'GCC') were incorporated and the pat1ies were bound by the
terms and conditions thereof. H
726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A 5. Various .disputes and differences arose between the parties
regardmg cxccut10n of work and its purported abandonment. The
respondent issu~d notice dated 24. lO. l 99 t, seeking termmatton of the
agreement. Anotpernotice dated 15.11.199 l was issued to the appellant
under Clause 62( I) of the GCC for rescission of the contract. However,
B· at the request of the appellant through letter dated 2.4.1992, the validity
of the contract was extended till 30.6.1992. The respondent fu11her
granted extension of time to complete the work uptoJuly 1993. According
to the appellant, the delay and/or hindrances occurred due to breaches
committed by the Railway Administration. The remaining work was
abandoned by the appellant w.e.f. 3.11.2003.
c 6. The appellant raised the claim before the respondent by his
letter dated 30.10.1996. By a subsequent letter dated 22.6.1998, the
appellant demanded reference of the dispute to the arbitration. Finally,
the appellant filed an application under Section 11( 6) of the Arbitration
and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short 'the I 996Act') for appointment of
D an Arbitrator for adjudication of the claims and disputes before the High
Court of Calcutta. The Chief Justice of the High Court of Calcutta
passed an order dated 6.12.200 I, whereupon the General Manager,
South-Eastern Railway, was directed to appoint Arbitrators from their
panel within four weeks from the said date. Pursuant to the said order,
the Arbitral Tribunal was constituted which adjudicated the disputes and
E·
claims raised by the appellant, as also the respondent.
7. The Arbitral Tribunal passed an award on 20.9.2006. The
respondent moved an application, beingA.P. No.35 of2006 under Section
34 of the 1996 Act, for setting aside the said award. The said application
was dismissed by the Single Judge of the High Court. The respondent
F assailed the order of the learned Single Judge by filing an appeal in
A.P.O. No. 213 of 2009, wherein it was contended that the appellant
had issued a 'No Claims Certificate' to the respondent, thereby forfeiting
his right for any claim from the respondent in regard to which the dispute
could not be adjudicated by the Arbitral Tribunal. As noticed above, the
G Division Bench has set aside the order of the learned Single Judge and
also the award and directed holding of fresh reference by the Arbitral
Tribunal.
8. Learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant submits
that the Division Bench failed to appreciate the question that issuance of
H 'No Claims Certificate' by the appellant was not urged before the Chief
SRI CHITTARANJAN MAITY v. UNION OF INDIA 727
[S. ABDUL NAZEER, J.]

Justice. in the proceedings under Section ! I (6) of the 1996 Act. The said A
plea was not even urged before the Arbitral Tribunal or before the learned
Single Judge. The issue relating to existence of any live claim or the
arbitrability of the dispute ought to have been urged in the proceedings
under Section 11 (6) of the l 996Act or at least before the Arbitral Tribunal.
The question as to whether there was any arbitral dispute or not, could
B
not have been entertained by the Division Bench for the first time. It is
further submitted that the Tribunal has rightly passed an award and
granted pre-award and pende11te lite interest from 17.7.1992 till the
realization of the award amount.
9. On the other hand, learned Additional Solicitor General
appearing for the respondent submits that having regard to the 'No Claims c
Certificate' issued by the appellant, the appellant has no right to make
any claim except for security deposit ofRs.15,000/- from the respondent.
There was no arbitral dispute between the parties. Therefore, the claim
itself was not maintainable. It is further argued that, at any rate, the
appellant was not entitled for any interest having regard to the terms of D
the contract. He prays for dismissal of the appeals.
10. Having regard to the contentions urged, the first question for
our consideration is whether the Division Bench was justified in
considering the arbitrability of the dispute for the first time in the appeal.
It is evident from the materials on record that the dispute had arisen E
between the parties in relation to the contract in question. Therefore, the
appellant filed an application before the Chief Justice of the High Court
of Calcutta w1der Section 11 (6) of the 1996 Act, for appointment of an
Arbitrator in terms of the contract which was allowed and an Arbitral
Tribunal was constituted for adjudication of the dispute. The Arbitrator
after giving the parties opportunities of hearing and after considering the F
materials placed on record made and published the award. The amounts
claimed and the amounts awarded against each item of the claim are
briefly mentioned as follows:
-------- - -· - ------ ~- ---------·-- ---·------ -··- -- - - ---
CLAIM CLAIMED AWARDED
AMOUNT(RS.) AMOUNT (RS.) G
l.Balance amount 4 5,3 7 ,23 0/- 2,39 ,65 71-
payable
2.Claim for price 21,82,719.58 1,17,060/-
variation due to
rise in price of
materials, labour
and fuel H
728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R.

