STATE BANK OF BIKANER AND JAIPURversusM/S. BALLABH DAS AND CO. AND ORS.

                  ST A TE BANK OF BIKANER AND JAIPUR                               A
                                    v.
                  M/S. BALLABH DAS AND CO. AND ORS.

                              SEPTEMBER 15, 1999

                   [G.T. NANAVATI AND S.N. PHUKAN, JJ.]                            B

          Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions. Act, 1993.

           Ss.2(a), 17,18,31 and 34-Recovery of debts due-Money borrowed
    from Bank for export of goods-Insurance cover in favour of bank against C
     any loss-Delivery of export documents to the bank-Insurance cover
     stipulating that delivery of export document to the bank, would be deemed
     to be payments by the exporter-Default in payment by foreign buyer-
     Liability of exporter-Whether stood discharged? Held, No, despite the
     delivery of export document, exporters liability as principle debtor continues D
     to subsist.

          Ss.17, 18, 31 and 34--Suit for recovery of debts due-Constitution of
    Debts Recovery Tribunal-Transfer ofpending cases-Scope of-Held, transfer


-
    is automatic by operation of /aw-Any application for transfer to be treated
    as application for forwarding records of the suits of the Tribunal.         E

          Words & Phrases

         'Debt '-Meaning and scope of in the context of S. 2(g) of the Recovery
    of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993.
                                                                                   F
          The respondent-company under the export credit facility was obtaining
    advances from appellant bank from time to time against pre-shipment and
    port-shipment export of certam goods. The bank was insured against any
    loss on account of non-payment by foreign buyers. The insurance cover
    stipulating that delivery of export documents would be deemed to be payments   G
    by the respondents to the Bank. On default in payment from the buyer, the
    appellant bank filed suits against respondent for recovery of dues. During
    the pendency of suits, by a Presidential promulgation the Recovery of Debts
    Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 came into force and Debt
    Recovery Tribunal was constituted under the Act. The Trial Court allowed
                                        465                                        H
    466                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.                 ·.
A the application for transferring the suits to the Debts Recovery Tribunal.
    However, on revision, the High Court set aside the order of Trial Court
    holding that the facts whether the amounts claimed fall within the meaning
    of term 'debt' under S.2(g) of the Act and whether the amounts claimed are
    legally recoverable or not was a question of facts to be decided after recording
B   evidence and till those facts are decided, the Act cannot be said to have
    become applicable to the suits. Hence the present appeals.

         Allowing the appeals, and setting aside the order of the High Court,
    the Court

C         HELD : 1.1. The High Court erred in holding that the applications
    made by the bank were pre-mature and till the Court decides that the
    amounts are still due and payable to the bank they cannot be treated as suits
    for recovery of the debts as contemplated by the Recovery of Debts Due to
    Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 and therefore, they are not
    required to be transferred to the Tribunal. [472-C-D]
D
           1.2. The term 'debt' under S.2(g) of the Act means liability which is
    alleged as due from any person by a bank or a financial institution or by a
    consortium of banks of financial institutions. It should have arisen during
    the course of any business activity undertaken by the bank or the financial
E   institutions or the consortium under any law for the time being in force. The
    liability to be discharged may be in cash or otherwise. It would be immaterial
    whether the· liability is secured or unsecured or whether it is payable under
    a decree or an order of any Civil Court or otherwise. However, it should be
    subsisting and legally recoverable on the date on which proceedings are
    initiated for recovering the same. The important words in the definition
F   "alleged as due" have been overlooke.d by the High Court and, therefore, it
    has erroneously held that unless the amounts claimed by the bank are
    determined or decided by a competent forum they cannot be said to be due
    and would not amount to 'debt' under the Act. [470-E-F-G)

           2. RespondentS were not absolved from the liability to repay the amount
G
    borrowed for the purpose of making exports if the foreign buyer of those
    goods does not make payment to the bank of the amounts payable in respect
    of those goods. Though the insurer/guarantor under the insurance/guarantee
    possibly would stand discharged from its liability to the insured on the.
    exporters delivering the documents of export of goods to the insured, prima
H   facie, the principal debtor would still remain subsisting. Thus, even this pr~
        S.B. OFBIKANERANDJAIPUR v. BALLABHDASANDCO. [G.T. NANAVATl,J.] 467

    requisite for the liability to be called a debt as contemplated by the Act having   A
    been satisfied the suits filed by the bank should have been treated by the
    High Court as proceedings for recovery of the debts. [471-H; 472-A-B-C)