A -·---- . ·---,
13:c1aim for ·security 15,000/- 15,0001-
deposit. I
4.Claim on account 51,000/- 15,3001-
of advance payment
towartls labour
B
supplier

5.Clailn for advance 1,80,000/- 54,0001-
I payment to the earth
supplier.
c 6.Claim for 1,80,000/- 54,000/-
remaining idle wage
payment.

7.Claim for 22,000/- 15,0001-
overhead charges,
D
i.e., staff salary and
house rent

8.Claim for blockage 12,75,000/- 6,03,119/-
of capital and
business loss
E
9.Claim for interest 1,58,23,193.16 12,44,546/-

F I l. Learned Single Judge had dismissed the application filed by
the respondent for setting aside the said award. The issue relating to
arbitrability of the dispute was not raised in the proceeding under Section
11 (6) of the 1996 Act. One of the issues which can be considered by the
Chief Justice under this provision is whether the claim is a live claim.
This issue can also be kept open to be decided by the Arbitral Tribunal
G provided the said plea is urged before the ChiefJustice. [(See: National
Insurance Company Limited vs. Boghara Polyfab Private Limited
(2009) l SCC 267)]. The respondent had not raised the said plea before
the Chief Justice. Be that as it may, the respondent has not urged the
said plea either before the Arbitral Tribunal or before the learned Single
H J udgc in the proceedings under Section 34 of the 1996 Act.
SRI CHJTTARANJAN MAITY v. UNION OF INDIA 729
[S. ABDUL NAZEER, J.]

12. This Court, in Mcdermott International Inc. vs. Burn A
Standard Co. Ltd. and Others (2006) 11 SCC 181, has held that the
party questioning the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator has an obligation to
raise the said question before the Arbitrator. It has been held as under:
"51. After the 1996 Act came into force, under Section 16 of
the Act the party questioning the jurisdiction of the arbitrator bas B
an obligation to raise the said question before the arbitrator. Such
a question ofjurisdiction could be raised ifit is beyond the scope
of bis authority. It was required to be raised during arbitration
proceedings or soon after initiation thereof. The jurisdictional
question is required to be determined as a preliminary ground. A
decision taken thereupon by the arbitrator would be the subject- c
matter of challenge under Section 34 of the Act. In the event the
arbitrator opined that he had no jurisdiction in relation thereto an
appeal thereagainst was provided for under Section 37 of the
Act."
13.Jt is also necessary to observe that intervention of the court is D
envisaged only in few circumstances like fraud or bias by the Arbitrators,
violation of natural justice. The court cannot correct the errors of the
Arbitrators. That is evident from para 52 of the judgment in Mcdermott
International Inc (supra), which is as under:
"52. The 1996 Act makes provision for the supervisory role of E
courts, for the review of the arbitral award only to ensure fairness.
Intervention oftbe court is envisaged in few circumstances only,
like, in case offraud or bias by the arbitrators, violation of natural
justice, etc. The court cannot correct errors of the arbitrators. It
can only quash the award leaving the parties free to begin the F
arbitration again ifit is desired. So, the scheme of the provision
aims at keeping the supervisory role of the court at minimum
level and this can be justified as parties to the agreement make a
conscious decision to exclude the court's jurisdiction by opting
for arbitration as they prefer the expediency and finality offered
~h." G
14. Therefore, the Division Bench was not justified while
considering the arbitrability of the disputes for the first time, particularly,
when the respondent has not urged the issue relating to 'No Claims
Certificate' before the Chief Justice, Arbitral Tribunal or before the
learned Single Judge. H
730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) l l S.C.R.

A 15. The llext question for consideration is whether the Arbitral
Tribunal was justified in awarding interest on the delayed payments in
favour of the apnellant. The total interest awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal
is Rs.12,44,546/- which includes interest for the pre-reference period
and also pe11de11te lite interest. Section 31 (7)(a) of the 1996 Act provides
for payment of interest, as under:
B
.. 31(7)(a)- Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, where and
insofar ~s an arbitral award is for the payment of money, the
arbitral tribunal may include in the sum for which the award is
made interest, at such rate as it deems re:isonable, on the whole
or any part of the money. for the whole or any pa1t ofthcieriod
c between the date on which the cause of action arose and the
date on which the award is made."
In this Section, a specific provision has been created, whereby if the
agreement prohibits award of interest for the pre-award period (i.e. pre-
rcfcrcncc and pendente lite period), the Arbitrator cannot award interest
D for the said period.
16. Admitledly, the GCC, governing the contract between the
parties, contains a clause which bars the payment of interest, which is
as under:
"16(2) - No interest will be payable upon the·earnest money or
E the security deposit or amounts payable to the contractor under
the contract, but government securities deposit in terms of sub-
clause (1) of this clause will be repayable (with) interest accrued
thereon."
17. Relying on a decision of this Court in M/s. Ambica
F Construction vs. Union of India (20 l 7) SCC OnLine SC 678,
(C.A.No.410 of2008, disposed of on 26.04.2017) learned senior counsel
for the appellant submits that mere bar to award interest on the amounts
payable under the contract would not be sufficient to deny payment on
pendenle lite interest. Therefore, the Arbitrator was justified in awarding
G
the pende/1/e lite interest. However, it is not clear from Mis. Ambica
Construction (supra) as to whether it was decided under The Arbitration
Act, 1940 (for short 'the 1940 Act') or under the 1996 Act. It bas relied
on a judgment of Constitution Bench in Secretary. Irrigation
Department, Government of Orissa and Others. vs. G.C. Roy
( 1992) l SCC 508. This judgment was with reference to the 1940 Act.
H In the 1940 Act, there was no provision which prohibited the Arbitrator
SRI CHITTARANJAN MAITY v. UNION OF INDIA 731
[S. ABDUL NAZEER, J.)