            3. The High Court should have appreciated that the appellant-bank has
     alleged in the suits-plaints that the respondents had borrowed money for the
     goods exported under the bills referred to in the suits and that the amounts       B
    payable under the bills have not been paid by the foreign buyer to the bank
    under the agreement between the parties and, therefore, they have remained
    outstanding. This is the cause of action disclosed in the plaints. Obviously,
    if this cause of action had arisen after the establishment of the Tribunal then
    in that case the bank would have been required to file an application for           C
    recovery of the outstanding dues before the Tribunal and not in the Civil
    Court and the bar created under S.18 would have also applied. As the suits
    were filed by the bank before establishment of the Tribunal and were pending
    in the Civil Court when the Tribunal came to be established under the Act,
    S.31 became applicable to those suits and they shall )lave to be treated as
    transferred to the Tribunal on and from that date the Tribunal was established.     D
    S.31 of the Act makes it clear that the transfer is automatic because of
    operation of law and, therefore, the bank was really not required to file
    applications. Those applications should have been really treated as applications
    for forwarding the records of the suits to the Tribunal. Thus the Trial Court
    rightly understood the correct position of law and passed correct orders on         E
-   those applications. The High Court took an erroneous view of the law and
    wrongly set aside the orders passed by the Trial Court. [471-B-C-D-E]

         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos.·5069-5070
    of 1999.
                                                                                        F
          From the Judgment and Order dated 3.1.97 of the Rajasthan High Court
    in S.B.C.R. No. 669 of 1995.

         Dushyant Dave and Anil Kumar Sangal for the Appellants.

         A.K. Sanghi, A.P. l_)hamija and Sushi! Kumar Jain for the Respondents.         G
         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

         G. T. NANAVATI, J. Leave granted. Heard learned counsel for the parties.

         The appellant bank filed two civil suits - one against Ballabh Das &           H
     468                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Sons and its partners and the other against Ballabh Das & Co. and its
     partners - in the Court of District Judge at Jaipur for recovery of its dues of
     Rs. 75,46,921 and Rs. 56,36,200 on 24.3.83 and 2.7.84 respectively. During the
  pendency of the suits, Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial
  Institutions Ordinance, 1993 was promulgated by the President of India on
  24.6.1993. It was replaced by the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and
B Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (for short referred to as 'the Act'). After Debt
  Recovery Tribunal was constituted under the Act at Jaipur, the appellants
  made two applications on 20.9.94 to the Court for getting the two suits
  transferred to the Debt Recovery Tribunal. The Court by two separate orders
  allowed the applications and directed transfer of those suits to the Debt
C Recovery Tribunal at Jaipur but retained the counter claim filed by the
  respondents in Civil Suit No. 152 of 1988.

           Feeling aggrieved by those orders the respondents filed two revisions
     applications (669 of 199 5 and 670 of 199 5) before the Rajasthan High Court.
    The High Court held that the question whether the amounts claimed in the
D   suits are legally recoverable OJ; not is a question of fact and can be adjudicated
    only after recording evidence. It further held that whether the amounts claimed
    fall ~ithin the meaning of the term .'debt' as defined by Section 2 (g) of the
    Act is also a question of fact and till those facts are decided by the Court
    the provisions of the Act cannot be said to have become applicable to the
    suits on and from the date on which the Tribunal at Jaipur was established.
E   It also held that Civil Suit No. 152of1988 in which a counter claim has been
    filed could not have been transferred to the Tribunal, as no application was
    made under Order 8 Rule 6 C of the Code of Civil Procedure for exclusion of
    the counter claim and also because no such application could be made after
    framing of issues. Taking this view the High Court allowed both the revisions
F   applications and by a common judgment set aside the orders passed by the
    District Court.
           Aggrieved by the judgment of the High Court the appellant Bank has
    filed these appeals. It was contended by Mr. Dave, learned Senior Counsel
    for the Bank, that the High Court has wrongly criticized the District Court by
G   observing that it had over-looked the provisions of the law. In his submission
    it is really the High Court which has over-looked the relevant provisions of
    the Act and erroneously allowed the revision applications. He submitted that
    the suits being proceedings for recovery of debts alleged to be due, the Civil
    Court ceased to have any jurisdiction to deal with them on merits.
                                                                                         ·-
H          It is not in dispute that the respondents, under the export credit facility
         S.B. OFBIKANERANDJAIPUR v. BALLABHDASANDCO. [G.T. NANAVATI,J.] 469

    with the appellant bank, was obtaining advances from the appellant-bank from        A
    time to time against pre-shipment and post-shipment exports of precious
    stones, jewellery, diamonds etc. It is also not in dispute that there was non-
    payment to the bank by the foreign buyers of the bills mentioned in the two
    suits. The defence of the respondents is that under the insurance cover
    obtained at the instance of the bank from the Export Credit Guarantee
    Corporation, the bank is insured against any loss on account of non-realization     B
    of amounts from foreign buyers and on delivery by the respondents to the
    bank of documents of export of goods for which the credit was given or
    advances were made are to be deemed to be payments by the respondents
    to the Bank. The respondents had delivered the documents in respect of the
    suit transactions to the bank and, therefore, the amounts mentioned in those        C
    documents should be deemed to have paid to the bank. But the fact that the
    amounts claimed under the two suits have not been received by the bank and
    are still outstanding is not in dispute as can be noticed from the admissions
    made by the respondents in paragraphs 4 and 5 of the counter affidavit.

          The question which arises for consideration is whether in view of these       D
    facts the amounts claimed by the bank in the suits can be said to be 'debt'
    due and recoverable by the bank from the respondents. Section 2(g) of the
    Act defines the term 'debt' as under :

-           " "debt" means any liability which is alleged as due from any person
            by a bank............ in cash or otherwise, whether secured or unsecured,
            or whether payable under a decree or order of any Civil Court or
                                                                                        E

            otherwise and subsisting on, and legally be recoverably on, the date
            of the application."

           Section 17 of the Act provides that a Tribunal shall exercise, on and
     from the appointed day, the jurisdiction, powers and authority to entertain        F
    and decide applications from the banks and financial institutions for recovery
    of debts due to such banks and financial institutions. Section 18 has created
    a bar that no Court or other authority can thereafter exercise any jurisdiction,
    powers or authority (except the Supreme Court, and a High Court exercising
    jurisdiction under Article 226 and 227 of the Constitution) in relation to the      G
    matters specified in Section 17. In respect of pending cases Section 31
    provides as under :

            "Transfer ofpending cases.-{1) Every suit or other proceeding pending
            before any court immediately before the date of establishment of a
            Tribunal under this Act, being a suit or proceeding the cause of            H
     470                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A            action whereon it is based is such that it would have been, if it had
             arised after such establishment, within the jurisdiction of such Tribunal,
             shall stand transferred on that date to such Tribunal;

                Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any
             appeal pending as aforesaid before any court.
B
                (2) Where any suit or other proceedings stands transferred from
             any court to a Tribunal under sub-section (I),

             (a)   the court shall, as soon as may be after such transfer, forward
                   the records of such suit or other proceeding to the Tribunal; and
C            (b)   the Tribunal may, on receipt of such records, proceed to deal
                   with such suit or other proceeding, so far as may be, in the same
                   manner as in the case of an application made under section 19
                   from the stage which was reached before such transfer or from
                   any earlier stage of de-nova as the Tribunal may deem fit."

D Section 34 gives the Act an overriding effect by enacting that the Act shall
    have effect nowithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained iri any
    other law for the time being in force or in any instrument having effect by
    virtue of any law.

E          According to the definition, the term 'debt' means liability which is
    alleged as due from any person by a bank or a financial institution or by a
    consortium of banks or financial institutions. It should have arisen during the
    course of any business activity undertaken by the bank or the financial
    institution or the consortium under any law for the time being in force. The
    liability to be discharged may be in cash or otherwise. It would be immaterial
F   whether the liability is secured or unsecured or whether it is payable under
    a decree or an order of any Civil Court or otherwise. However, it should be
    subsisting and legally recoverable on the date on which proceedings are
    initiated for recovering the same.