from awarding interest for the pre-reference,pe11de111e lite or post award A
period, whereas the 1996 Act contains a specific provision which says
that ifthe agreement prohibits award ofinterest for the pre-award period,
the Arbitrator cannot award interest for the said period. Therefore, the
decision in Mis. Ambica Construction (supra) cannot be made
applicable to the instant case.
B
18. Learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the
respondent submits that the position of law for cases covered under the
1996 Act, i.e. if agreement prohibits award of interest then the grant of
pre-award interest is impermissible for the Arbitrator, has been reiterated
by this Cou1t in various judgments.
c
19. In Sayeed Ahmed and Conipany vs. State of Uttar Pradesh
and Others (2009) 12 SCC 26, this Cowt noted that the I 940 Act did
not contain any provision relating to the power of the Arbitrator to award
interest. However, now a specific provision has been created under
Section 31(7)(a) of the 1996 Act. As per this Section, if the agreement'
bars payment of interest, the Arbitrator cannot award interest from the D
date of cause of action till the date of award. The Court has observed
that in regard to the provision in the 1996 Act, the difference between
pre-reference period and the pendente lite interest has disappeared
insofar as award of interest by the Arbitrator is concerned. Section
31 (7)(a) recognizes only two periods, i.e. pre-award and post-award E
period.
20. In Srce Kamatchi Amman Constructions vs. Divisional
Railway Manager (Works), Palghat and Others (2010) 8 SCC 767,
this Court was dealing with an identical case wherein Clause 16 of the
GCC of Railways had required interpretation. This is the same Clause F
16(2) of the GCC prohibiting grant ofinterest which is also applicable in
the facts of the present case. The Court held that where the parties had
agreed that the interest shall not be payable, the Arbitral Tribunal cannot
award interest between the date on which the cause of action arose to
the date of the award.
G
21. In Union of India vs. Bright Power Projects (India)
Private Limited (2015) 9 SCC 695, a three-Judge Bench of this Court,
after referring to the provisions of Section 31(7)(a) of the 1996 Act, held
that when the terms of the agreement had prohibited award of interest,
the Arbitrator could not award interest for the pendente lite period. It
has been held thus: H
732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 11 S.C.R.

A "IO. Thus, it had been specifically understood between the parties
that no interest was to be paid on the earnest money, security
deposil and the amount payable to the contractor under the
contracl. So far as payment of interest on government securities,
which qad been deposited by the respondent contractor with the
B appellant is concerned, it was specifically stated that the said
amount was to be returned to the contractor along with interest
accrued thereon, but so far as payment of interest on the amount
payable to the contractor under the contract was concerned,
there was a specific term that no interest was to be paid thereon.
11. When parties to the contract had agreed to the fact that
c interest would not be awarded on the amount payable to the
contractor under the contract, in our opinion, they were bound
by their understanding. Having once agreed that the contractor.
would not claim any interest on the amount to be paid under the
contract, he could not have claimed interest either before a ci vii
D court or before an Arbitral Tribunal."
Therefore. it is dear that the appellant is not entitled for any interest on
the amount awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal.
22. The Arbitral Tribunal had determined the amount payable to
the appellant in a sum of Rs.11.13, 136/- and interest of Rs.12,44,546/-.
E A sum ofRs.38,82, 150/- was deposited by the respondent which includes
the award amount, interest for the pre-reference period, pendente lite
and post-award interest. We have held that the appellant is not entitled
for any interest. The appellant has already withdrawn 50% of the amount
deposited by the respondent, which is in excess of the award amount
F exclusive of interest. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of
the case, we deem it proper to direct the respondent not to recover the
excess amount withdrawn by the appellant. Ordered accordingly.
23. The appeals are partly allowed and disposed of in the aforesaid
terms without any order as to costs.

Divya Pandey Appeals partly allowl!:d.