G         The important words in the definition "alleged as due" have been over
    lC1oked by the High Court and, therefore, it has erroneously held that unless
    the amounts claimed by the bank are determined or decided by a competent
    forum they cannot be said to be due and would not amount to 'debt' under
    the Act. What was necessary for the High Court to consider was whether the
    bank was alleged in the suits that the amounts are due to the bank from the
H   respondents, that the liability of the respondent has arisen during the course
     S.B. OF BIKANER AND JAIPUR v. BALLABH DAS AND CO. [G.T. NANA YATI, J.) 471

of its business activity, that the said liability is still subsisting and legally    A
recoverable.

       The High Court should have appreciated that the bank has alleged in
the suits - plaints that the respondents had borrowed money for the goods
 exported under the bills referred to in the suits and that the amounts payable      B
 under the bills have not been paid by the foreign buyer to the bank under
the agreement between the parties and, therefore, they have remained
outstanding. This is the cause of action disclosed in the plaints. Obviously,
if this cause of a~tion had arisen after the establishment of the Tribunal at
Jaipur, then in that case the bank would have been required to file an application
for recovery of the outstanding dues before the Tribunal and not in the Civil        C
Court and the bar created under Section 18 would have also applied. As the
suits were filed by the bank before establishment of the Tribunal and were
pending in the Civil Court when the Tribunal came to be established under
the Act, Section 31 became applicable to those suits and they shall have to
be treated as. transferred to the Tribunal on and from that date the Tribunal
was established. Section 31 of the Act makes it clear that the transfer is           D
automatic because of operation of law and, therefore, the bank was really not
required to file applications. Those applications should have been really
treated as applications for forwarding the records of the suits to the Tribunal.
In our opinion, the trial Court rightly understood the correct position of law
and passed correct orders on those applications. The High Court took an              E
erroneous view of the law and wrongly set aside the orders passed by the
trial Court.

      The High Court also failed to appreciate that the defence raised by the
respondents does not prime facie show that the liabilities stood discharged
either under the insurance cover/guarantee or otherwise. The defence raised          F
by the respondents is that the insurance cover/guarantee provides that delivery
by the exporter to the insured of documents of export of goods for which the
credit has been given or advance has been made shall be deemed to be
payment by the Exporter to the insured and, therefore, when the respondents
delivered the export documents to the bank they should be deemed to have             G
paid the amounts due under those exports to the bank. This defence can be
considered only for the limited purpose of finding out whether the liability of
the respondents was subsisting on the dates on which the suits were filed.
Otherwise, it has no relevance for the purpose of deciding the jurisdiction of
the forum. The contract of insurance/guarantee is between the Export Credit
and Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. and the appellant - bank and prima           H
    472                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A facie the term/condition in the said insurance cover/guarantee referred to
    above is' for the benefit of the insurer and not for the benefit of the exporter,
     i.e. the respondents. It does not absolve the respondents of the liability to
    repay the amounts borrowed for the purpose of making exports if the foreign
    buyer of those goods does not make payment to the bank of the amounts
    payable in respect of those goods. Though the insurer/guarantor under the
B   insurance/guarantee possibly would stand discharged from its liability to. the
    insured on the exporters delivering the documents of export of goods to the
    insured, prima facie, the principal debtor would still remain subsisting. Thus,
    even this pre-~equisite for the liability to be called a debt as contemplated by
    the Act having been satisfied the suits filed by the bank should have been
C   treated by the High Court as proceedings for recovery of the debts.

          For the reasons stated above, we are of the view that the High Court
    was wrong in holding that the applications made by the bank were pre-mature
    and till the Court decides that the amounts are still due and payable to the
    bank they cannot be treated as suits for recovery of the debts as c_ontemplated
D   by the Act and, therefore, they are not required to be transferred to the
    Tribunal. We therefore allow these appeals, set aside the judgment and order
    passed by the High Court and restore the orders passed by the trial Court.

    S.VKl                                                         Appeals allowed.